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Big Data, Big Psychiatry

Big Data describes a state wherein data sets have developed to such mammoth proportions that
applications of conventional information technologies are no longer capable of successfully
handling both the growth and scale of the data set, as well as and the size of the data set. Volumes
of data are being gathered incessantly, at an unbelievable rate of 2.5 quintillion bytes being created
daily per day. This staggering digital growth has accelerated in the past few years, as
approximately 90% of the global data has beenwere generated in the mere span of the past two Commented [PC1]: Mamoona, I use data was here the
singular form because global data is singular.
years (International Business Machines [IBM], 2015). This development owes, to a great extent,
Commented [PC2]: Always define abbreviation on 1st use.
to the radical belief that such data, along with the unforeseen information that is contained within
it, are valuable (Hill, 2013). To match the growing demand for data, several businesses provide
data, as well as analytic tools and, along with data analysis services. This data market, also known
as the big data, brought in $122 billion in 2015 (Framingham, 2016). Commented [PC3]: Worldwide?

Healthcare has become a rapidly expanding sector of the big data market, with a growth rate of
50% per year (International Data Corporation [IDC], 2014). Big data in healthcare comes from
three primarynciple sources: (a) healthcare providers and clientele (including insurance claims,
pharmacy data, electronic medical records [EMR], and imaging), (b) omic data (including
proteomic, metabolomic, genomic, and epigenomic data), and (c) non-providers and patients
(including data from Internet and cellular activities, monitoring devices, and sensors. (Glenn &
Monteith, 2014; Starren, Williams, & Bottinger, et al., 2013). Commented [PC4]: In APA, if 1-5 authors, name them all
on first use.
The development of big data in the field of healthcare, especially in psychiatry, will offer
unparalleled prospects for exploration, observation, hypothesis creation, and estimation for clinical
research, as well as business inquiries. The insights generated from analyzing big data can be
incorporated into healthcare standards along with procedures that can directly influence clinical
decision making. This possibility requires psychiatrists to constantly evaluate findings from
research, as well as commercial analytical products that utilize big data. Besides the opportunities
that arise out of big data, numerous challenges remain in terms of regarding the quality;, collection
and processing;, and analysis and interpretation (Monteith et al., 2015). Commented [PC5]: All authors need to be spelled out
here.
Big data hasve also altered the science of psychiatry to a great extent. As several patients who take Commented [PC6]: Use big data as singular.

part in the clinical trial, for psychiatric disorders; including schizophrenia, Obsessive Compulsive
Disorder and bipolar disorder, are not representative of those observed during clinical practices Commented [PC7]: Im sorry but I dont understand what
you are saying. Sentence needs clarification please.
(Hoertel et al., 2013). Big data can assist in creating new clinical distinctions, as well as
Commented [PC8]: Needs to have all names.
phenotypes, depending upon the collective dimensions of the observational data gathered (Altman
& Ashley, 2015). The new phenotypes, derived from big data, can help explainunderstand the
heterogeneity found in psychiatric diagnoses (i.e., for instance ofof bipolar disorder), and also of
the multifaceted causal genetics (Maier et al., 2015). Big data may also offer adequate data to Commented [PC9]: Please read this to confirm my
punctuation did not change meaning of sentence.
examine the subpopulations that are not fully represented by the traditional samples;. F for
instance, the population of drug addicts, by employing techniques like, integrative data analysis
which can associate independent data sets with sample sizes that are product suitable (Monteith et
al., 2015). The growing infrastructure for acquiring, transmitting, storing, and analyzing Commented [PC10]: This is unclear, please clarify. I
started to but then wasnt sure if that was what you were
quintillions of multisite neuroimaging data bytes will develop the current base of knowledge on saying so I stopped.

the central brain processes in a normal, as well as in a diseased person (Van Horn & Toga, 2014). Commented [PC11]: Reason for double quotes? Is it being
used as a term from Van Horn & Toga? If so, should state
page number in citation.
Moreover, bBig data hasve deeply transformed ourthe ability to examine human behaviors and the
Commented [PC12]: Are we talking mental illness? Not
actions instigated by these behaviors. Enormous amounts of data are produced as a by-product of clear.
Commented [PC13]: Try to stay with 3rd person, unless
our daily activities; from smart phones, computers, and Internet; that consist off, data on sensors, specified by client.

social medial, and besides other monitoring tools (Glenn & Monteith, 2014). Such sources of data
offer almost real-time representation of behaviors, instead of beliefs or attitudes that, that have
become much more predictable. These predictions from sensor data and social media consist of
human motility, friendships, personality, and personal traits, such as like ethnicity and sexual
orientation. Big data is capable of revealing behaviors that were difficult to observe before, or
purposely concealed, and now allow let researchers to compare increasingly detailed samples.
Behavioral data integration, along with the other sources of data, like omics and provider data, can
also make possible the recognition of new biomarkers for psychiatric diseases (Monteith et al.,
2015).

Though infinite, Tthe fruits of bBig data though are infinite, remain difficult to harvest. The Commented [PC14]: Can you relate anything in this
paragraph directly to psychiatry?
multidimensional intricacy of big data necessitates its reduction prior to the analysis. This data
reduction is directly proportionate to the complexity of data, and hinginges upon the selection of
data that areis to be kept versus data those whichat areis to be rejected;, which is difficult (Patty &
Penn, 2015). In addition to that, determining which parameters are significant, lackss objectivity,,
and thus, can take away the natural variance that may contest predetermined notions. Moreover, it
is hard to infer background in big data, as the total volume of data gradually increases (Bollier &
Firestone, 2010). It can also pose problems while distinguishing needed results from software and Commented [PC15]: What is it? Please clarify.

hardware errors (Jagadish et al., 2014). Data reduction procedures are of special significance to
medical sciences as many secondary clinical databases hold only the required data parameters.
With the increase in size of these databases, the probability for incorrect results rises exponentially.
Other complications encountered while analyzing big data consist of, over- fitted models, inability
to create stationarity in time series data, as well as multiple comparison bias. That is why,
reproduction of most big data findings is nearly impossible (Spiegelhalter, 2014).

To conclude, data generating from administrative, clinical, omics, and imaging, along with the
imminent torrent of information from patients online activities, monitoring tools, and sensors,
will offer unparalleled prospects for the field of psychiatry. Regardless of numerous technical
problems, new approaches are rapidly developing that will enable the utilization of big datasets
for expanding the knowledge ofn present and future inquiries in psychiatry.
References Commented [PC16]: Insert page break before References
so they always start on new page.
Altman, R. B., & Ashley, E. A. (2015). Using big data to dissect clinical Commented [PC17]: You did a nice job on your reference
entries!
heterogeneity. Circulation, 131(3), 232-233.

Bollier, D., & Firestone, C. M. (2010). The promise and peril of big data (p. 1). Washington, DC:
Aspen Institute, Communications and Society Program.

Framingham, M. (2016). Worldwide Big Data and Business Analytics Revenues Forecast to Reach
$187 Billion in 2019, According to IDC. www.idc.com. Retrieved 28 August 2016, from
https://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS41306516

Glenn, T., & Monteith, S. (2014). New measures of mental state and behavior based on data
collected from sensors, smartphones, and the Internet. Current psychiatry reports, 16(12),
1-10.

Hill, G. (2013). Looking at data from a different perspective: An interview with Sean Patrick
Murphy. Big Data Innovation Magazine, (9).

Hoertel, N., Le Strat, Y., Angst, J., & Dubertret, C. (2013). Subthreshold bipolar disorder in a US
national representative sample: Prevalence, correlates and perspectives for psychiatric
nosography. Journal of Affective Disorders, 146(3), 338-347.

IBM. (2015). IBM - What is big data? www-01.ibm.com. Retrieved 28 August 2016, from
http://www-01.ibm.com/software/data/bigdata/what-is-big-data.html

IDC. (2014). The digital universe. Driving data growth in healthcare. emc.com. Retrieved 28
August 2016, from http://www.emc.com/analyst-report/digital-universe-healthcare-
vertical-report-ar.pdf

Jagadish, H. V., Gehrke, J., Labrinidis, A., Papakonstantinou, Y., Patel, J. M., Ramakrishnan, R.,
& Shahabi, C. (2014). Big data and its technical challenges. Communications of the
ACM, 57(7), 86-94.

Maier, R., Moser, G., Chen, G. B., Ripke, S., Coryell, W., Potash, J. B., ... & Landn, M. (2015).
Joint analysis of psychiatric disorders increases accuracy of risk prediction for
 schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. The American Journal of
Human Genetics, 96(2), 283-294.

Monteith, S., Glenn, T., Geddes, J., & Bauer, M. (2015). Big data are coming to psychiatry: A Formatted: English (United States)

general introduction. International Journal of Bipolar Disorders,3(1), 1-11.

Patty, J. W., & Penn, E. M. (2015). Analyzing big data: Social choice and measurement. PS:
Political Science & Politics, 48(01), 95-101.

Spiegelhalter, D. J. (2014). The future lies in uncertainty. Science, 345(6194), 264-265.

Starren, J., Williams, M. S., & Bottinger, E. P. (2013). Crossing the omic chasm: A time for omic
ancillary systems. Jama, 309(12), 1237-1238.

Van Horn, J. D., & Toga, A. W. (2014). Human neuroimaging as a Big Data science. Brain
Imaging and Behavior, 8(2), 323-331.