Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BOTANY;
DESIGNED AS A
BY
CHICAGO:
GEO. SHERWOOD & CO.
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872,
and Colleges.
It has been prepared with special reference to the wants and
The Illustrations, all of which are from nature, are from the
J. A. SEWALL.
Normal, July 8, 1872.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
LESSON I.
LESSON IL
LESSON III.
LESSON IV.
LESSON V.
LESSON VL
Roots. Simple Primary ; Multiple Primary. Secondary.
Epiphytes; Parasites. -.- - - - -56
Vi CONTENTS.
LESSON VII.
LESSON VIII.
LESSON IX.
LESSON XI.
LESSON XII.
LESSON XIV.
LESSON XV.
The Chemical Composition of Plants. Organic- Inor-
ganic. Earth and Air the Food of Plants. - - -
Aciiminate : taper-pointed.
Acute : merely sharp-pointed, or ending in a point less than a
right angle.
Calyx : the outer set of the floral envelopes or leaves of the flower.
Vatkin : a scaly, deciduous spike of flowers ; an ament.
Cone : the fruit of the Pine family.
Cordate : heart-shaped.
Corm : a solid bulb, like that of the Crocus.
Cordlla : the leaves of the flower within the calyx.
Cdrymb : a flat or convex flower-cluster.
Culm : a straw ; the stem of grasses and sedges.
Cycle : one complete turn of a spiral or circle.
on different plants.
by it.
their envelopes.
Note. It would be well for the teacher to call attention to such planes as
differ greatly : i. In form, o.^ the cabbage and 2l blade of grass. 2. In size, as
the oak and the dandelion. 3. In the fiower, as the common plantain and the
peony. 4. In the fruit, as the cherry and the squash.
ROOT, STEM AND LEAVES.
THE STUDY OF 1>LANTS. 15
lO, '
The larger parts of the net-work of woody fiber are
LESSON 11.
LEAVES.
PARALLEL-VEINED LEAF.
18 sewall's botany.
from end to end. If yon look carefully at the leaf, you will
see that there are many small ridges or ribs running in the
same direction, parallel to each other. Such leaves are
called Parallel-veined,
Note. The pupil should make a collection of leaves, and separate the
parallel-veined from the net-veined leaves.
20 SEWALL'S BOTANY.
LESSON III.
RADIATE-VEINED LEAF.
sewall's botany.
18. Here is a group, each named from the shape of the base
Auriculate, Hastate, Cordate, Reniform, Peltate.
CORDATE.
24 SEWALKS BOTANY.
ARTICULATE, SAGITTATE,
THE rOKMS OF MiAVES. 25
HASTATE,
26 sewall's botany.
ACUMINATE.
OBCORDATE.
Sinuate, Incised.
REPAND. CRENATE.
28 SEWALL S BOTANY.
SERRATE. ENTIRE
THE FOllMS OF LEAVES. 29
DENTATE.
30 sewaWs HOTANY. '
THE BOBMS OP LEAVES. 31
INCISED,
32 sewall's botany.
said to be Cleft.
LOBED.
When the incisions extend almost to the midrib or to the
base of the leaf, it is said to be Parted.
When the incisions extend quite to the midrib or to the
base of the leaf, it is said to be Divided.
THE FORMS OF LEAVES. 3B
PARTED.
34 sewall's botany.
FiCATHER-VElNED LOBED.
THE FORMS OF LEAVES. 35
FEATHfiR-VEINED CLEFT.
36 sewall's botany.
FEATHER-VEINED PARTED.
THE FORMS OF LEAVES. 87
FEATHER-VEINED DIVIDED.
38 SEWALL\S BOTANY.
Divided.
Perfoliate.
40 SEWALL'S BOTANY.
PERFOLIATE LEAVES.
THE FORMS OF LEAVES. 41
EQUITANT LEAVES.
42 sewall's botany.
25. The stem does not really run through the leaf, but
the leaf clasps the stem, and the heart-shaped lobes of the
base grow together and enclose the st^m.
LESSON IV.
ARRANGEMENT OF LEAVES.
28. When a stem bears two leaves on the same node, one
is separated from the other by just one-half of the circum-
ference of the stem, and the leaves are said to be Opposite or
TWO-RANKD
AKKANGKMENT OF LEAVES. 43
29. When only one leaf is found arising from a node, the
leaves are said to be Alternate.
the Three-ranked ;
that is, the leaves are separated by one-
third of the circumference of the stem, and three leaves
complete one cycle.
FIVE RANKED.
THREE RANKED,
THE STEM. 46
a vertical line with, the first one taken ; and the denominator
tells us the number of leaves in the circle or circles passed.
Thus, J^^ showing two cycles and five leaves;
I, |, f, I,
LESSON V.
THE STEM.
TerminaL
TERMINAL BUD.
AXILLARY BUDS,
AXILLARY BUD.
ROOT -STOCK.
48 sewall's botany.
When it grows in the axil of the leaf, that is, in the point
where the upper surface of the leaf joins the stem, it is called
Axillary.
41. When buds spring from any other part of the stem,
they are called Adventitious.
called a Culm.
form,' with buds at the top, apid roots below, and is filled with
TUBER,
60 SEWALL S BOTAKY.
48.
~
Sometimes we find small bulbs above ground, in the
axils of the leaves. Such are called Bulblets. You will find
them on the Tiger Lily. They look like, and are sometimes
called, seeds, but are really little bulbs.
THE STEM. 51
BULB.
62 SEWALL S BOTANY.
SUCKER.
Stolon.
54 SEWall's botany.
TENDRIT^
56 sewall's botany.
not, it is a leaf.
LESSON VL
HOOTS.
56. When roots grow from any part of the stem, they are
LESSON VII.
THE FLOWER.
61. When all the flowers rise from axillary buds, the
flowering is said to be Indefinite ; because, while the axillary
buds produce flowers, the terminal (foliage) bud grows on,
and continues the stem indefinitely.
RACEME.
THE PLOWER. 61
CORYMB.
UMBEL.
THE FLOWED, 63
COMPOUND UMBEL.
67. When all the pedicels seem to spring from the top of
the common peduncle, and are equal in length, the cluster is
called an Umbel.
64 SEWALI'S BOTANY.
HEAD.
PANICLE.
67
CYME,
68 sewall's botany.
main stem, and others from the terminal buds of the branches
of the raceme. The former has flowers at the top, and buds
below; while the latter has buds at the top, and flowers below.
the glomerule the flowers are found at the top, and the buds
below.
THE PARTS OF THE ELOWEB. 69
LESSON VIII.
Corolla.
Pistils.
Note. It would be well for the teacher to explain to the pupils that, though
the sepals, petals, stamens and pistils, especially the two latter, do not appear
like leaves, still they are forms of leaves.
Take a leaf from a book and roll it into the form of a hollow cylinder : it is
still a leaf. Roll it into a solid cylinder and flatten one end : it is still a leaf.
Color it yellow, red or blue ;
and it is still a leaf.
So in the flower : the leaves assume peculiar shapes and colors, yet they are
truly leaves.
83. The Stamen has two parts. The upper and expand-
ed part that bears the pollen is called the Anther. The stalk
that bears the anther is called the Filament.
SIMPLE PISTIL,
THE PLAK OF THE FLOWER. 71
called the Style. The top of the style is naked (that is, has
no covering of epidermis), and is called the Stigma.
It is upon the stigma that the pollen falls ; and the result
is, that the ovules contained in the ovary are fertilized and
become seeds.
LESSON IX.
blossoms.
PERFECT FLOWER.
inate or Sterile flower, and the one that has pistils is called a
95. When all the parts of the same set in a flower are of
different forms, it is called Irregular.
THE PLAN OF THE FLOWER. T3
IRREGULAR FLOWERS.
having two sepals and five petals. The Mustard, like all
but we almost always find only two perfect ones ; the others
are vestiges, which seem to stand there merely to tell us
LESSON X.
103. The leaves of the next set above are more delicate,
and are usually more highly colored, while the next sets, the
seed.
105. The sepals and petals are called by persons who are
not botanists, the leaves of the flower.
The sepals of this flower are green outside, and white a-nd
WATER-LILY,
LESSON XT.
THE PISTIL.
an ordinary leaf.
119. The line or seam down the inner side, which answers
to the united edges of the leaf, and bears the seeds or ovules,
is called the Inner or Ventral Suture.
120. The line or seam down the back of the ovary, and
which answers to the midrib of the leaf, is called the Outer
or Dorsal Suture. These sutures may be seen in the common
Pea pod.
121. The seeds are always borne on the ventral suture,
that is, on the edges of the leaf or leaves that make up
the pistil.
COMPOUND PISTIU
THE FKUIT. 81
LESSON XII.
THE FEUIT.
STRAWBERRY.
of this leaf (the inner part, when rolled), while the lower
part of the leaf forms the outer, soft or fleshy portion.
RASPBERRY.
BLACKBERRY,
the seed, so that the wall and the seed seem to be incorpo-
rated into one body, the fruit is called a Caryopsis or Grain.
LEGUME.
86 sewall's botany.
ACORN.
133. The fruit of the Maple, the Elm, the Ash, is called
Samara or Key-Fruit.
called a Follicle.
FOLLICLE.
Silique.
THE SEED. 87
LESSON XIII.
THE SEED.
in warm, moist earth for a day or two, and then examine it.
You will plainly see the little plant nicely packed in its
store-house of food.
SEWALL S BOTANY.
GERMINATING BEAN.
LESSON XIV.
GERMINATING PLANT.
is called Growth.
First, the growth of each cell until it attains its full size;
woody stems.
EXOGENOUS STJEM,
HOW PLANTS GBOW. 91
ENDOGENOUS STEM.
the' tree.
tics : 1st, the Endogen grows from the inside j 2d, it bears
92 sewall's botany.
parallel-veined leaves; 3d, its seeds produce but one seed leaf.
152. In the exogen the livmff parts of the plant are, the
rootlets at one extremity, the,bud and leaves at the other ;
LESSON XV.
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PLAKTS.
Nothing but the ash (ashes) remains. This ash is the part
of the plant that came from the earth. The part that dis-
appeared in the air, amounting to from eighty-eight to ninety-
nine per cent., is the part that came from the air.
154. The plant, then, feeds upon the earth and air. It
Model Lessons
AND
EXAMPLES.
SUGGESTIONS.
MODEL LESSONS AND EXAMPLES.
the mind of the pupil the general outline, the main points of
each topic.
It is better to study plants to get a knowledge of Botany^
than to study Botany (the book) to get a knowledge of
plants. Everything that the book teaches about plants
(except the names) may be learned by studying the plants
themselves. The book may also assist the pupil, by directing
him how and where to find things. It will also lead him to
line^ hase^ margin, apex, and compare them with the cuts or
figures in the book.
by the name. For instance, there are many leaves that are
somewhat lanceolate or cordate or ovate not exactly
lanceolate or cordate Or ovate, but approaching these forms.
The ex^^mples given have such forms as would readily be
recognized by comparing them with the figures in the hook.
The numbers accompanying these examples correspond
with, ajid relate to, the paragraphs in the text.
I herewith append a suggestive lesson or two, that may
MODEL LESSONS. 97
"A bud."
Ask him if he finds buds anywhere else on the stem or
branch ; and he will be very likely to find them along the
sides of the stem.
Call attention to the size of the end buds and the side
buds, and ask him to compare one kind with the other, and
see if one is larger than the other.
If he has a twig of Maple or Hickory, you will ask him to
observe that the end bud is larger and stronger than the
lateral or side ones ; and if the main stem of his specimen
has branches, ask him to compare the end bud on a branch
with the end bud of the main stem. Ask him to notice that
the end bud of the main stem is larger than the end buds of
the branches.
Having fixed the places of the buds, next ask him to
branch.
You may further illustrate the matter by arranging a
number of disks or bits of paper on a rubber cord; then,
taking hold of the ends of the cord and stretching it, the
Keep the fact in mind that the pistil, of which th^ ovary
is a part, is a form of leaf, and that if a flower has a number
of simple pistils, it will produce or ripen a cluster of simple
fruits, each pistil producing a single fruit.
100 sewall's botany.
8. Examples of Stipules.
Apple, Clover, Locust, Pea.
Bet.
Oval : Touch-me-not, Red Clover, Black Thorn.
Ovate : Raspberry, Blackberry, Pear.
Oebiculae Golden Saxifrage, Twin-flower, Arrow-wood.
:
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Analytical
Analytical
Third Reader,
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Intermediate Reader,
Fourth Reader,
--b88
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964
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Analytical
Analytical
Analytical
Fifth Reader,
Sixth Reader,
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SEl?rALL'S BOTA.IVY.
BABBITTONIAN PENMANSHIP,
Babbittonian Copy Books, (Eight numbers in the Series.) Babbittonian Chart, 2x9 feet.
SCHOOL REGISTERS,
Sherwood's Universal Daily Registers of Attendance, Scholarship and Deportment.
Sherwood's Class Registers. Lizzie M. Walker's Registers and Schedules.
NOISELESS SLA.TES.
SHERWOOD'S SERIES SPELLERS,
Sherwood's Writing Speller. Sherwood's Speller and Pronouncer. Sher-
wood's Speller and Deflner.