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2. Richardson number
FromtheTKEequation,wecanseethatwhetherturbulencegrowsordecaysdependsontherelativemagnitudeof
theshearandbuoyancyterms.AveryusefulquantityistheRichardsonNumber:
g
w
FluxRichardsonNumber R f =
u
uw
z
HencewecanwritetheTKEequationas
e
shearproduction (1 R f ) ,
t
Amorecommonformisderivedbyapplyingfirstorderclosure:
MTMG49BoundaryLayerMeteorologyandMicrometeorology 2
u
u ' ' K h u ' w' K m ,
z z
whichleadsto
g
z K m R
GradientRichardsonNumber Ri 2 Kh
f
u
z
IfthisisappliedoverafinitelayeritisreferredtoasBulkRichardsonNumber,andifthemeanwindiscoming
fromanydirection(ratherthanjustthexdirection)itisgivenby
g
z
BulkRichardsonNumber Ri 2 2 .
u v
z z
TheRichardsonNumberisusefulbecausewecandiagnosetheonsetofturbulenceinstaticallystablebutsheared
flow.ClearlywehaveconvectiveinstabilityforRi<0,buttheoreticalandexperimentalstudiesshow
NonturbulentflowbecomesturbulentwhenRidropsbelowthecriticalvalueRicofaround0.25.
TurbulentflowbecomesnonturbulentwhenRibecomeslargerthanaround1.
Hencethereisahysteresis.WhenRidropsbelow0.25,thefirstappearanceofturbulenceisintheformofKelvin
Helmholtzwaves.
Furtherreading:Stullp151165.
MoreonKelvinHelmholtzinstability:http://wwwsccm.stanford.edu/Students/witting/kh.html
MTMG49BoundaryLayerMeteorologyandMicrometeorology 3
http://www.enseeiht.fr/hmf/travaux/CD0001/travaux/optmfn/hi/01pa/hyb72/kh/kh_theo.htm