GSM Speech Coding

1
 Speech
Coding
PCM Coding - 64 KB/s

PSTN

Air Interface

RPE-LTP Coding in GSM - 13 KB/s

2
Speech Coder - Defined under
GSM TS 6.10
20 ms Blocks

I/P Level adjusting

device

I/P anti-aliasing
filter

8 kHz Sampling

3
Speech Coder - Defined under
GSM TS 6.10 20 ms Blocks
Traffic Frame 260 bits arrangement

Log Area Ratios b1 -- b36 (9 bits)

8 bit sample Sub Frame 1

Speech Coder
LTP Parameters b37 - b45 (9 bits)
8 bit - 13bit/ms RPE Parameters b46 - b92 (47 bits)
conversion

Sub Frame 2
260 Bits
LTP Parameters b93 - b101 ( 9 bits )
RPE and LTP Coder ( Regular Pulse RPE Parameters b102 - b148 (47 bits)
Excited - Long Term Prediction )
RPE-LTP is a combination of RELP Sub Frame 3
and MPE-LTP codecs.
LTP Parameters b149 - b157 (9 bits )
Coverts 8 bit speech sample to 13 bit RPE Parameters b158 - b204 (47 bits)
sample
20ms Speech makes 260 Bits Sub Frame 4
Output 13 kbit/s
LTP Parameters b205 - b213 (9 bits)
RPE Parameters b214 - b260 (47 bits)

4
Speech Coder - Defined under
GSM TS 6.10
20 ms Blocks

Speech Coder
260 Bits
Bits Ordered
260 Bits

50
Very Important
132
Important
78
Other
Bits (1a) Bits(1b) Bits(II)

5
 Error
Correction
50 132 78 262 Bits in
Type Ia Type Ib Type II
Block Code

Type Ia CRC Type Ib Type II

50 3 132 78

Re-ordering

Type Ia Type Ib CRC Type Ib Type Ia Tail Type II

25 66 3 66 25 4 78

Half rate convolutional code

Type II 456 Bits Out
378 78

456 Bits from 20ms of Speech

6
 Diagonal Interleaving
456 Bits from 20ms of Speech
456 Bits from 20ms of Speech

57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57

57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57

TCH
Traffic Channel (TCH) Bursts Carry Two 57 Bit Blocks (114) Each
120ms of Speech = 456x6 = 2736 bits
2736 / 114 = 24 bursts i.e. 24 frames (mobile Tx once per frame)
Multiframe has 26 frames in 120ms
There are 2 spare frames ......One SACCH, One Idle

7
 Convolutional Coding &
Example:
Interleaving Hello.....
Bits to be Txed: HELLO FOLKS
Convolutional
Convolutionally
Encoder
Encoded: HHEELLLLOO FFOOLLKKSS
Interleaver
Interleaved:
ELSOLHLOFK LEOLSHOLKF

Bits Rxed:
EL SOL HLOFK LEOLSHOLKF
Interleaver
De-Interleaved:
HHEELLL - OO FFO - LLKK - S
Decoder
Viterbi Decoded:
HELLO FOLKS
8
EFR Speech Coder
20 ms
Blocks

EFR Coder
244 Bits

Bits Ordered

50 (1a) 15 (1b) 8 bit CRC on 50(1a) & 15(1b) bits.

+
8 bits repetition on b70 , b120, b173 and
Preliminary
b223. These bits belong to Class II which
Channel Coding
are not protected by channel coding
260 stage.
bits

9
Speech Processing in GSM
RADIO
M OBILE- FIXED
T RANSM ISSION EXTRA-
STATION VAD NETWORK
POLATION

A SPEECH SPEECH
D ENCODER DECODER

MICROPHONE

COMFORT 13 BIT
COMFORT
NOISE LINEAR/
NOISE
FUNCTION 8 BIT
FUNCTION
A-LAW

D SPEECH SPEECH
DECODER ENCODER
A
LOUD-
SPEAKER
EXTRA VAD
POLATION

RADIO TRANSMISSION

10
 Speech Coding

22.8 Kbps
20ms
456 bits
Speech Coder

260 bits 13 kbps Tranceiver ( BTS )

13 kbps
260 bits
50 132 78
1a 1b 11 Transcoder Handler
16 kbps
260 + 60 = 320 bits
Channel Coder

456 bits 22.8 Kbps TRAU Frame

Abis
11
GSM AIR INTERFACE

12
 A GSM Cell
BCH
Broadcast
CHannel

BTS

TCH
Traffic
CHannel
Abis To BSC
Interface 13
The GSM Burst Time

Amplitude

Frequency

14
Burst Power-Time Template
dB

+4
+1
-1

-6

-30

-70* (147 bits)

10s 8s 10s 542.8s 10s 8s 10s

*or -36dBm, whatever value is higher

15
 Midamble or Training Bits
57 26 1 57 3 8.25
Timeslot 3 1
bits bits bits bits
(normal burst) Tail Control Control Tail
bits Data bit bit Data bit Guard
Period
Midamble

8 Midamble Patterns (Colour Codes) of 26 bits

RACH and SCH have Longer 41 and 64 bit Midambles
Equalizer Estimates Channel Impulse Response From
Midamble
Mathematically Construct Inverse Filter
Uses Inverse to Decode Data Bits

16
 TRAU Frame
Abis
T0 T1 T2 T3 T30 T31
Synch Sign T T T T

T = 16 Kbps

260 bits info + 60 TRAU bits = 320 bits/ 20ms = TRAU Frame
60 bits contains Frame Information data which indicates
speech,data,idle,O & M , full-rate/half-rate.

60 bits = 35 synchronization + 21control + 4 timing

17
 0.3 GMSK Modulation
Data

270.833kB/s
Frequency

+67.708 kHz
-67.708 kHz

Q
Phase

-90deg I
+90deg

18
 Downlink and Uplink
Downlink
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

45 MHz
Uplink 25
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

Uplink Lags Downlink by 3 Timeslot periods

Uplink and Downlink use same Timeslot Number
Uplink and Downlink use same Channel Number (ARFCN)
Uplink and Downlink use different bands (45MHz apart for
GSM900)
19
 GSM Air Interface
MS Transmission Band BTS Transmission Band
890 Uplink 915 MHz 935 Downlink 960
... ...

Duplex interval 45 MHz

... K1 K2 K3 ...
K1 K2 K3

...
FDMA FDMA

TDMA 1
70
6
5
3 4
2
1
K2 K3 0
Time
200 kHz 200 kHz
Frequency

20
 Time Sharing by Channels

6
5

4
3

1
0
0 1 2 3 4
FRAME NUMBER 21
 Burst Structures
Type T Coded Data S Training Sequence S Coded Data T GP
Number of Bits 3 57 1 26 1 57 3 8.25

148 Bit = 546.12 s

Type T Synchronization Seq. Coded Data T GP

Number of Bits 8 41 36 3 68.25

88 Bit = 324.72 s

Type T fixed bit sequence T GP

Number of Bits 3 142 3 8.25

148 Bit = 546.12 s

Type T Coded Data Synchronization Sequence Coded Data T GP

Number of Bits 3 39 64 39 3 8.25

148 Bit = 546.12 s

22
 Channels in GSM Air Interface
PHYSICAL CHANNELS
5 ARFCNs - 1 to 124 ( D & U )
4
3 Timeslots - 0 to 7 ( D & U )
2
1 Total of 124 x 8 = 992 Channels
0
12 3 4 5 6
LOGICAL CHANNELS
ARFCN - X , Timeslot - Y
Frame Number - N

CONTROL CHANNELS TRAFFIC CHANNELS

BCH - DCCH -
CCCH - COMMON
BROADCAST DEDICATED TCH - TRAFFIC
CONTROL
CHANNELS CONTROL CHANNEL
CHANNELS
CHANNELS

FCCH - Frequency PCH - SDCCH - TCH - F

Correction PAGING Standalone
SCH - Channel FULL RATE
CHANNEL
AGCH - Dedicated
Synchronisation SACCH - TRAFFIC
Channel ACCESS Control
SlowChannnel CHANNEL
RACH -
GRANT TCH - H
Associated
FACCH - HALF RATE
RANDOM
CHANNEL Control
BCCH - Broadcast
ACCESS FASTChannnel
ASSOCIATED TRAFFIC
Control Channel CONTROL CHANNEL
CHANNEL 23
CHANNEL
 BCH - Broadcast CHannel
One ARFCN, On all the time, in every cell
Uses Timeslot 0 on a channel, in Downlink.
Allows Mobiles to tune to BTS freq. - FCC This channel
carries a 142 bit zero sequence and repeats once in every BCH
10 frames on BCH
Allows Mobile to Synchronise - SCH This channel carries
the Frame number and BSIC in encrypted data format.
Amidamble of 64 bits helps mobiles to synchronize. SCH
also repeats once every 10 Frames.
Allows Mobiles to identify Network - BCCH Used to
broadcastl Cell and Network identity. BCCH occupies 4
frames on BCH. and repeats once every Multiframe.

24
 BCH Sub channels
3 142 bits - all 0's 3 8.25
FCCH Start Stop Guard
Bits Bits Bits

39 64 39 3 8.25
3 BCH
SCH Start Encrypted Training Encrypted Stop Guard
Sequence Data Bits Bits Bits
Bits Data Bits

3 3 8.25
Start 57 Stop Guard
57 26
Bits Bits Bits
3 3 8.25
Start 57 26 57 Stop Guard
BCCH Bits Bits Bits

3 3 8.25
Start 57 26 57 Stop Guard
Bits Bits Bits

3 3 8.25
Start 57 26 57 Stop Guard
Bits Bits Bits
25
 CCCH - Common Control
CHannel
CCCH shares Timeslot 0 with BCH on a Multiframe
CCCH consists of PCH , RACH & AGCH.
PCH - Paging Channel is used to alert mobiles on
BCH
incomming calls. PCH carries IMSI to page for Mobiles in
the cell. PCH is Downlink channel.
RACH - Random Access Channel - is a short burst sent
by mobile to BTS , to initiate a call request . RACH uses
Timeslot 0 on reverse BCH channel on Uplink.
AGCH - Access Grant Channel - When mobile sends a
RACH to BTS, BTS responds by allocating a SDCCH
channel to mobile over AGCH.

26
RACH - Random Access CHannel
88 bits
8 41 36 3 68.25
Synchronisation Encrypted Stop Extended
Start
Bits Data Bits Bits Guard Period
Bits

Used by the MOBILE to get attention from BASE

STATION in the Uplink.
Several mobiles might originate RACH simultaneously.
RACH uses a Slotted ALOHA access scheme.
Mobile doesn't know path delay
So RACH has to be a special SHORT BURST
Mobile sends normal burst only after getting Timing
Advance on Downlink SACCH

27
 BCH & CCCH -51 Frame structure -
Frame number ( DOWN LINK )
Time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9DOWNLINK
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
slots F S B B B B A A A A F S P P P P P P P P F S
0
1
2
3

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
F S F S I
0
1
2
3

FCCH - Frequency correction Channel

SCH - Synchronisation Channel
BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel
AGCH - Access Grant Chan
PCH - Paging Channel 28
 BCH & CCCH - 51 Frame structure -
Frame number ( UP LINK )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10UPLINK
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Time
S S S S R R S S S S S S S S R R R R R R R R R R R
slots D D D DA A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
0 C C C CC C CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
C C C CH H CC C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H H
1
2

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
R R R R R R R R R R R S S S S S S S S R R S S S S
A A A A A A A A A A A D D D D D D D D A A D D D D
0 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C H H C C C C
1 H H H H H H H H H H H H
2

RACH - Random Access Channel

( A short burst is transmitted by mobile towards BTS on RACH)

29
 DCCH - Dedicated Control
Channels
Dedicated Control Channels have a TCH like allocation.
DCCH have three Sub Channels.
SDCCH - Standalone Dedicated Control Channel This is
used as an interim channel before final assignment of TCH.
SDCCH is used for signalling and Authentication message
transfers.
FACCH - Fast Associated Control Channel . FACCH is
used by BTS to command a handoff to the mobile. A TCH
frame is used up by FACCH , since handoff has to take place
on priority.
SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel - SACCH flows
at a slower rate on Uplink & Downlink along with TCH or
SDCCH. During a call, SACCH flows once for every 24
Frames of TCH .

30
SDCCH - Stand-alone Dedicated
Control CHannel
USED DURING CALL SET-UP

Stepping Stone between BCH and

TCH

Used for Authentication Etc. TCH

SDCCH SDCCH

BCH BCH BCH

31
 SACCH - Slow Associated
Control CHannel
DOWNLINK ( BTS - MS )
Mobile Tx Power Commands
Mobile Timing Advance
Cell's Channel Configuration

UPLINK ( MS - BTS )
Received signal quality report
(RXQual)
Received signal level report
(RXLev)
Adjacent BCH power
measurements
Mobile's status
32
 FACCH - Fast Associated Control
CHannel
57 26 1 57 3 8.25
3 1
bits bits bits bits
Tail Control Control Tail
bits Data bit bit bit Guard
Data
Miidamble Period

INTERRUPTS TCH ON UPLINK

AND DOWNLINK
Rapid message exchange for

handovers
Control Bits either side of

midamble:
Indicate TCH ( 0 ) or FACCH ( 1
) 33
 SDCCH - Combined Channel Config
( Shares Time slot 0 with BCH and CCCH )
Frame number ( DOWN LINK )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
F S B B B B A A A A F S P P P P P P P P F S D D D D

0
1
2
3

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
D D D D F S D D D D D D D D F S H H H H H H H H I

0
1
2
3

SDCCH ( D ) : Standalone Dedicated Control Channel

SACCH ( H ) : Slow Associated Control Channel

34
 BCH & CCCH -51 Frame
Frame number ( UP LINK )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6structure-UPLINK
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Time
S S S S R R S S S S S S S S R R R R R R R R R R R
slots D D D DA A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
0 C C C CC C CC C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
C C C CH H CC C C C C C C H H H H H H H H H H H
H H H H H H H H H H H H
1
2

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
R R R R R R R R R R R S S S S S S S S R R S S S S
A A A A A A A A A A A D D D D D D D D A A D D D D
0 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H H H H H C C C C C C C C H H C C C C
1 H H H H H H H H H H H H
2

RACH - Random Access Channel

( A short burst is transmitted by mobile towards BTS on RACH)
35
 TCH - Traffic 156.25 bits or 576.92 uS
Channel
3
57
1
26
1 57 3 8.25
bits bits bits bits One time burst
Tail Control Control Tail
bits Data bit bit Data bit Guard
Period
Midamble
Traffic Channel carries the Voice data.
Two blocks of 57 bits contain voice data .
One TCH is allocated for every active call. While call is in
progress if there is degradation in quality of current channel,
BTS may shift the communication to another TCH on a different
Carrier and/or Time slot .
A Full rate TCH carries 13 KB/s voice data , and Half rate TCH
carries a 6.5 KB/s voice data.

36
 TCH Multiframe - TCH
Full rate
26 Frames - 120 ms
24 Carry Speech, 1 Idle, 1 SACCH
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2122 23 24 25

T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T -

SACCH Idle

37
 TCH Multiframe - TCH Half
rate
26 Frames - 120 ms
24 Carry Speech , 2 SACCH
( shared by two mobiles - a & b )

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Aa Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ta Tb Ab

SACCH-a SACCH-b

38
 TCH and SACCH -
Time FRAMES
Frame number
Slots 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
0 F S B B B B A A A A A A A A F S P P P P D D D D D D
Click here to type bulleted text
1 T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I
T A dl
2 e
T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T I
3 T A T dl
e
T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T I
4 T A T dl

5 T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T Te I
T A dl
6 T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T Te I
T A T dl
7 e
T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I
A dl
T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T Te I
T A dl
e
A delay of (12 * 8)+1 Timeslots
T - TCH SA - SACCH I - Idle is kept between two successive
SACCH . 39
 Mobile Maximum
Range
Range = Timing Advance x bit period x velocity
2

Range = Distance between Mobile to Base Station

Timing Advance = Delay of Bits ( 0 -- 63 )
Bit period = 577 / 156.25 = 3.693 usecs = 3.693 x 10e-6
secs
Velocity = 3 x 10e5

Range = ( 63 ) x ( 3.693 x 10e-6 ) x (3 x 10e5) = 34.9

2 kms

40
 Frequency Hopping and
Adjacent Channel Monitoring
downlink (Base Station transmits)
F1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

F2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

F3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

uplink (Mobile Station transmits)

F1 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

F2 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

F3 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Mobile Station monitors different neighboring cells

41
 Measurements by MS and
BTS

RXQUAL
RXLEV is the received power level
0
RXQUAL is the received quality. 1 < 0.2 %
It is the bit error measured on 2 0.2 - 0.4 %
the Midamble 3 0.4 - 0.8 %
4 0.8 - 1.6 %
5 1.6 - 3.2 %
6 3.2 - 6.4 %
7 6.4 - 12.8 %
42
 Measuring Adjacent Cell BCH
Power
DOWNLINK

UPLINK

ADJACENT CELL
BCH

RXLEV RXLEV RXLEV RXLEV RXLEV

43
 Timing Advance
TDMA approach requires signals to arrive at BTS at the correct time.
They must not overlap.

B
A

TSn TSn+1
short signal delay
small signal attenuation

BTS
B
A
long signal delay
high signal attenuation

44
 Timing
RACH Burst Advance
T Synch Seq Encrypted T Guard Period
B 41 bits bits 36 B 68.25 bp

63 bits 5.25 GP
Timing Adv
BSS calculates access delay from RACH in terms of bits

Informs Mobile to delay its timing in terms of bits

Maximum Timing Advance of 63 bits

H
45
 Mobile Power
Mobile is commanded to change its Transmit Power

Control
Change in Power is proportionate to the Path Loss
Change is Power is done in steps of 2 dbs

Tx Level Power dBm

5 33
6 31
7 29
. .
14 15
15 13
46
 Concept of
Time slot Number..
0 1 2 3 4 5 Frames
6 7

C T T T T T T T
Frame No. 1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C T T T T T T T
Frame No. 2

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
C T T T T T T T Frame No. 3

C T T T T T T T Frame No. 4

47
 GSM Technology
TDD - Time Division Duplex

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 BTS transmits

5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 MS transmits

48
 GSM Technology
TDMA frame and timeslot structure
4.615 ms

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3 57 1 26 1 57 3
T Encrypted data S Training Sequ. S Encrypted data T

577 usec

49
Full and Half rate Speech Multi-
Frames

T T T T T T T T T T T T S T T T T T T T T T T T T I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

T = TCH, S = SACCH, I = idle

26 Frames = 120 ms

T t T t T t T t T t T t S T t T t T t T t T t T t s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

T = TCH1, S = SACCH1, t = TCH2, s = SACCH2

50
 Frames and
Multiframes
Control Channel Multiframe Traffic Channel Multiframe
0 50 0 26

4.615ms
Frame 0 7 8 Timeslots
1 5 6
2 3 4
576.92 us
Timeslot 26
3 Data 1 3 8.25
1 156.25
Data Bits
bits bits
(normal burst)
Tail Control Control Tail
bits bit bit bit Guard
57 bits Midamble 57 bits Period
51
 FRAMES
1 Burst = 577usecs

1 TDMA Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 = 8 bursts = 4.616 ms

Multiframe
0 1 2 23 24 25 0 1 2 48 49 50
1 TCH Multiframe = 26 TF = 120ms 1 CCH Multiframe = 51 TF = 234.6ms

0 1 2 48 49 50
0 1 2 23 24 25
1 Superframe = 51 TCH MF = 1326 TF = 6.12 sec 1 Superframe = 26 CCH MF = 1326 TF = 6.12
sec

0 1 2 3 2044 2045 2046 2047

1 Hyperframe = 2048 Superframes = 2715648 TDMA Frames
= 3 hrs 28 min 53 sec 760 ms

52
 GSM CALL
PROCEDURES

53
The OSI Model adapted to
GSM
Speech Speech
User data User data

OSI Layer 3
Signaling Network functions Signaling

Frame coding OSI Layer 2 Frame decoding

Acknowledge request Data link layer Acknowledge

Channel Coding Error correction

Error protection
Spreading Equalizer
OSI Layer 1
HF-Modulation Physical Layer HF-Demodulation

Transmitter Receiver

54
 Signaling Messages Location
Update Old BSS LAI old

BSS A LAI new VMSC/VLR Old MSC/VLR HLR

1 Random Access
(Channel Request )

2 Main Signalling Link Establishment

Location Update Request

3
(Loc. upd.Type/ LAI / MS Classmark / MS_ID) Parameter Request
4
or: ( IMSI, Auth. Set)
Identify Request
4`
( for IMSI ) Authentication Information Request
( IMSI Authentication Parameters )
5 Authentication
Update Location
6 (Full set of subscriber data back to VLR,
e.g. Category,Subscriber Status /
Bearer Service List / Tele Service List /
Suppl. Services)
7 Cancel Location
( IMSI/LMSI )

8 Cipher Mode Setting

9 TMSI Reallocation

10 Channel Release

55
 Signaling Messages Mobile
Originated Call ISDN / PSTN
BSS VMSC / VLR GMSC EXCH

Random Access
1 ( Establ. Cause / Random
Nbr / BSIC / Frame Nbr )

2 Main Signalling link establishment

( + Signal runtime compensation )

3 Service Request
( MS-ID/ Service Type / CKSN /... ) Contention Resolution

4 Authentication
( RAND / SRES )
Cipher Mode Setting
5

6 Call Setup
( Called Party Number / Bearer Capability / Service... )
TCH Assignement IAM ( called and calling party address /
7
party categories/service ... )
8 Routing to B-Subscriber, e.g. via #7 ISUP
Alert ACM B is
9 ringing
Freesignal to A Subscriber B - Subscriber free is ringing

10 Connect ANS B off

( Connected Address ) Call acceptance hook

Conversation Phase

56
Handover from one BTS to
another BTS

BTS2

MSC BSC

Handover of the MS from MS

BTS1 to BTS2 via the BSC

cell boundary
BTS1

57