Karthik Sampath

Reg No.216-06-11-50685-2181

ASSIGNMENT

NICMAR / SODE OFFICE

1. Name - Karthik Sampath

2. Reg. No. - 216-06-11-50685-2181

3. Course No. - PGCM-31

4. Course Title - Site Organisation and Management

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Reg No.216-06-11-50685-2181

ASSIGNMENT

You have been selected as a project manager for a prestigious high rise building in Mumbai, which

will be housing very rich personalities from industry and film world.

Your company management has asked you to formalize Quality Management System (QMS) for

interior finishes, Plumbing and prevention of rainwater seepage so that the overall quality standard

and image of company is raised.

QUALITY

Definition

Quality in construction projects is not only the quality of product and equipment used in the

construction of a facility but the total management approach to complete the facility. The quality of

construction depends mainly upon the control of construction.

Quality is defined as the fullment of project responsibilities in the delivery of products and services

in a manner that meets or exceeds the stated requirement sand expectations of the owner, design

professional, and constructor.

Quality Control

Quality Control is a collective term for activities and techniques, within the process, that are

intended to create specic quality characteristics. Such activities include continually monitoring

process, identifying and eliminating problem causes, use of statistical process control to reduce the

variability and to increase the efciency of the process. Quality control certies that the

organizations quality objectives are being met

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Quality Assurance

Quality Assurance is defined as all the planned and systematic activities implemented within the

quality system that can be demonstrated to provide condence a product or service will full

requirements for quality.

Total Quality Management

Total Quality Management is the application of quality management system in managing a process

to achieve maximum customer satisfaction at the lowest overall cost to the organization while

continuing to improve the process

CONCRETE STANDARDS & SPECIFICATIONS

Concrete Ingredients

Cement

Use of appropriate grade of concrete as recommended by the consultant and confirming to

IS 456:2000.

Manufacturers test certificate should accompany each consignment & cement should be

consumed within one month of manufacturing date.

Cement should be properly stored in stacks not more than 10 bags, clear from the walls by

one meter and protected at all time from moisture. However dont wrap the bag with

polythene sheets as sweating may occur.

Identify each lot of cement & follow a FIFO (First in First Out) method of issue of bags.

Each consignment of cement should be tested in house for consistency, setting time &

strength.

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Fly Ash

Fly ash can be used as a part replacement of cement in concrete production

Fly ash should be used based on the recommendation of Bureau of Indian Standards IS

3182:2003

Aggregate for Concrete

For RCC works coarse aggregate confirming to IS 383 & IS 2386 having maximum size of

20mm & down.

It should be obtained from crushed granite, trap & basalt quarry. It should be chemically

inert, rounded or angular in shape and free from dust, foreign matter & not porous,

laminated or flaky.

Fine aggregate shall be gritty sand with FM range between 2.6 to 3.2 mm, silt content should

not be more than 5% and there should be no traces of salt. Aggregate with specific gravity

less than 2.6 should not be used. If dirty, wash the sand before use. Sand should be free

from organic materials

Fine aggregate may also be M.sand (Manufactured sand). The sand must be of proper

gradation (it should have particles from 150 microns to 4.75 mm in proper proportion). Silt

in sand should not be more than 2%, for crushed sand

Water

Water must be clean, fresh & free from oil, alkali, acid and organic matter.

Portable water is considered good for concreting & curing.

IS 456:2000 gives permissible limits of solids.

Admixtures

Use of admixtures / additives must be done only after obtaining clearance from technical

consultants.

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Accelerators, plasticizers, retarders, integral water proofing compound are the additives

commonly used.

Expiry date of the chemical must be checked before use

Concrete Production

In-situ mixing

Ensure adequate stock of all ingredients of concrete.

Use calibrated equipment for measurement or in case of weigh batching use a weigh

batcher machine.

Charge the rotating drum with 25% of required water to rotate 3 - 4 times.

Generally 20 - 25 liters of water is recommended to one bag of cement. The water cement

ratio is kept to 0.4 - 0.5. The moisture content of aggregate should be checked at frequent

intervals.

Load the hopper with the coarse aggregate followed by the fine aggregate. Above this

the entire quantity of cement should be spread. Then the balance fine aggregate followed by

coarse aggregate is loaded. This type of sandwiching is done to avoid the spillage of cement

while discharging into the drum. Immediately after loading the drum balance quantity of

water is added.

The drum should be rotated for at least 1.5 2 minutes. The rotation of drum should be

about 15 20 revolutions per minute.

If plasticizer is used one liter of water must be held back. Add requisite quantity of plasticizer

to water and mix it thoroughly. The mixture is poured into the drum after the drum is

rotated for a minute. The drum must be rotated for at least one minute after adding the

plasticizer mixture to ensure proper desperation.

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Characteristic Minimum
Characteristic
strength after cement
Grade strength after 7
28 days content per
days (n/mm2)
(n/mm2) cum

M 10 7 10 220 Kg

M 15 10 15 280 Kg

M 20 13.5 20 320 Kg

M 25 17 25 360 Kg

No grade below M 20 shall be used for RCC works.

Concrete must be placed in position and compacted within 30mins of mixing.

Always keep a supervisor on the mixer to monitor the works.

Use large band lies, wheel barrows and hoist machine to expedite transporting process. Wet

the surface of the carrier to avoid moisture loss due to absorption.

Be careful to avoid segregation and wastage due to transportation. In case of segregation,

remix the concrete before placing.

Concrete by vision must be homogeneous in colour, well graded, fluffy and it should form a

shape of a ball when rounded in the hands.

Placing & Compaction

Dont use chutes longer than 4m or inclined at more than 450 to pour concrete.

Place concrete to the required depth and vibrate in until entrapped air inside concrete is

released.

Pour concrete into beams and then over the slab portion.

Bond new concrete to previously poured concrete.

If the previous pour was less than 4 hours prior, the laitance film & porous layer shall be

removed from the surface of previous pour.

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If the previous pour was more than 4 hours prior but less than 30 days old, observe the

above process and expose aggregate with wire mesh & wash with clean water.

If the joint is more than a month old use bonding agents as per specifications of the

manufacturer.

If the beam is more than 500mm deep, concrete it in layers.

Columns, beams, slab level of concrete top should be pre-marked before start of concreting

works.

Check the slab level during concreting with line dori method and also the leveling

instrument.

Use appropriate needles for vibration depending on the aggregate size, reinforcement

spacing and element to concrete. For big footings use 60mm needle, for slabs use 40mm

needle and for starters and precast lintels use 25mm needle.

Use wooden runner to ram so as to form slurry on top of the concrete surface

Concrete Testing

Slump Test

Conduct slump test, one during the start, one at midday & other towards the close of days

work.

Again any load on suspect can be tested on case-to-case basis.

Cube Test

The sample is made at the point of discharge of mixture.

Take 3 samples after 7 days & 3 samples after 28 days.

The test frequency shall be in accordance with IS 456-2000.

For concrete manufactured at site, there must be representative samples for the days work

& for different elements like footing, slab, column & wall.

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In case of cube failure, the element to be identified and non-destructive test is to be

conducted. Cube results of RMC supplier for same batch can be tested.

STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL (SQC)

Statistical quality control refers to the use of statistical methods in the monitoring and maintaining

of the quality of products and services.

SQC uses different tools to analyze quality problem.

1) Descriptive Statistics

2) Statistical Process Control (SPC)

3) Acceptance Sampling

Descriptive statistics involves describing quality characteristics and relationships

SPC involves inspect random sample of output from characteristic.

Acceptance sampling involves batch sampling by inspection

CHECKLISTS

Following checklists shall be prepared based on the project progress and the requirements. As the

project progresses the following list shall be revised as and when required by the project team in

coordination with the project manager.

Civil Works

Excavation, backfilling & compaction

Anti termite treatment

Laying PCC for foundation

Concreting for foundation, columns, beams, slabs, lintels, retaining walls etc

Pre-casting lintels & curbs

Stone cladding

Water proofing

Block work / brick work

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Stone masonry

Internal / external plastering

IPS flooring

Rough in sanitary works

Tiling &dadoing

Finishes Works

Doors

Windows

Flooring

Ceiling - gypsum, modular

Furniture

Painting

Plumbing fixtures & granite counters

External Works

Site grading

Roads

Parking

Drains

Walkways & pathways

Curbs

External signage

Electrical Works

Race ways

Cable trays (Material / Installation inspection)

Earthing pits

Junction box (Material / Installation inspection)

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Lighting (Material / Installation inspection)

LT cables (Material / Installation inspection)

MV / LT Panel (Material / Installation inspection)

PDB / LDB (Material / Installation inspection)

Point wiring (Installation inspection)

Sockets & Switches (Material inspection)

Transformer (Material / Installation inspection)

Air Conditioning

Material inspection

Installation inspection

Commissioning

Plumbing & Sanitary

Equipment

Piping

Panels

Performance tests

Fire Detection &Fire fighting systems

Material inspection

Installation inspection

Commissioning

General

Welding inspection

Final check & takeover.

QUALITY ASSURANCE

Quality is achieved by proper planning, monitoring, control & co-ordination of the following

Design intent

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Documentation

Subcontractor selection

Contract

Project program

Procurement strategies

Construction & review methodologies

Design

Programs & manage the flow of design information, plan the project & oversee the work of

the subcontractors so that the project is completed in accordance with the drawings,

specifications, program, safety & cost plan.

Systematically assess proposed design, drawings & specifications for practicability, build

ability, program effect, coordination, potential quality & value for money and make

appropriate recommendations to the designers.

Documentation

All pertinent incoming / outgoing documents for the project will be controlled in accordance

with the document control procedure, which will ensure their effective recording & review.

It will also provide for the subsequent controlled distribution of documents & destruction or

removal of obsolete documents.

The document control procedure will identify all requirements for long term storage,

maintenance & retrieval of archive records including defect liability period.

Ensuring the subcontractor to maintain records & detail in their quality plan & submit to

contractors / consultants for inspection and approval as and when required.

Generating handover documentation, performance histories, performance reviews and

testing & commissioning reports during handover phase.

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Sub-Contractors

All subcontractors are thoroughly reviewed in terms of quality, build ability & performance

during the bid process and during project mobilization. Continuous reviews are undertaken

at regular contract progress meetings with all relevant parties.

All changes and additions to subcontracts are reviewed on receipt to ensure that the

requirements are adequately defined and will be able to be met by the subcontractor

appointed.

All the guarantees, warranties & performance parameter set out in the specifications /

agreed with the clients & consultants are forming part of subcontractors to ensure that the

setout standards are met.

Project Program

Requirements to Client

A detailed contract program shall be prepared and monitored on a weekly basis and

reported to client as and when required. A target schedule shall be prepared by the planning

engineer and issued to the work manager for monitoring on weekly basis.

Progress photographs shall be taken and issued to client.

Reasons for the slippage in the activities shall be documented; the mitigation strategy for

the same shall be agreed by the team.

Delay trackers shall be maintained and reasons for the delay shall be documented.

Requirements from Subcontractors

Subcontractors have to submit a master program for the entire scope of works as outlined in

the contract and adopt the same as a base program after the approval.

The program shall be updated on a weekly basis and submitted.

Subcontractors shall submit weekly / bi-weekly programs, which shall be matched with the

baseline and will be closely monitored.

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Procurement

Goods and services will be procured from acceptable services and conformance to the

specifications. The selection of such sources will be by short listing based on the analysis of

pre-qualification questionnaire from the following

Procurement database

Client standing lists

Architects / consultants

Design team input

Project team recommendations

Enquiries from trade sub-contractors

A through technical bid analysis (TBA) would be carried out to ensure all the specifications

are well understood by the subcontractors before they are award the subcontract.

The appointed subcontractors / suppliers will be required to provide appropriate quality

documents with the means to confirm the quality is being competently addressed and

implemented at all levels.

Work orders & purchase orders will contain all relevant information and are reviewed prior

to issue.

Necessary inspection / tests shall be conducted on purchase equipment / specialized items

at the supplier or subcontractors premises including access for the clients representative /

architect if required, to ensure the right material / product usage.

Construction

Methods of monitoring the activities of subcontractors will include, but not limited to the following

Management of the subcontractors process in accordance with the contract & head

contract to avoid the rework caused due to not understanding the design. This is made clear

to the subcontractor by asking him to submit method statements, which will be reviewed

and approved before they procure and execute the works.

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Auditing subcontractors quality management systems and their implementation. Involving

subcontractors quality department & senior management personnel.

Review & approval of method statements and monitoring their implementation.

Witnessing activities, inspections & tests.

Surveillance & test inspection.

Checklists.

Mockup and approvals.

Material inspection & testing (MTR).

Corrective action requests (CAR).

Control of non-conforming products.

Review of records & data.

Closeout procedures.

Quality Control Standards & Specifications

The quality of construction depends upon right material used, the correct methods followed &

produce end product with acceptable performance. Quality control attempts to ensure just that

much. The means of quality control are tests, inspection, supervision & analysis of data etc. quality

tests are conducted in laboratories and inspection is carried out on the site. Experts in office do the

data analysis.

Specifications

The project authorities prepare the process of working out specifications of various facilities where

concrete will be used. However, the standards & specifications for concrete and its various

ingredients are universally standardized and they are required to be in conformity with it. Indian

standards IS for concrete and its basic ingredients viz cement, aggregates, sand, water, admixtures &

various aspects of concreting, its placement & final acceptance should be as per IS specification.

Tests

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Tests are used to determine the various properties of the materials, which help in their selection as

well as for ascertaining the quality of final product. The test results are compared with the

prescribed standards & specifications and judgments are arrived at. Proper methods of sampling,

prescribed procedures of testing, well qualified trained personnel for testing work and properly

equipped laboratory are necessary

What to test

The manufactured goods such as cement & steel carry their suppliers warranty but this doesnt

mean that they are not to be tested. In case of materials like aggregate and water the properties

may vary widely over time and space. Proper selection has to be done to meet the engineering

requirements. The raw materials are processed to obtain the final product. The processing needs to

be tested and supervised carefully. Testing of final product is important. This helps to ascertain

Conformity of specification.

Validity if design assumption.

Need of modification due to any error.

Comparative position of work at different sites.

The data analysis and interpretation becomes meaningful only if observations are adequate and

frequencies are numerous in relation to the volume and importance of work.

QUALITY ASSURANCE ORGANISATION

Quality, Health, Safety &

Environment Manager

Sr.
QA / QC QA / QC QC HSE
Document Secretary
Engineers Inspectors Inspectors officer
Controller

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CONCLUSION

Quality cannot exist in isolation. It is apparent from the above that the concept of quality should be

the overall determinant in any construction process as opposed to being a mere system of post

construction checks and balances or error rectification. Quality is best maintained if it is

incorporated form the inception stages itself.

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