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Version: 1.0
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General
Preface
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WM_000_E1 DWDM Basic Principles
Course Objectives:
References:
2.3.2 Dispersion.............................................................................................................................26
i
3 Key Technologies of DWDM System ...................................................................................................... 35
3.3.1 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 39
3.4.1 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 44
ii
4.3.2 Protection Implementation ...................................................................................................66
iii
1 DWDM Overview
Highlights:
Since the broadband high-speed service ceaselessly develops in the information age,
the optical transmission system is not only expected to have larger capacity and longer
distance, but also expected to be interactive, fast and convenient. Therefore, the
multiplexing technology is introduced in the optical transmission system. The
multiplexing technology means to use the broadband and large-capacity features of the
optical fiber to simultaneously transmit multiple channels of signals on one optical
fiber or cable. In the multi-channel signal transmission system, the multiplexing mode
of signals greatly affects system performance and cost.
With simple design and practical feature, the SDM technology requires that the
quantity of fiber transmission cores must be configured in accordance with quantity
signal multiplexing channels, which means poor investment profit. The TDM
1
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
technology is widely applied. It is the base of PDH, SDH, ATM and IP. But its
disadvantage is low line utilization ratio. The WDM technology supports multiple
wavelengths (channels) to be carried on one fiber. So it is the major measure for
expanding the current fiber communication network and is mostly used in trunk
network.
The new Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM) becomes the most
effective and practical means for the fiber expansion. With its unique technical
advantages, the DWDM technology becomes a simple and economical means to
expand the fiber transmission capacity in a rapid and effective manner. It can fully
meet the current need of the network broadband service development and lays a solid
foundation for the development of the future fully-optical transmission network.
The development processes of PDH, SDH and DWDM are briefed below, as well as
interface specifications of each technology.
1. PDH
The early optical transmission system uses PDH, which introduces in Pulse
Coding Modulation (PCM) digital transmission technology based on the former
analog telephone network. It multiplexes signals of low rate level into
high-speed signals by means of bit filling and digit interleaving.
The primary signals of the PDH system are in synchronous TDM mode, and the
multiplexing of other high order groups are in plesiochronous (or called
asynchronous) TDM mode.
The PDH system covers three regional rate level standards in Europe, North
America and Japan, as shown in Table 1.1-1.
2
Chapter 1 DWDM Overview
From early 1970's to 1980's, the PDH system and devices are popularly used in
the digital network. However, along with the developing fiber communication
technology and user's increasing demands for communication services, the
PDH disadvantages are more and more remarkable.
1) The compatibility between three rate standards is not available, which obstructs
development of international interconnection.
4) The operation, management and maintenance must depend upon manual digital
signal cross-connection and service-suspension test, which cannot meet
monitoring and NM requirements of modern communication network.
3
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
2. SDH
The SDH signals use synchronous multiplexing mode and flexible multiplexing
and mapping structure. Code streams of different levels are arranged regularly in
the payload of the frame structure. The payload is synchronous with the network,
so software can be used to directly de-multiplex a high-speed signal into
low-speed tributary signals at a time, called one-step de-multiplexing.
The rate specifications of the SDH system are shown in Table 1.1-2.
The SDH standardizes the features of the digital signals, such as frame structure,
multiplexing mode, transmission rate level and interface code pattern. It
provides a frame that is supported globally, on which a world-class telecom
transmission network has been developed, featuring flexibility, reliability and
convenient management. This kind of transmission network is easy to expand
and is applicable to the development of new telecom services. In addition, it
makes possible the interworking between the devices of different manufacturers.
But, after the transmission rate is higher than 10 Gbit/s, the system dispersion
and other negative influences will increase difficulty of long-distance
transmission. Furthermore, the SDH system is the TDM system based on the
single wavelength. The single-wavelength transmission cannot fully utilize the
broad bandwidth of fiber. Therefore, the WDM technology is introduced in the
backbone network, greatly enlarging the transmission capacity of fiber.
4
Chapter 1 DWDM Overview
3. DWDM
In the DWDM system, each optical channel can bear different customer signals,
such as SDH signal, PDH optical signal and ATM signal.
This section compares the multiplexing technologies often used in the fiber
communication system.
1. TDM
TDM means that different channels of signals use different time intervals
(timeslot) for signal transmission on the same fiber.
The TDM has fixed timeslot allocation, which facilitate adjustment and control
and is applicable to the digital information transmission.
5
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
Its disadvantage is low line utilization, because when a signal source has no data
for transmission, the corresponding channel will be idle but the other busy
channels cannot occupy this idle channel. In addition, restricted by modulation
capacity of high-speed electronic components and laser, it is difficult to
implement the system with a capacity over 40 Gbit/s.
The TDM technology is widely applied, such as PDH, SDH, ATM and IP.
2. SDM
SDM means the technology that divide space into different channels to
implement wavelength multiplexing. For example, you can add the core quantity
in the cable or use more fibers to form different channels.
The SDM technology has simple design and practical feature, but it requires that
the fiber transmission core quantity must be configured in accordance with the
signal multiplexing channel quantity, leading to poor investment profit.
3. SCM
4. WDM
WDM means to bear multiple wavelength (channel) systems on one fiber and
convert one fiber into multiple "virtual" fibers, each of which independently
works on different wavelengths. Boasting economical efficiency and
practicability, the WDM system technology is the major wavelength
6
Chapter 1 DWDM Overview
In early 1970's, this multiplexing technology only uses two wavelengths: one in
1310 nm window and the other in 1550 nm window. It implements single-fiber
dual-window transmission through the WDM technology. It is the initial
wavelength division multiplexing case.
2) DWDM
In simple words, the DWDM technology refers to the WDM technology with
small interval between adjacent wavelengths, with working wavelength in the
1550 nm window. It can bear 8 ~ 160 wavelengths on one fiber, mostly used in
long-distance transmission system.
3) CWDM
The CWDM technology refers to the WDM technology with large interval
(usually greater than 20 nm) between adjacent wavelengths. Usually, its
wavelength quantity is 4 or 8 (16 at most). It uses 1200 nm ~ 1700 nm windows.
7
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
Both DWDM system and SDH system belong to the transmission network layer.
They are the transmission means established on the fiber transport media. Their
relationship in the transport network is shown in Fig. 1.2-1.
Circuit layer
(for example,
ATM and IP)
The SDH is the TDM system based on a single wavelength (one fiber
transmitting one wavelength channel). When the transmission rate exceeds
10 Gbit/s, the system dispersion and other negative influences will increase the
difficulty of long-distance transmission.
At present, most customer-layer signals in the DWDM system are SDH signals.
But the wavelengths used in the DWDM system are mutually separated and
8
Chapter 1 DWDM Overview
irrelated with the service signal formats, so each wavelength can transmit the
optical signals with totally different features, for the sake of hybrid transmission
of multiple kinds of signals.
The relationship between DWDM system and some common services is shown
in Fig. 1.2-2.
IP
DWDM
The optical interfaces of the SDH device should accord with the ITU-T G.957
recommendation, which does not stipulate the working central wavelength.
The optical interfaces in the DWDM system must accord with the ITU-T G.692
recommendation, which specifies the reference frequency of each optical
channel, channel interval, nominal central frequency (central wavelength),
central frequency offset and other parameters.
Therefore, the DWDM system can be either open DWDM system or integrated
DWDM system.
z Open system: The transmitting side of the WDM system provides the optical
wavelength converter (OTU) to converts the customer signals with non-standard
wavelength into the standard wavelength compliant with G.692 standard. "Open"
means that the DWDM system has no special requirement for the working
wavelength of the input signals, for example, the signals accessed through
"Open interface" shown in Fig. 1.2-2.
9
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
z Integrated system: All the customer signals accessing the DWDM system must
accord with G.692 standard, for example, the signals accessed through
"Non-open interface" shown in Fig. 1.2-2.
The quartz fiber has three low-loss windows: 860 nm, 1310 nm and 1550 nm, as shown
in Fig. 1.2-3.
3.0
~140THz
2.5
~50THz
OH- absorption peak
2.0 OH- absorption
Loss (dB/km) peak
1.5
OH- absorption
1.0 peak
0.5
O E S C L
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Wavelength (nm)
O: Original Band E: Extend Band S: Short Band C: Conventional Band L: Long Band
1. 860 nm window
Its wavelength range is 600 nm ~ 900 nm. It is used in multi-mode fiber, with
large transmission loss (2 dB/km averagely). It is applicable to the short-distance
access network, such as Fiber Channel (FC) service.
2. 1310 nm window
The lower limit of the available wavelength here depends on the fiber cut-off
wavelength and fiber attenuation coefficient, and the upper limit depends on OH
10
Chapter 1 DWDM Overview
root absorption peak at 1385 nm. The working wavelength range is 1260 nm ~
1360 nm. The average loss is 0.3 dB/km ~ 0.4 dB/km.
3. 1550 nm window
The lower limit of the available wavelength here depends on OH root absorption
peak at 1385 nm, and the upper limit depends on infrared absorption loss and
bending loss. . The working wavelength range is 1460 nm ~ 1625 nm. The
average loss is 0.19 dB/km ~ 0.25 dB/km.
The working wavelength in the 1550 nm window is divided into three parts (S
band, C band and L band), with the wavelength range shown in Fig. 1.2-4.
1) S band (1460 nm ~ 1530 nm): Since the working wavelength range of EDFA is
in C band or L band, S band is not used in the DWDM system at present.
2) C band (1530 nm ~ 1565 nm): It is often used as the working wavelength area of
the DWDM system under 40 waves (with band interval as 100 GHz), DWDM
system under 80 waves (with band interval as 50 GHz) and SDH system.
3) L band (1565 nm ~ 1625 nm): Working wavelength area of the DWDM system
above 80 waves. In this case, the band interval is 50 GHz.
11
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
The DWDM technology makes full use of the huge bandwidth (about 25 THz)
resource of fibers to expand the transmission capacity of the system.
The wavelengths in the DWDM system are separated to each other, capable of
transmitting different services in transparent way, such as SDH, GbE and ATM
signals, for the sake of hybrid transmission of multiple kinds of signals.
Since the DWDM system transmits the data in each wavelength channel in
transparent way and does no process the channel data, only more multiplexing
wavelength channels should be added for expansion, which is convenient and
practical.
Full optical network is the development trend of the optical transport network.
In such network, the WDM system is connected with Optical Add/Drop
Multiplexer (OADM) and Optical Cross-connection (OXC) device, to directly
12
Chapter 1 DWDM Overview
The channel rate of the DWDM system has developed to 10 Gbit/s from 2.5
Gbit/s, and the system at 40 Gbit/s rate is in experimentation and its technology
becomes more and more mature.
The DWDM system at early phase usually works at 8/16/32 wavelengths, with
channel interval as 100 GHz and working wavelength in C band. Along with
ever development of the technology, the working wavelength of DWDM system
can cover C and L bands, with interval as 50 GHz. For example, ZTE's ZXWM
M900 device can provide the multiplexing of up to 160 waves.
The initial cost and operation cost for network construction can be reduced
through extending full optical transmission and reducing electrical regeneration
points.
The traditional DWDM system uses EDFA to extend the current-free delay
transmission distance. At present, this distance can be extended from 600 km to
above 2000 km, through distributed Raman amplifier and super-powerful
Forward Error Correction (FEC) technology, dispersion management technology
and optical balancing technology and effective modulation formats.
13
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
The further expansion opportunity depends on the optical nodes, that is, OADM
and OXC.
Through OADM, we can construct chain and ring optical networks. The OADM
controls the optical signals of different wavelength channels to be sent to the
proper locations, for the sake of protection and restoration of optical services.
OXC is the route switch of next generation optical communication. In the full
optical network, it provides these functions: Providing connection function
based on wavelengths, providing wavelength add/drop function of optical
channels, leading the wavelength channels for the sake of best utilization of
fiber infrastructure, and implementing protection and restoration on wavelength,
wavelength and fiber levels. The OXC is set at the important tandem point of the
network, converging input of different wavelengths from different directions and
then output signals with proper wavelengths. Through OADM and OXC, we can
construct more complicated ring network. In the next generation IP Over
DWDM telecom/network architecture, the OXC may replace the existing
electrical switching/route by optical signals.
14
2 Overview of Optical Fiber
Communication
Highlights:
Optical fiber is a kind of cylinder glass fiber with sound light conducting
performance and small diameter, consisting of fiber core, cladding and coating
layer, as shown in Fig. 2.1-1.
Coating layer
Cladding Fiber core
n2 n1
1) Fiber core
It is made of SiO2 (quartz). It also comprises few doped chemical, such as GeO2,
to improve refractive index (n1) of the fiber core. The diameter of the fiber core
usually ranges 5 m ~ 50 m.
15
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
2) Cladding
Usually, it is made of SiO2, with outer diameter as 125 m. The refractive index
(n2) of cladding is less than that (n1) of fiber core.
3) Coating layer
It is made of high molecular materials, such as epoxide resin and silicone rubber,
with outer diameter as about 250 m. Through adding coating, we can improve
flexibility, mechanical strength and aging-resistance features of the optical fiber.
2. Fiber categories
When the light is transmitted in the fiber, each light shoots into the juncture
between fiber core and cladding in proper angle. Since the refractive index (n1)
of the fiber core is greater than that (n2) of the cladding, when the shooting-in
angle of the light meets the full reflection condition, the light can be repeatedly
reflected on the juncture and move forwards in "zigzag" way, and thus
restricting the light inside the fiber core and forming transmission wave.
Depending on the refractive index radio distribution on the fiber cross section,
the fiber is divided into step-type fiber and graded fiber. The relationship
between refractive index and fiber structure as well as the transmission of light
in the fiber are shown in Fig. 2.1-2.
Cladding Cladding
n2 n2
Fiber core Light Fiber core Light
n1 n1
16
Chapter 2 Overview of Optical Fiber Communication
2) By fiber material
Besides quartz fiber, the fibers can be divided into quartz fiber, glass fiber with
many compositions, quartz-plastic fiber with quartz core and plastic cladding,
and full-plastic fiber with plastic core and plastic cladding, by material.
Such fibers have greater loss than the quartz fiber, so they are usually used by
the short-distance systems inside buildings or rooms.
3) By transmission mode
For the specified fiber structure, only a series specified electromagnetic wave
can be effectively transmitted in the fiber. Such specified electromagnetic wave
is called optical fiber mode. In the fiber, the conductible mode quantity depends
on structure and refractive index radial distribution of the fiber.
If the fiber supports only one conduction mode (base mode), this fiber is called
Single-Mode Fiber (SMF) and its core transmits only one light. If the fiber
supports multiple conduction modes, this fiber is called Multi-Mode Fiber
(MMF), and each light in its core is in a transmission mode. Fig. 2.1-2 shows
two typical multi-mode fibers.
The differences between SMF and MMF are listed in Table 2.1-1.
17
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
SMF MMF
Transmission Only supporting transmission in base
Supporting multiple conduction modes
mode mode
Fiber core Smaller (about 5 m ~ 10 m) Greater (about 50 m)
Caused by transmission rates of Large mode dispersion due to different
Dispersion different frequency components in the transmission rates of different modes,
influence optical signal; increasing along with directly affecting transmission
increased optical signal spectrum width bandwidth and transmission distance
Ordinary SMF, Dispersion Shifted
Type Fiber (DSF) and Dispersion Ordinary MMF
Compensation Fiber (DCF)
Working
1310 nm and 1550 nm 850 nm and 1310 nm
window
Long-distance fiber communication Short-distance fiber communication
Applications
system with large capacity system at low rate
Due to improving fiber manufacture technique, the fiber transmission loss is lower and
lower. At present, there are five low-loss windows, as shown in Fig. 2.1-3.
3.0
~140THz
2.5
~50THz
OH- absorption peak OH- absorption
2.0 peak
Loss (dB/km)
1.5
I II V III IV
OH- absorption
1.0 peak
0.5
O E S C L
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Wavelength (nm)
O: Original Band E: Extend Band S: Short Band C: Conventional Band L: Long Band
18
Chapter 2 Overview of Optical Fiber Communication
The optical signal mark, wavelength range, applied fiber types and application of each
window are described in Table 2.1-2.
Window I II III IV V
1310 (O 1360 ~ 1530
Mark (nm) 850 1550 (C band) 1600 (L band)
band) (E + S bands)
Wavelength
600~900 1260~1360 1530~1565 1565~1625 1360~1530
range (nm)
MMF/G.652/ G.652/G.653/G G.652/G.653/G Full-wave
Fiber type MMF
G.653 .655 .655 fiber
Short Short
Applications distance and distance and Long distance and high rate
low rate low rate
This section briefly introduces features and functions of three SMFs, G.652, G.653 and
G.655. The fiber types applied in the DWDM system are also involved.
When it is used in the 1310 nm window, it is only applicable to the SDH system;
when it is used in the 1550 nm window, it is applicable to both SDH system and
DWDM system, requiring dispersion compensation when the single channel rate
is over 2.5 Gbit/s.
It has the smallest loss and the smallest dispersion in the 1550 nm. Therefore, it
usually works in the 1550 nm window.
19
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
In the 1550 nm window, the absolute value of its dispersion is not zero and
within a certain range (ensuring smallest loss and small dispersion in this
window).
Based on multiplexing channel quantity and frequency interval of the DWDM system,
the working wavelengths of the systems below 40 wavelengths, 80-wavelength system
and 160-wavelength system are introduce below.
1. 8/16/32/40-wavelength system
Central frequency offset: 20 GHz (at rate lower than 2.5 Gbit/s); 12.5 GHz (at
rate 10 Gbit/s)
2. 80-wavelength system
3. 160-wavelength system
20
Chapter 2 Overview of Optical Fiber Communication
Frequency range: C band (192.1 THz ~ 196.0 THz) + L band (190.90 THz ~
186.95 THz)
The working wavelength of the DWDM system complies with the specific central
wavelength and central frequency values in the multi-channel system, as stipulated by
the ITU-T Recommendation G.692.
21
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
22
Chapter 2 Overview of Optical Fiber Communication
23
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
24
Chapter 2 Overview of Optical Fiber Communication
Power transmission loss is a basic and important parameter of the fiber. Due to
existence of fiber loss, the optical power transmitted in the fiber will attenuate by index
with the increase of transmission distance.
1) Loss coming from fiber, including inherent absorption loss of fiber materials,
absorption loss of material impurity (especially the loss caused by the remained
OH component in the fiber), Raileigh dispersion loss, and dispersion loss due to
incomplete fiber structure.
2) The fiber additional loss caused by optical cable layout, fiber connection and
system coupling/connection in all kinds of environment, because the fibers are
bundled into cable. This aspect involves bending loss and minor bending loss of
optical fiber/cable, connection loss in the fiber line, and coupling loss between
optical components.
The fiber attenuation spectrum is shown in Fig. 2.1-3. The average loss in
Window I is 2 dB/km, the one in Window II is 0.3 dB/km ~ 0.4 dB/km, and the
one in Window III is 0.19 dB/km ~ 0.25 dB/km. The 1380 nm point in Window
V exist OH absorption peak.
25
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
2. The line loss values of the common fibers are shown in Table 2.3-1.
OSNR means the ratio between optical signal power and noise power. It is very
important for estimating and measuring bit error performance, engineering
design and maintenance.
Take the OSNR at the receiving end of the DWDM system as an example, the
calculation formula is:
L: Loss between any two optical amplifiers, that is, sectional loss (dB)
The formula shows this: When the other parameters keep unchanged, greater
line loss leads to lower OSNR, which means decreased transmission quality of
the optical line.
In the initial design of the DWDM, except loss limit and dispersion limit, the
OSNR at the receiving end, Q value and BER should also be considered. The
design is qualified only when these three factors are qualified.
2.3.2 Dispersion
After the optical pulse signals entering the fiber through input end are transmitted for a
long distance, the pulse wave shape spreads by time at the fiber output end, this
26
Chapter 2 Overview of Optical Fiber Communication
Time Time
Incoming optical Outgoing optical
pulse waveform pulse waveform
The phenomena and causes of chroma dispersion and polarization mode dispersion will
be introduced below, as well as their influences to the DWDM system.
1) Material dispersion: The quartz glass, fiber material, has different refractive
index for different optical wavelengths. While the light source has certain
spectrum width, and different wavelengths results in different group rates, so the
optical pulse spreading will occur.
2) Waveguide dispersion: For a transmission mode of the fiber, the pulse spreading
occurs due to different group rates in different optical wavelengths. This
dispersion is related to the waveguide effect of fiber structure, so it is also called
structure dispersion.
27
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
may be zero, and this wavelength is called the zero dispersion wavelength of the
material. Luckily, this wavelength is in the low-loss window near 1310 nm. For
example, G.652 fiber is the zero dispersion fiber.
Although the optical components are heavily affected by the dispersion, there is
the tolerable maximum dispersion value (that is, dispersion tolerance). Normal
transmission can be ensured when the generated dispersion is within the
tolerance.
1) Pulse spreading
2) Chirp effect
Dispersion not only results in pulse spreading but also makes pulse generate
phase modulation. Such phase modulation makes different parts of the pulse
make different offset from the central frequency with different frequencies,
which is called chirp effect of pulse.
Due to chirp effect, the fiber is divided into normal dispersion fiber and
abnormal dispersion fiber. In the normal dispersion fiber, the high-frequency
component of the pulse is located at the rear edge of the pulse and the
low-frequency component is located at the front edge of the pulse. In the
abnormal dispersion fiber, the low-frequency component of the pulse is located
at the rear edge of the pulse and the high-frequency component is located at the
front edge of the pulse. In the transmission line, we can properly use these two
fibers to offset the chirp effect and remove the pulse dispersion spreading.
Since the DWDM system is mostly used in the 1550 nm window, if G.652 fiber
is used, it is required to use the DCF with negative wavelength dispersion to
compensate the dispersion and reduce the total dispersion value of the whole
transmission value.
28
Chapter 2 Overview of Optical Fiber Communication
PMD is a kind of physical phenomenon existing in optical fiber and optical component
fields.
The baseband in the SMF has two polarization modes that are orthogonal. In the ideal
case, two polarization modes should have the same feature curve and transmission
characteristics. Due to geometrical and pressure asymmetry, two polarization modes
have different transmission rates, resulting in delay and PMD, as shown in Fig. 2.3-2.
Usually, the unit of PMD is ps/km1/2.
Optical fiber
Incoming light Outgoing light
Delay
In the digital transmission system, the PMD will result in pulse separation and pulse
spreading, degrade transmission signal and limit transmission rate of carriers.
Compared with other dispersions, the PMD can almost be omitted. But it cannot be
totally extinguished, but can be minimized through optical components. The narrower
the pulse in the super-speed system is, the greater the PMD influence is.
In the common fiber communications system, the transmitting optical power is low and
the fiber has linear transmission feature. But, for the DWDM system, the fiber has
non-linear effect after the EDFA is used.
The non-linear effect of the fiber will result in serious crosstalk between
multi-wavelength channels of the DWDM system, which will lead to additional
attenuation of the fiber communication system as well as restriction of optical power,
EDFA amplifying performance and current-free regenerative relay distance.
29
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
1. SPM
Intensity
Intensity
When the system works in the fiber working area (for example, the short
wavelength area of G.653 fiber or working area with negative dispersion of
G.655 fiber) with negative dispersion index, the SPM will result in smaller
dispersion limit distance. When the system works in the fiber working area (for
example, the long wavelength area of G.652/G.653 fiber or working area with
positive dispersion of G.655 fiber) with positive dispersion index, the SPM will
result in greater dispersion limit distance.
30
Chapter 2 Overview of Optical Fiber Communication
The SPM effect occurs in certain distance from the transmitter end. In addition
the low-dispersion fiber can also reduce the influence of SPM to the system
performance.
2. XPM
When two or more optical waves with different frequencies are simultaneously
transmitted in the non-linear media, the amplitude modulation of each frequency
wave will result in the corresponding change of the fiber refractive index,
resulting in non-linear phase modulation of the optical wave with other
frequencies, which is called XPM.
XPM often occurs along with SPM. XPM will result in a series of non-linear
effects, such as signal interference between DWDM system channels and
non-linear dual-refraction of the fiber, leading to unstable polarization of the
fiber transmission. Meanwhile, the XPM will also affect wave shape and
spectrum of pulse.
3. FWM
The generation of FWM is related to the fiber dispersion. For zero dispersion,
the mixing efficiency is the highest. Along with dispersion increase, the mixing
31
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
efficiency reduces fast. The DWDM system uses G.655 fiber to slider over the
FWM effect in 1550 nm zero-dispersion wavelength area.
4. SRS
... ...
1 2 3 1 2 3
SRS effect is widely applied in the fiber communication, for example, making
distributed Raman amplifier based on Raman gain, to provide distributed
broadband amplifying for optical signals. The DRA board of ZTE DWDM
device implements the optical amplifying function through the SRS effect. On
the other hand, SRS introduces in negative influence to the communication
system. In the DWDM system, light in the short-wavelength channel will serve
as pump light to transfer energy to the long-wavelength channel, resulting in
Raman crosstalk between channels.
5. SBS
SRS effect can be used to make fiber Brillouin laser and amplifier. On the other
hand, SBS will result in unstable signal light source and crosstalk between
reverse transmission channels. However, along with increase of system
transmission rate, the SBS peak gain obviously reduces. So, SBS will not greatly
affect the high-speed fiber transmission system.
32
Chapter 2 Overview of Optical Fiber Communication
The G.654 fiber works in the 1550 nm window, with average loss as 0.15 dB/km
~ 0.19 dB/km, which is less than those of the other types of fibers. The zero
dispersion point is still in the 1310 nm window.
2. Full-wave fiber
The full-wave fiber, water peak free fiber, eliminates OH- ions near the 1385 nm
wavelength and thus also eliminates the appended water peak attenuation caused
by the OH- ions. In this way, the fiber attenuation is only determined by the
internal scattering loss of the silicon glass.
The attenuation of the full-wave fiber becomes even at the band of 1310 nm~
1600 nm. As internal OH- ions are already eliminated, no water peak attenuation
will occur even when the fiber is exposed to hydrogen gas and the long-term
attenuation is reliable.
Full-wave optical fiber can provide a complete transmission band from 1280 nm
to 1625 nm. The available wavelength range is about 1.5 times of the
wavelength range of ordinary fibers.
3. Real-wave fiber
33
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
34
3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
Highlights:
z OTU technology.
z Supervision technology.
35
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
After the line fiber goes through amplifying of OPA, the optical channel signals
are de-multiplexed by the optical de-multiplexer and then respectively input to
the corresponding multiplexing channel optical receivers, RX1RXn.
Located in the middle of the optical transmission section, it uses OLA to amplify
the optical signals.
This module is omitted in Fig. 3.1-1. The DWDM NMS should be capable of
managing optical amplifying units (such as OBA, OLA and OPA), wavelength
division multiplexer, Optical Transponder Unit (OTU) and channel performance
supervision on one platform. It can manage the device in terms of performance,
fault, configuration and security. The information in the NMS is borne by the
monitoring signals in the optical monitoring channel.
At present, the semi-conductor optical sources widely used now are Laser
Device (LD) and Light-Emitting Diode (LED).
36
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
LD is coherence light source, with large in-fiber power, small spectral line width
and high modulation rate. It is applicable to the long-distance high-speed system.
The LED is non-coherence light source, with small in-fiber power, large spectral
line width and low modulation rate. It is applicable to short-distance low-speed
system.
The light source of the DWDM system adopts the semi-conductor laser.
The DWDM system has very strict requirements for the working wavelength of
each multiplexing channel. Wavelength drift will cause unstable and unreliable
operation of the system.
Fiber transmission may be limited by system loss and dispersion. Along with
increased transmission rate, the dispersion influence is larger. Here, dispersion
limit can be solved through using optical fibers/cables with small dispersion
coefficient or semi-conductor laser with small spectral width. After the optical
cables are laid, minimizing spectral width of light source devices is an effective
measure for solving dispersion limit.
At present, there are two methods of light source intensity modulation: Direct
modulation and indirect modulation (that is, external modulation).
1) Direct modulation
37
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
The direct modulation mode is simple, with low loss and low cost. But, the
super-speed change of working current of the laser will make modulation chirp
easily. And chirp will limit transmission rate and distance of the system.
The direct modulation mode is often used in the transmission system composed
of G.652 fiber, with transmission shorter than 100 km and rate lower than
2.5 Gbit/s.
Therefore, in external modulation case, the laser nit generates stable high-power
laser, and the external modulator will modulate it in low chirp, to obtain the
maximum dispersion value much greater than that in the case of direct
modulation.It is applicable to the long-distance transmission system at rate over
2.5 Gbit/s.
z EA modulator
It uses absorber controlled by electrical pulse signal to absorb or not absorb the
optical wave transmitted by the continuous wave semi-conductor laser (CW),
and thus making optical pulse stream under indirect control of electrical pulse
signal stream.
The EA light source features small size, high integration, low driving power and
low power consumption. The maximum dispersion can reach 12 000 ps/nm.
At the input end, the CW is in continuous wave working status. The optical
wave emitted by it is divided by the optical de-multiplexer into two equal signal
channels, which will respectively enter two optical tributaries of the modulator.
Under control of electrical pulse stream, it performs phase modulation to the
optical signals. At the output end, two optical tributaries are combined by the
optical multiplexer. When the signal phases in two optical tributaries are reverse
to each other, the optical multiplexer has no optical signal output; when the
38
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
signal phases in two optical tributaries are the same, the optical multiplexer has
optical signal output. In this way, the optical pulse stream is controlled by the
electrical pulse stream.
The M-Z light source features high modulation rate, large maximum dispersion
value, and large extinction ratio. Its chirp coefficient can be zero in theory. Its
disadvantage is that polarization maintaining fiber must be used to connect the
laser and the modulator, because modulation status is related to light
polarization status.
3.3.1 Overview
The optical wavelength division multiplexer and de-multiplexer, also called optical
multiplexer and de-multiplexer, belong to optical wavelength division multiplexer,
which is actually a kind of optical filter.
At the transmitting end, the Optical Multiplexer (OM) is used to combine the optical
signals in each multiplexing channel with nominal wavelength into a beam of optical
wave, and then transmit it into the fiber for transmission, that is, multiplexing optical
wave.
At the receiving end, the Optical De-multiplexer (OD) is used to divide optical wave in
the fiber into optical signals of each multiplexing channel with formal nominal
wavelength, and then input them into the corresponding optical channel receivers, that
is, de-multiplexing optical wave.
Since the performance of OM and OD determine the system transmission quality, the
attenuation, offset and channel crosstalk of OM and OD must be small values.
3.3.2 Introduction to OM
Four types of common OMs are briefly introduced below, as well as OM types often
used in the DWDM systems with different wavelength numbers.
1) Grating type of OM
39
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
Since the optical signals with different wavelengths have different refractive
angles on the grating, it divides and combines the optical signals with different
wavelengths. Its working principle is shown in Fig. 3.3-1.
1,2,3,...n
1
2
3
4
n
40
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
1,2,3,...n
1
2
5
4
7
It is a kind of compact passive optical device with stable structure, featuring flat
signal passband, low insertion loss and sound channel interval.
Due to compact structure and low insertion loss, it is the best scheme for optical
wave multiplexing/de-multiplexing in the optical transport network.
4) Coupling type of OM
It is a kind of surface interactive device with two or more fibers which are
closed to each other and are properly melted. It is used for OM, with the
working principle shown in Fig. 3.3-4.
41
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
5
123
6
It can only implement multiplexing function, with low cost and large insertion
loss.
The relationship between the system with different wavelengths and the
corresponding optical wavelength division multiplexers is shown in Table 3.3-1.
Table 3.3-1 Relationship between DWDM Systems and Corresponding Optical Wavelength Division Multiplexers
Type of Optical OM OD
Wavelength Division Below 32 40 Above 80 Below 32 40 Above 80
Multiplexer wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths wavelengths
Coupling type - - - - -
Array waveguide type - -
Dielectric thin film type - -
Grating type - - - -
2. Insertion loss
42
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
3. Isolation
It is meaningful only for the wavelength sensitive devices (TFF type and AWG
type devices). It is not meaningful for the coupling devices.
4. Reflection coefficient
At the input end of the wavelength division multiplexer, the ratio between the
reflection optical power and incidence optical power is the reflection coefficient.
Smaller coefficient is preferable.
PDL means the maximum change value of the insertion loss caused by the
change of optical wave polarization status.
6. Temperature coefficient
43
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
7. Bandwidth
It is a parameter of the wavelength sensitive devices (TFF type and AWG type
devices). It is not meaningful for the coupling type of wavelength division
multiplexer.
It refers to the corresponding change value of the working wavelength when the
OD insertion loss decreases by 0.5 dB.
It describes the bandpass feature of the OD. Sound bandpass feature curve
should be flat and wide. Greater bandpass value is preferable.
It refers to the corresponding change value of the working wavelength when the
OD insertion loss decreases by 20 dB.
It describes the stopband feature of the OD. The stopband feature curve should
be sharp. Smaller bandwidth value is preferable.
3.4.1 Overview
44
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
3. Functioning as regenerator
When the transponder serves as the regenerator, it has the data regeneration
function, which is an optional function of the OTU.
1. Working principle
OTU performs O/E conversion to the multiplexing optical channel signals which
accord with the G.957 recommendation, and implements shaping, timing
extraction and data regeneration (this can be omitted) to the converted electrical
signals, and then performs E/O conversion, to output DWDM optical channel
signals whose wavelength, dispersion and optical transmitting power accord
with G.692 recommendation.
After O/E conversion, if only shaping and timing processing (that is, 2R
functions) are implemented, this OTU only implements wavelength conversion
function with a small transmission distance.
After O/E conversion, if shaping, timing processing and regeneration (that is, 3R
functions) are implemented, actually this OTU also has the function of the
regeneration repeater (REG).
45
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
Hint:
Usually, the working range of the DWDM system is represented through frequency.
2) Channel interval
Channel interval means the nominal frequency difference between two adjacent
multiplexing channels, covering even channel interval and uneven channel
interval. At present, even channel interval is used mostly.
z When the multiplexing channels are 8 wavelengths, the channel interval is 200
GHz.
z When the multiplexing channels are 16/32/40 wavelengths, the channel interval
is 100 GHz.
z When the multiplexing channels are above 80 wavelengths, the channel interval
is 50 GHz.
Smaller channel interval requires higher resolution of the OD and means more
multiplexing channels.
For example, when the multiplexing channels are 16/32/40 wavelengths, the
central frequency of wavelength 1 is 192.1 THz, the channel interval is 100 GHz
and frequency increases in ascending order.
46
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
It is also called frequency offset. It refers to the offset between the actual
working central frequency of the multiplexing optical channel and nominal
central frequency.
According to the national standards, the system with frequency interval as 100
GHz, the maximum central frequency offset is 20 GHz (about 0.16 nm) when
the rate is below 2.5 Gbit/s or 12.5 GHz when the rate is 10 Gbit/s. For the
system with frequency interval as 50 GHz, the maximum central frequency
offset is 5 GHz.
The maximum central frequency offset refers to the value which can be met
when the designed life cycle of the system expires, with temperature, humidity
and other factors taken into consideration.
5) Dispersion tolerance
Dispersion reflects the spreading of the optical pulse in the transmission in the
fiber.
The pulse spreading will result in decreased distinguish ratio of signal pulse at
the receiving end, that is, levels of bit "1" and bit "0" are similar, leading to
mistaken judgment of the receiver. To avoid bit error, it is required to take
proper measures to compensate the optical pulse spreading in fiber transmission
process. The pulse spreading will be more and more serious along with
increased transmission distance.
The requirements of DWDM system for the fiber chroma dispersion coefficient
are basically those of a single multiplexing channel rate signal for fiber chroma
dispersion coefficient. In addition, since the current-free relay distance of the
DWDM system is much greater than that of a single SDH system, the dispersion
tolerance distance of the system light source must be prolonged.
6) Receiver sensitivity
The receiver sensitivity refers to the minimum value of the average receiving
optical power on the OTU input port, when input signals are located in the 1550
nm window and the BER reaches 10-12.
47
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
The overloaded optical power refers to the maximum value of the average
receiving optical power on the OTU input port, when input signals are located in
the 1550 nm window and the BER reaches 10-12.
Depending on the locations in the DWDM system, the OTU can be classified into
OTUT, OTUR and OTUG. Their applications in the transmission system are shown in
Fig. 3.4-2.
1 1
OTUT OTUG OTUR
2 2
OTUT OM OA OA OD OTUG OM OA OA OD OTUR
1. OTUT
It is located between customer devices and OM. The signals output from it to the
OM should accord with G.692 standards. This kind of OTU not only has E/O
and O/E conversion functions, but also has re-shaping and re-timing functions
(that is, 2R functions) as well as B1 byte detection function.
2. OTUR
It is located between OD and customer devices. The optical signals output from
the OD to the OTUR should accord with G.692 standards. This kind of OTU has
the similar functions as OTUT functions. It implements wavelength conversion,
2R functions and B1 byte detection function.
3. OTUG
It is located between OM and OD. Its input and output signals should accord
with G.692 standards.
48
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
This kind of OTU not only has E/O and O/E conversion functions, but also has
re-shaping, re-timing and data regeneration functions (that is, 3R functions).
Therefore, it is equal to a conventional REG. It also has B1 byte detection
function.
Optical amplifier is the technology for solving optical power limit. Without O/E/O
conversion, it directly amplifies the optical signals. Its classifications are shown in Fig.
3.5-1.
{
Resonance type
{
Semi-conductor OA
Progressive wave type
{
1550 nm fiber amplifier, for example, EDFA
Lanthanon doped
{
fiber amplifier
1310 nm fiber amplifier, for example, PDFA
Fiber amplifier
Non-linear
optical amplifier { Raman fiber amplifier (SRA)
1. Working principle
49
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
N3~0
1550 nm N2
signal light
1550 nm
980 nm 1480nm stimulated
pump light emission
N1
The Er3+ ion free from stimulation is at the lowest energy level. When the pump
light is shot in, the Er3+ ion absorbs energy of the pump light and transits to the
higher energy level. At the higher energy level, the Er3+ ions are in instable
status, therefore they continuously converge to metastable energy level in
non-radiant transition format, and thus implementing population inversion
distribution. When the optical signals with 1550 nm wavelength pass this
segment of EDF, the metastable particles transit to the ground status in
stimulated emission format, and photons which are the same as those in the
incoming signal light are generated, and thus implementing amplifying of
optical signals.
2. Composition
The EDFA consists of EDF, bump light source, coupler and isolator, as shown in
Fig. 3.5-3.
50
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
WDM Erbium 1 2 n
1 2 n Isolator Isolator
coupler doped fiber
... ...
Pin Pout
Pump laser
The coupler is used to combine signal light with pump light. The isolator is used
to suppress light reflection, to ensure stable working of the optical amplifier. The
pump laser generates pump light source.
1) Gain (G)
It is the ratio between output optical signal power and input optical signal power.
Greater gain means more powerful amplifying capability.
It is the ratio between SNR at EDFA input end and SNR at output end.
EDFA noise comes from many factors, such as signal shot noise, internal
reflection noise and Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) noise. But the
major source of EDFA noise is ASE noise.
& Note:
ASE means the emission noise caused by such own factors as unbalance between
EDFA optical transmitting area and absorption area, different population inversion
degrees (quantity of ions in stable energy level E2 and the quantity of ions in ground
energy level E1 are different), EDFA gain and EDFA working status.
Since the EDFA can amplify both optical signals and noise, NF is used. NF
value is closely related to the ASE noise of the EDFA. It greatly affects the
system performance, especially the OSNR of the whole system. Smaller NF is
preferable, for example, below 5.0 dB.
51
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
3) Bandwidth
The working wavelength range of the DWDM system covers C band and L band.
The optical amplifier needs to amplify all the multiplexing channel signals of the
system, so its bandwidth should be wide enough.
It means the allowed fluctuation of EDFA gain within the specified working
band range. For the sake of sound flatness, aluminum doped technology is
usually used in the EDF.
In the DWDM system, to minimize the difference between output optical power
signals of different multiplexing channels and facilitate optical power estimation,
smaller EDFA gain flatness is preferable.
In the WDM system application, one EDFA is responsible for amplifying all the
multiplexing optical channel signals in the system. Therefore, its input/output
optical power range should be large enough, especially for the WDM system
with enormous multiplexing channels.
On the other hand, to ensure EDFA gain flatness and low noise performance, the
DEFA should work in small signal working range. In other words, the
input/output power range of the EDFA cannot be too large. More importantly, to
avoid fiber non-linear effect, the EDFA output power cannot too large.
To avoid fiber non-linear effect, the optical power of a signal channel cannot be
too large. It is required to determine the proper power according to signal rate
and transmission fiber type.
Since the EDFA generates different gains for the optical waves in different
polarization statuses. So, we call the maximum change value of the EDFA gain
caused by polarization status change of the optical wave as PDG. Smaller value
is preferable.
52
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
Although optical isolators are set at input and output ends of the EDFA, a few
pump light leakage occurs. Smaller leakage is preferable.
Pump light leakage means the ratio between pump light leakage power and
input/output pump light power.
It is the ratio between optical power at the EDFA input/output end and reflection
optical power. Greater value is preferable.
To ensure the transmission quality of DWDM system, the EDFA used in the
DWDM system must have sufficient bandwidth, flat gain, low NF and high
output power. Proper gain flatness is especially important, which is special
requirement of DWDM system for EDFA.
Depending on locations of EDFA in the DWDM system and pump source types, two
EDFA classification modes are introduced below.
1. By location
By locations in the optical transport network, the EDFA is divided into Booster
Amplifier (BA), Line Amplifier (LA) and Pre-Amplifier (PA).
1) BA: It is located behind the OTM or transmitting light source of relay device,
and in the front of the relay segment. It is used to boot the transmitting power
for the sake of extending transmission distance.
2) LA: It is located in the middle of the relay segment. It is used to directly insert
the EDFA into the fiber transmission link for amplifying signals. A relay
segment can be equipped with multiple LAs as required.
3) PA: It is located at the relay segment end and ahead of the optical receiving
device. It is used to pre-amplify the small signals going through line attenuation,
to boost the power of optical signals entering the receiver and meet the
sensitivity requirements of the receiver.
53
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
The locations of all kinds of amplifiers in the optical line are shown in Fig.
3.5-4.
Relay segment
OTM BA LA LA PA OTM
2. By pump source
At present, the pump sources often used cover 980 nm and 1480 nm, because
these two types of pump sources have high pump efficiency.
The 980 nm pump light source has lower NF; the 1480 nm one has higher NF, so
a larger output power is obtainable (about 3 dB higher than that of the 980 nm
pump light source).
In the actual LA applications, most 8-channel WDM system uses the 980 nm
pump source, because the WDM system of G.652 fiber mostly features
dispersion limit other than loss limit. If such WDM system uses the 1480 nm
pump source, the system power attenuation will increase, which is unnecessary
for boosting EDFA output power. However, the above-16-channel WDM system
uses the 1480 nm pump source, because enormous tributaries dwindle the
available power range and the pump source with higher power is necessary. The
two-level pump can also be used, for the sake of both NF improvement and
output power increase.
When solving the problems of fiber transmission system, the EDFA also introduces in
some new problems.
1. Non-linear effect
EDFA amplifies the optical power through increasing the optical power shot into
the fiber, but optical power increase should be proper. When the optical power is
increased to certain degree, fiber non-linear effect will occur. Therefore, in the
usage of fiber amplifier, it is required to control the value of the in-fiber optical
power in a single channel.
54
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
2. Bandwidth
Bandwidth refers to the range of the optical wavelength which can be amplified
flatly. The working wavelength range of the EDFA in C band is 1530 nm ~ 1561
nm, and the one of the EDFA in L band is 1565 nm ~ 1625 nm.
The gain flatness filter is used inside the EDFA, so that the EDFA has almost the
same gain for each multiplexing optical channel signal within the corresponding
wavelength range. The gain fluctuation should be limited within the allowed
rage, for example, 1 dB. Therefore, the bandwidth is closely related to the gain
flatness.
3. Optical surge
When the optical line is normal, the erbium ions stimulated by the pump light
are carried off by the signal light, and thus implementing amplifying of signal
light. If the input light is interrupted, the metastable erbium ions still converge
continuously, so energy transient will occur, leading to optical surge.
4. Dispersion
1. Working principle
The Raman fiber amplifier uses the gain mechanism generated by non-linear
SRS in the fiber to amplify the optical signals.
The SRS converts the energy of short-wavelength pump light into the energy of
long-wavelength signal light, to amplify the signal light.
55
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
2. Features
2) With the same SNR, it can reduce the optical power at the transmitting end and
minimize the non-linear effect.
3) It can generate gain for all the wavelengths, serving as full-band amplifier
(required to be divided into C band amplifier and L band amplifier).
4) It has flat gain. The gain wavelength range depends on the pump wavelength.
5) Since the noise of Raman fiber amplifier reduces along with fiber distance
increase, the fiber should be long enough. There is no requirement for the fiber
type.
6) The pump conversion efficiency is low, so the high-power pump laser source is
required.
7) The amplifying gain is low, so it needs to work with the EDFA to form
combined amplifier, for the sake of compensation of line attenuation and node
insertion loss.
3. Application
If the DWDM system above 40 G only uses EDFA for amplifying, spontaneous
emission will be accumulated, restricting overall system performance.
Compared with EDFA, the SRA has such advantages as low noise, introducing
in no additional loss upon removal of pump light, and no transient effect.
Therefore, the combination of EDFA and SRA can form the important optical
amplifying technology for the transmission system above 40 G or of super great
distance.
56
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
For example, ZTE DWDM system uses an independent wavelength (1510 nm) and
relays on no service channel, to ensure that no active amplifying is required for the
long distance transmission and reliability is improved, and thus eventually
implementing monitoring over the NE devices of the system.
Different from the conventional SDH system, the DWDM system with optical
amplifier can monitor and management the EDFA. Since the EDFA only amplifies
optical signals without electrical signal input. Especially when it uses as the optical
amplifier regenerator, it has no electrical interface connection because there is no
add/drop of service signals, leading to higher difficulty of monitoring on it. In addition,
there is no special byte for monitoring the EDFA in the SDH overhead, so an electrical
signal must be added to monitor the EDFA status.
The OSC is used to transmit the NE management and supervision information related
to the DWDM system on a long wavelength, involving fault alarm, fault location,
quality parameter supervision in the operation, control over backup line upon line
interruption and EDFA supervision. In this way, the network operator can effectively
manage the DWDM system.
The DWDM system has the following requirements for the OSC:
1. The OSC cannot restrict the optical wavelengths (980 nm and 1480 nm) of the
pump light source in the optical amplifier.
2. The OSC cannot restrict the transmission distance between two LAs.
3. The OSC cannot restrict the services on the 1310 wavelength in the future.
57
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
1 1
OTUT OTUR
2 2
OTUT OM OBA OM2 OD2 OPA OD OTUR
osc osc
For the DWDM system working with LA, an additional OSC is required, which
should be able to perform adding/dropping with low enough BER in each optical
relay/amplifier.
58
Chapter 3 Key Technologies of DWDM System
Since this channel is out of the gain bandwidth of the EDFA (also called external
OSC), the supervision signals must be drop (dropping optical channel) ahead of
EDFA and added (adding optical channel) behind the EDFA. As shown in Fig.
3.6-1, OSC is added behind OBA and dropped ahead of OPA.
For the supervision system at working rate of 2 Mbit/s, thirty-two 64 kbit/s bytes
are used to bear supervision information, which is transmitted and exchanged in
PCM32 frame format.
For the system at supervision rate of 10 Mbit/s or 100 Mbit/s, for example, ZTE
DWDM, the supervision channel uses 10/100 M Ethernet technology to
encapsulate data in IP packet format and transmits and exchanges them in
Ethernet data frame.
5. Line coding
The 2 Mbit/s OSC uses Code Mark Inversion (CMI) as the line code type.
59
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
6. OSC protection
60
4 Protection Principle of DWDM System
Highlights:
The DWDM system protection involves protection of optical channel layer and optical
MS layer. First of all, we will introduce the location of each layer in the system.
The DWDM system is divided into Optical Multiplexing Section (OMS) layer, Optical
Transport (OTS) layer, Optical Channel (OCH) layer and Optical Access (OAC) layer.
The locations of the layers in the system are shown in Fig. 4.1-1, and their functions
are listed in Table 4.1-1
OTM OTM
G.692 OLA
TX1
Optical 1 1 Optical RX1
transponder transponder
2 RX2
TX2 Optical 2 Optical
transponder transponder
RX3
TX3 Optical 3 OD 3 Optical
transponder OM OBA OLA OPA transponder
OTS OTS
OMS
OAC OCH OAC
61
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
Depending on locations, the OP board can implement 1+1 protection of OCH or OMS.
The protection channel and protected channel are transmitted in the same fiber.
Channel 1+1 protection in the chain networking can only protect device other
than route, as shown in Fig. 4.2-1.
62
Chapter 4 Protection Principle of DWDM System
Optical 1 1 Optical
transponder transponder
Optical 2 2 Optical
transponder
O O transponder
Protected
channel Optical
transponder
3
M D 3 Optical
transponder
... U U ...
Protection n
channel Optical
n Optical
transponder transponder
O O
P Protected
channel P
Optical Optical
transponder transponder
O O
Optical Optical
transponder transponder
D M
Protection
channel U U
2. 1 +1 protection of OMS
1 1
OTU OTU
Line 1 in
2 direction A 2
OTU OBA OPA O OTU
O
3 M D 3
OTU OTU
D Line 2 in U
direction A
n n
OTU OTU
O O
1 P P 1
OTU OTU
Line 1 in
2 direction B 2
OTU OBA OTU
O OPA O
3 3
OTU D Line 2 in M OTU
D direction B U
n n
OTU OTU
63
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
When the ring network uses 1+1 protection, the protection can be divided into 1+1
protection of OCH and 1+1 protection of OMS. In the ring network, the protection
channel and protected channel reaches the receiving end through different routes.
The 1+1 protection of OCH can protect not only route but also devices. We
assume the ring network is as shown in Fig. 4.2-3.
Protection
channel
B D
Working A
channel
The optical connection between Node A and Node B is shown in Fig. 4.2-4.
O O
M D
U U
Working
OTU channel OTU
O O
D M
U U
O O
P P
OTU O O OTU
M D
U U
Protection
channe
O O
D M
Site A U U Site B
64
Chapter 4 Protection Principle of DWDM System
In the ring network, the 1+1 protection of OMS protects the multiplexed signals.
When the fiber is broken off, the two nodes close to the broken points
implement "loop-back" function, and thus protecting all the services. It is similar
to the protection mode shown in Fig. 4.2-2.
1. Protection line is special and cannot be shared with other working lines.
4.3 1: N Protection
In the 1:N protection changeover, multiplex working lines share one protection line. N
working lines are bridged to the protection line at both ends. The protection function
monitors and judges the received signal status, and changes over the services on this
working line to the protection line, upon deterioration or failure of service signals on
the working line. This mode is called "transmitting-receiving changeover". Its working
principle is shown in Fig. 4.3-1.
Service can be
transmitted
This service is
discarded.
Changeover
protocol
65
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
At present, ZTE DWDM can provide 1:N protection for OCH. We take the protection
implemented by the Electrical Switching Board (SWE) as an example.
The SWE implements changeover in electrical switching mode. At the transmitting end,
N channels of service signals are input to input ports 1 ~ N of the SWE, and then
output to OTU through output ports 1 ~ N of the SWE. At the receiving end, input
ports 1 ~ N of the SWE respectively receive the signals from OTU, and output ports 1
~ N of the SWE output such signals to the user terminal.
1 1
1 OTU OTU 1
If any channel in the N channels of services becomes faulty, once the receiving end
detects the faulty service, it notifies the SWE boards at the transmitting end and
receiving end through protocols, and then the receiving/transmitting end changes this
channel of service to the port N + 1 to protect the service.
When multiple channels of services are faulty at the same time, the service in high
priority will take priority of protection. The protection priority is set in the NM.
4. Protection is restorable.
66
Chapter 4 Protection Principle of DWDM System
In the 2-fiber bidirectional channel shared protection ring, 1 of the external ring
forms the working channel, and 1 of the internal ring forms the protection
channel. The working channel allows wavelength multiplexing of multiple
unidirectional services, and the protection channel shares protection of all
services on the working channel.
As shown in Fig. 4.4-1, when a cross-section fiber is faulty ( means faulty), the
services passing this span are damaged, and thus the access switch starts
operation at the service transmitting end, and services are transmitted along the
protection route. Meanwhile the two changeover switches at the receiving end
start operations, and services are received from the protection route. In this way,
service protection is implemented.
T11
A B C
F E D
Adding channel,
dropping channel
T21 T31 T41
Changeover node Changeover node
67
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
optical switch, to avoid conflict of multiple services that use the same working
wavelength on the protection ring.
21(BA)
H A B B
21(BA)
22(AB)
22(AB)
22(EF)
G F E D
22(EF)
21(FE)
21(FE)
We assume that a pair of bidirectional services between Site A and Site B need
protection. First of all, we install the OPCS board at Sites A and B and connect
fibers.
3. Application features
68
Chapter 4 Protection Principle of DWDM System
3) In the loop, the transport directions of node receiving information and node
transmitting information are two reverse directions. The resource utilization
ratio is high.
In the 2-fiber bidirectional MS protection, the system uses the same wavelength
in internal ring and external ring for mutual protection. For example, for the
32-wavelength system, the first 16 wavelengths of the internal ring serve as
working wavelengths, and the last 16 wavelengths serve as protection
wavelengths. The first 16 wavelengths of the external ring serve as protection
wavelengths, and the last 16 wavelengths serve as working wavelengths. The
wavelengths are complementarily distributed.
Fig. 4.5-1 shows the schematic diagram of MS protection for mutual protection
of the wavelengths in the internal and external rings, with 16 working
wavelengths. The solid lines indicate working routes, and the dotted lines
indicate protection routes of the external ring in case of fault between D and E.
69
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
B A H G
17 17
C D E F
21(BA)
H A B B
21(BA)
43(AB)
43(AB)
43(EF)
G F E D
43(EF)
21(FE)
21(FE)
We assume that a pair of bidirectional services between Site A and Site B need
protection. First of all, we install the OPMS board at Sites A and B and connect
fibers.
70
Chapter 4 Protection Principle of DWDM System
wavelengths (192.1 THz ~ 193.8 THz) of the external ring serve as working
wavelengths of external ring, and 16 wavelengths (194.3 THz ~ 196.0 THz) of
the internal ring serve as working wavelengths of internal ring. We assume that
service from A to B is borne by 21 (external ring), and service from B to A is
borne by 43 (internal ring). In this way, the working wavelength formed by 21
and 43 can be repeatedly used between other nodes in the ring network, and 21
of internal ring serves as the protection wavelength of external ring 21.
Similarly, 43 wavelength of external ring serves as the protection wavelength of
internal ring 43, and thus implementing shared protection of multiple services in
the ring network.
3. Application features
3) In the loop, the transport directions of node receiving information and node
transmitting information are two reverse directions. The resource utilization
ratio is high.
71
Appendix A Abbreviations
73
WM_000_ E1 DWDM Basic Principles
74
Appendix A Abbreviations
75