FLOWANDTRANSPORTINPOROUSMEDIA

FLOW AND TRANSPORT IN POROUS MEDIA

WITHAPPLICATIONS

K.Muralidhar
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering
IndianInstituteofTechnologyKanpur
Kanpur208016India

TEQIPWorkshoponAppliedMechanics
TEQIP W kh A li d M h i
57October2013,IITKanpur
Flow through gravel,
gravel sand,
sand soil
Earliestformsofporous
Earliest forms of porous
mediastudiedinthe
literature
{Ground water flow; Water
{Groundwaterflow;Water
resourcesengineering}
 Complexity

o Flowpathtortuous
p
o Geometryisthreedimensionalandnotclearly
defined
o Originalapproachesseektorelatepressuredrop
andflowrate,adoptingavolumeaveraged
perspective
o Ithasledtolocalvolumeaveraging(REV)
o Averagingresultsinnewmodelparameters
Representative elementary volume (REV)
Representativeelementaryvolume(REV)

Solidphaserigidandfixed
Closelypackedarrangement
REVislargerthanthepore
volume
Lookforsolutionsatascale
much larger than the REV
muchlargerthantheREV
Porouscontinuum
Pore scale REV laboratory scale field scale
Porescale,REV,laboratoryscale,fieldscale

Porescaleandparticle
diameter 1 10 microns
diameter110microns
REV0.11mm
Laboratoryscale50200mm
y
Fieldscale1m 1km 1000
km
 What constitutes a pporous medium?
Systems of interest could be naturally porous

reservoirengineers.com
Alternatively

they could be modeled as one under certain

conditions.
rack of a HPC system
rackofaHPCsystem

Miniaturepulse
tubecryocooler
Metalfoamusedasaheatsink
 Terminology

Volumeaveragedvelocity,temperature
V l d l it t t
Fluidpressure
Saturation
Massfractions

Improved models: Phase velocity and temperature

Improvedmodels:Phasevelocityandtemperature

Parameters arising from averaging

PPorosity
it
Permeability
Relative permeability
p y

(i)Transportedvariablesand(ii)modelparameters
Transport phenomena
Transportphenomena

Fluidflow(migration,percolation)
Fluid flow (migration percolation)
Heattransfer
Masstransfer
Phasechange
Unsaturatedandmultiphaseflow
Solidfluidinteraction
Solidfluid interaction
Nonequilibriumphenomena
Ch i l d l t
Chemicalandelectrochemicalreactions
h i l ti
 First principles approach
Firstprinciplesapproach

o Flowofwaterintheporesofamatrixwill
satisfyNavierStokesequations.
o WhenRed issmall(<1),Stokesequationsare
applicable.
o Solvingtheseequationsinathreedimensional
complexgeometryisunthinkable
co p e geo e y s u unthinkable.
ab e
o Whenothermechanismsoftransportare
present a firstprinciples approach is ruledout.
present,afirstprinciplesapproachisruledout
ruled out
 Historical perspective
Historicalperspective
Darcyslaw(homogeneous,isotropicporous
D l (h i t i
region,smallReynoldsnumber)

K ud p
u p Re 1

Fewervariables,complexgeometryisnow
Fewer variables complex geometry is now
mappedtoseveralvariablesinasimple
geometry
Porouscontinuum
 Mathematical modeling
Mathematicalmodeling
K ud p
u p Re 1
Darcyslaw
K
u ( p gz )
withgravity
Incompressiblemedium 2p 0 steadyandunsteady
u 0

u 0
Compressiblemedium t
p
S 2 p
t
Compressiblefluid
u 0 ( p ) linear
(gas/liquid) t
p p 2
2 p p 2 p 2
t t
2 p 2 0 (steady)
 Material properties
Materialproperties

and arefluidproperties densityandviscosity.

Thesolidphasedefinestheporespace.

Porespacedoesnotchangeduringflow;
ifatall,itchangesinaprescribedmanner.
 Model parameters
Modelparameters
3d p 2
K scales with (pore diameter) 2
180(1 ) 2
[K ]
u p [ K ]p 0 (extended Darcy's
Darcy s law)

power consumed K ( p ) 2
or power dissipated

Permeability,ingeneralisasecondordertensor.
DarcyslawcanbederivedfromStokesequations(lowReynoldsnumber).
Factor180intheexpressionforKisuncertain;arange150180ispreferred.
Experimentsarecarriedoutwithrandomclosepacking
randomclosepackingarrangement.
Fluidsaturatestheporespace.
Particlediameterisconstantovertheregionofinterest.
Walleffectssecondary.
 Boundary conditions
Boundaryconditions

Nomassfluxthroughthesolidwalls
Noslipconditioncannotbeapplied
BeaversJosephconditionatfluidporousregion
interface

u BJ
u PM )
f
(u
y
f
K
 Analysis

Notesimilaritybetweenheatconductionand
porousmediumequations.Hence
pressure temperature
velocity(flow) heatflux(heattransfer)
permeability thermalconductivity
permeability thermal conductivity
Bothprocessesareirreversibleand
k(T )2 K(p)2 areentropygenerationrates
py g

Text books on flow through porous media look remarkably like

books on diffusive heat and mass transfer.
Samplesolutions
p
 Extended Darcysslaw
ExtendedDarcy law

' 2
Brinkman 0 p u u ( ' ; low Reynolds number)
K
Bulk acceleration
du u '
( u u ) p u 2u
dt t K
Body force field (all Reynolds numbers)

u u fu u (viscous + form drag)
K K
1.8 1
Forschheimer constant f
(180 5 )0.5 K
Brinkman Forschheimer corrected momentum equation
Brinkman-Forschheimer
du u '
( u u ) p u fu u 2u
dt t K
Non Darcy flow in a Porous Medium
NonDarcyflowinaPorousMedium

mass u 0
du u
momentum ( u u)
dt t
' 2
p u fu u u
K

ResemblesNavierStokesequations;
Approximateandnumericaltoolscanbeused;
Transitionpointscanbelocated;
T b l t fl i
Turbulentflowinporousmediacanbestudied;
di b t di d
Compressibleflowequationscanbesetup.
 Energy equation
Energyequation
T
Thermal (C) f ( u T ) ( keff )T
equilibrium t
keff k (medium) constant ud p ( C ) medium (dispersion)

Thermalnonequilibrium

Fluid
T f u 1 keff,f, Nu Water clay have similar
Waterclayhavesimilar
( T f )
( )T f Af (T f Ts )
t Pe k Pe thermophysicalproperties;
Solid Airbronzearecompletely
different.
Ts / keff,s N
Nu
(1 ) ( )Ts Af (T f Ts )
t Pe k Pe

u isREVaveragedvelocity;
Effectiveconductivitiesaresecondordertensors.
Samplesolutionsoftheenergyequation
Unsaturated porous medium
Unsaturatedporousmedium

2
pc (S w ) pw pa
dp
S w
u
t
K
u pw K r

0 K r K r (Sw ) 1

Airisthestagnantphasewhile
wateristhemobilephase.
Timerequiredtodrainwater
fullyfromaporousmediumislarge.
Flowistobeseenasmoisturemigration.
 Parameter estimation
Parameterestimation

GoverningequationscanbesolvedbyFVM,
FEM,orrelatednumericaltechniques.
Inthecontextofporousmedia,determining
parametersismoreimportantthatsolving
themassmomentumenergyequations.
Porosity
Permeability(absolute,relative)
Capillarypressure
Dispersion
Inhomogeneitiesandanisotropy
 APPLICATIONS
TRADITIONALAREAS
TRADITIONAL AREAS
Waterresources
Environmentalengineering

i. Oilwaterflow

ii. Regenerators
NEWERAPPLICATIONS
Fuelcellmembraneswith
iii. Coilembolization electrochemistry
Waterpurificationsystems(RO)
iv. Gashydrates Nuclearwastedisposal
 Enhanced oil recovery
Enhancedoilrecovery

water+oil

oilbearingrock

water

Unsaturatedmedium
Unsaturated medium
Viscosityratio
Capillaryforces
Surfactants
 Experimental results on the laboratory scale
Experimentalresultsonthelaboratoryscale

Sorbie etal.(1997)
Viscousfingering
Miscibleversusimmiscible
 Water saturation contours
Watersaturationcontours

Isothermalinjection;1.31.8MPa NonisothermalInjection;50100oC
Biomedical
applications
o Oscillatorypressureloading
andlowwallshearcanweaken
thewallsoftheartery.
o Pointsofbifurcationaremost
vulnerable.
o Arterytendstoballoonintoa
bulge.
o Pressureloadingincreasesand
wallsheardecreaseswith
deformation,creatinga
cascading effect
cascadingeffect.

mayfieldclinic.com
 Coil Embolization
CoilEmbolization

Diameter510mm
Frequency12Hz
Velocity0.5
y 1m/s
/

Oscillatoryflow
y
Wallloading(pressure,shear)
Walldeformation
Streamtraces

Variableporosity
Variable porosity
modelforporous
andnonporous
regions
CarreauYashuda
modelforviscosity
 Wall shear stress and pressure
Wallshearstressandpressure

Coilleavespressure
unchangedbut
decreaseswall
shearstress.
Regeneratormodelingina
Stirlingcryocooler
Coarsemeshis
seentobe
unsuitable

Gas temperature profile along the axis of the regenerator: Re = 10000 L=5
temperatureprofilealongtheaxisoftheregenerator:Re=10000,L=5,
MeshofSozenKuzay (1999)
Thermalnon
Thermalnonequilibrium
model
d l

Densemeshesare
suitablebutincreasing
meshlengthincreases
sensitivitytofrequency

Gastemperatureprofilesalongtheaxisoftheregenerator:(a)Re=10000,L=5
(b)Re=10000,L=10;MeshofChenChangHuang(2001)
Methane Recovery from Hydrate Reservoirs by
Si l
Simultaneous Depressurization
D i i andd CO2
Sequestration

Includes

o Multiphase multi species

transport
o Unsaturated porous media
o Non-isothermal
o Dissociation and formation of
hydrates (CH4, CO2)
o Secondary hydrates
 Description of methane release

o The reservoir has a porous structure filled with gas

hydrates, free methane, and liquid water
o Depressurization
D i ti att one endd leads
l d to
t methane
th release
l with
ith
the formation of a moving phase front
o CO2 (gas-liquid)
(gas liquid) is injected from the other side and will
displace methane towards the production well.
o Flow,
Flow heat and mass transfer prevail in the reservoir
o Conditions can be favorable for the formation solid CO2
hydrate that will stay in the reservoir
 Phase equilibrium diagram

stab e
stable

Gas:CH4
Liquid:water
Hydrate:water+
CH4 asasolid unstable
crystal
Goals of the mathematical model

Methane release per unit time

Rate of formation of CO2 hydrates
y
Effect of depressurization and injection
parameters pressure and temperature
Pressure, temperature, mass fraction
distribution within the reservoir
 Equilibrium curves

methane P 0.1588 T 280.6
3
T 280.6
2
(T 280.6)
m
eq 0.6901 2.473 5.513
4.447 4.447 4.447

(T 278.9)
3
(T 278.9)
2
(T 278.9)
CO2 Peq 0.06539
c
0.2738 0.9697 2.479
3
3.057
057 3
3.057
057 3
3.057
057
 Equations of state

K abs 5.51721( lg ) 0.86 10 15 m 2 , lg 0.11

.8 653( lg ) 0.86 100 15 m 2 , lg 0.
K abs 4.84653( 0.11
nl
s
k rl

l
slr
1 slr sgr
sl s g
ng
s g
k rg s gr lrl gr
1 s s
sl s g

nc
s
Pc Pec l
slrl 1 slrl sgr

sl sg

gm gm gc gc
g m
g gcgcm gc gmgmc
Equations of state (continued)
 Energy release during reactions
methane
Hmh
f
(T )
T 296.0
9
T 296.0
8
T 296.0
7

30100.0 - 12940.0 - 160100.0

14.42
14 42 14.42
14 42 14 42
14.42
T 296.0
6
T 296.0
5
T 296.0
4

+ 69120.0 + 285800.0 - 119200.0

14.42 14.42 14.42
T 296.0
3
T 296.0
2
T 296.0 J
- 193900.0 + 68220.0 37070.0 +420100.0
14.42 14.42 14.42 kg

CO2 H chf (T )
T 278.15
8
T 278.15
7
T 278.15
6

2528.0 75.36 9727.0

2.739 2.739 2.739
T 278.15
5
T 278.15
4
T 278.15
3

+ 1125.0
1125 0 4000.0
4000 0 - 4154 0
4154.0
2.739 2.739 2.7 39
T 278.15
2
T 278.15 J
+ 14430.0 6668.0 +389900.0
2.739 2.739 kg
Choiceofformationparameters
p

UddinM,CoombeDA,Law
D,GunterWD.ASMEJ
EnergyResources
Technology,2008;130(3):10.
Choice of pprocess pparameters
 Validation (pressure and temperature distribution)

NoinjectionofCO2

SunX,NancharyN,MohantyKK.TransportPorousMed.2005;58:31538.
S X M h
SunX,MohantyKK.ChemEngSc.2006;61(11):347695.
KK Ch E S 2006 61(11) 3476 95
CH4 recoveryy and qquantity
y of CO2 injected
j

1 1
30 days 15 days

Mole Fracttions
0.8 0.8
60 days
d

0.6 CH4 0.6

Gas Phase M
CO2
0.4 0.4

G
02
0.2 60 days 02
0.2

30 days 15 days
0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Distance from Production Well (m)
 Closure

Porousmediaapplicationsarequiteafew.
Transport equations can be set up
Transportequationscanbesetup.
SimulationtoolsofCFDandrelatedareas
canbeused.
b d
Numberofparametersislarge.
Parameterestimationplaysacentralrolein
modelingandpointstowardsneedfor
g p
carefulexperiments.
 Future directions
Futuredirections

(a) Improvedexperiments
(b) Fi ld
Fieldscalesimulations
l i l i
(c) Radiationandcombustion
(d) Dependenceonparameterscanbereducedby
d b d db
carryingoutmultiscalesimulations.
 Acknowledgements
DepartmentofScienceandTechnology
D t t fS i dT h l
BoardofResearchinNuclearSciences
OilIndustryDevelopmentBoard
NationalGasHydratesProgram

Tanuja Sheorey M K Das

M.K.Das
K.M.Pillai
Jyoti Swarup
D b hi Mishra
Debashis Mi h
P.P.Mukherjee
Abhishek Khetan
Rahul Singh
Chandan Paul
THANKYOU