PRACTICAL 1

PREPARATION AND STANDARDISATION OF BASE AND ACIDIC SOLUTION

Introduction

Standardization is the process of determining the exact concentration (molarity) of a solution.

Titration is one type of analytical procedure often used in standardization. In a titration, an exact
volume of one substance is reacted with a known amount of another substance. The point at
which the reaction is complete in a titration is referred to as the endpoint. A chemical substance
known as indicator is used to indicate (signal) the endpoint. The indicator used in this experiment
is phenolphthalein. Phenolphthalein, an organic compound is colorless in acidic solution and
pink in basic solution. This experiment involves two separate acid-base standardization
procedures. In the first standardization the molarity of a sodium hydroxide solution (NaOH) with
0.1 M Potassium Hydrogen Phthalat (KHP). P hydrogen phthalate used to determine the
concentration of sodium hydroxide. Potassium hydrogen phthalate, often called simply KHP, is
an acidic salt compound. KHP is slightly acidic, and it is often used as a primary standard for
acid-base titrations because it is solid and air-stable, making it easy to weigh accurately. In the
second procedure the standardized NaOH will be used to determine the molarity of a
hydrochloric solution (HCl).

Objective

To determine the concentration of sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid and the concentration of
unknown acid.

Materials

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), phenolphthalein indicator, beaker,

volumetric flask, conical flask, pipette, burette stand and clamp, small funnel, pipette filler.
Methods

i. Preparation of 1 M NaOH stock solution

NaOH was calculated to prepare 500 ml of 1M NaOH. The appropriate amount of
NaOH pellet was weigh out and placed in 250 ml beaker. 100ml distilled water was
added into the beaker and stir it until all pellets was dissolved. The NaOH was transferred
into 500 ml volumetric flask. It was diluted to a volume with distilled water. The flask
labelled and the solution was cooled at room temperature.

ii. Preparation of 1 M HCl stock solution

Concentration of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was calculated to prepare 250 ml of 1M
HCl. 150 ml of distilled water was placed in 250 ml volumetric flask. 150 ml of distilled
water was placed in 250 ml volumetric flask. The amount of concentrated Hydrochloric
acid needed was pipette out. Then it was diluted until the mark with distilled water. The
flask was labelled properly.

iii. Dilution of NaOH and HCl from stock solution to 0.1 M

The amount of NaOH and HCl needed was calculated from the stock solution to
prepare 250 ml of 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M HCl.

iv. Standardization of 0.1 M NaOH solution with 0.1 M potassium hydrogen phthalate
(KHP)
5.1g of dried KHP was dissolved in 250 ml volumetric flask to prepared 250 ml
0.1 M KHP. 20 ml of KHP solution was pipette into 250 ml of conical flask. 2 drops of
phenolphthalein was drop as an indicator. Potassium hydrogen phthalate was titrate with
0.1 M Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) prepared until it turns light and faint pink color that
persist for 15 seconds after swirling. Volume of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used was
recorded. The titration repeated until 2 closed results was obtained.
 v. Standardization of 0.1 M HCl solution with standardized NaOH solution
20 ml of Hydrochloric acid (HCl) was pipette into 250 ml of conical flask. 2
drops of phelolphthalein was drop as an indicator. Then, it was titrate with 0.1 M Sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) until it turns light pink. Volume of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used
was recorded. The titration was repeated until 2 closed results.

vi. Determination the concentration of unknown HCl solution

20 ml of unknown hydrochloric acid solution was pipette into 250 ml conical
flask. 2 drops of phenolphthalein was drop as an indicator. Then. It was titrate with 0.1 M
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution until reach the end point. Volume of Sodium
hydroxide (NaOH) used was recorded. The concentration of unknown HCl solution was
calculated in M (mol/ L) then the concentration in terms of mg/ml, as g/ml and as ppm.

Practical 1 Data Sheet

Table 1.1: Titration of known molarity of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Trial 1 Trial 2
Initial burette reading KHP (ml) 50 50
Final burette reading KHP (ml) 30.4 30.4
Volume of KHP used (ml) (final-initial) 19.6 19.6
Molarity 0.1 M 0.1 M
Average molarity 0.10

Table 1.1: shows that only 19.6 ml of KHP used to standardised Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in
both trials. Based on the result that we have calculated, titration of known molarity of NaOH
used for first trial and second trial are both 19.6 ml . The average molarity is 0.1M with 0
standard deviation.
Table 1.2: Titration of known molarity of 0.1 M Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Trial 1 Trial 2
Initial burette reading NaOH (ml) 50 50
Final burette reading NaOH (ml) 33.6 33.6
Volume of NaOH used (ml) (final-initial) 16.4 16.4
Molarity 0.082 M 0.082 M
Average molarity 0.0820

Table 1.2 shows that for both trials, 16.4 ml volume of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used to
standardised Hydrochloric acid (HCl). Based on the result that have been calculated, titration of
known molarity of HCl is used in first and second trial are similar which is 0.082 M. The average
molarity is 0.082 M with standard deviation 0.

Table 1.3: Titration of unknown molarity oh Hydrochloric acid (HCl)

Trial 1 Trial 2
Initial burette reading NaOH (ml) 50 50
Final burette reading NaOH (ml) 25.8 25.7
Volume of NaOH used (ml) (final-initial) 24.2 24.3
Molarity 0.121 M 0.122M
Average molarity 0.12150.0007

Table 1.3: shows that in the first trial of titration, 24.2 ml of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) used to
standardised unknown molarity of HCl. Meanwhile, in the second trial, the volume of NaOH
used to standardized the unknown molarity of HCl is 24.3 ml. Based on the result that we have
calculated, it shows that unknown molarity of HCL used in first trial is 0.121 M and in the
second trial is 0.122 M. The average volume of NaOH used is 0.1215 with 0.0007 standard
deviation.
Calculation

I. Titration of known molarity of 0.1 M NaOH

Molarity of NaOH =

Trial 1
20 ml 0.1 M
Molarity of NaOH =
19.6 ml

= 0.1M
Trial 2
20 ml 0.1 M
Molarity of NaOH =
19.6 ml

= 0.1M

Average
0.1 +0.1
Molarity =
2

= 0.1M

Experimental value Actual value

Percentage error % = 100
Actual value
0.1 0.1
= 0.1
100

= 0%
II. Titration of known molarity of 0.1 M HCl

Molarity of HCl =

Trial 1
0.1 M 16.4 ml
Molarity of HCl =
20 ml
= 0.082 M

Trial 2
0.1 M 16.4 ml
Molarity of HCl =
20 ml
= 0.082 M

Average

0.082 +0.082
Molarity =
2

= 0.082 M

Experimental value Actual value

Percentage error % = 100
Actual value
0.082 0.082
= 100
0.082

= 0%
III. Titration of unknown molarity of HCl

Molarity unknown HCl =

Trial 1
0.1 M 24.2 ml
Molarity of unknown HCl =
20 ml
= 0.121 M

Experimental value Actual value

Percentage error % = 100
Actual value
0.121 0.150
= 0.150
100

= 0.193 %

Trial 2
0.1 M 24.3 ml
Molarity of HCl =
20 ml
= 0.122 M

Experimental value Actual value

Percentage error % = 100
Actual value
0.122 0.150
= 0.150
100

= 0.187%

Average

0.121+1.122
Molarity =
2
 = 0.1215 mol/L

IV. To get ppm:

[ () ] = ( )

Atomic mass of HCl = 36.5 g/mol

0.1215 mol/L x 36.5 g/mol= 4.435 g/L

4.435 g/L x 1000 = 4435 ppm

To get mg/ml ,

4.435 g 1000 mg
= 4.435 x103 mg/L
L 1g

4.435 x103 mg 1L
x = 4.435 mgml
L 1000 ml

To get g/ml ,

4.435 mg 1000
= 4435 /
1
Discussion

Standardization is the process of determining the exact concentration (molarity) of a solution.

Titration is one type of analytical procedure often used in standardization which two solutions
are introduced to form a reaction that once completed, reaches an identifiable endpoint. In this
experiment it involves two separate acid-base standardization procedures containing primary and
secondary standard. A primary standard is a reagent that is extremely pure, stable, it not a
hydrate/has no water of hydration, and has a high molecular weight. A secondary standard is a
standard that is prepared in the laboratory for a specific analysis. It is usually standardized
against a primary standard.

In this experiment, for the first titration, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is the secondary standard and
the primary standard is potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP). The molarity of NaOH is known.
Based on titration of known molarity of sodium hydroxide against potassium hydrogen phthalate
(KHP), the average concentration NaOH that had been calculated is 0.1 M. The actual molarity
of sodium hydroxide in this experiment is 0.1 M. The molarity NaOH that had been calculated is
same with the actual molarity of NaOH.

In this experiment for second titration, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a secondary standard that
against with its primary standard which is hydrochloric acid (HCl). The molarity of HCl is
known. The average concentration of HCl that had been calculated is 0.082 M. the actual
concentration of HCl is 0.1 M. There is slightly difference in the value of the HCl due to the
hygroscopic property of secondary standard, NaOH which readily absorb moisture and reacts
with carbon dioxide in the air.

For third titration, it is to obtain the concentration of unknown hydrochloric acid (HCl). The
actual concentration of unknown HCl is 0.15 M. In this experiment, the average of unknown
molarity of HCl that had been calculated is 0.1215 M. There is also a slightly difference with the
actual molarity. Again, this is due to NaOH used which readily absorb moisture and reacts with
carbon dioxide in the air.

Precaution steps that must be practice in this experiment is to being careful towards the end of
the titration. This is because to avoid the overshoot volume of titrant towards the acid used.
Questions

1. Why is being careful towards the end of titration, as you reach the equivalent point, so
important?
The end point of a titration indicates once the equivalence point has been reached. The
equivalence point is the ideal point for the completion of titration.. It should be careful
towards the end of titration because to avoid over shoot volume of titrant towards the acid
used and in order to get a good result.

2. Why did we use an indicator in our acid and not with the NaOH in the burette?
Indicator are used to titrate acid to observe the color change at the end point. The end
point of titration is indicated when the indicator changes the color. An indicator is a weak
acid or base that has distinctly different colors in its non-ionized and ionized forms. The
indicator used is phenolphthalein which is only can react with the acid.

Conclusion

As a conclusion, the concentration of sodium hydroxide is 0.1 M, the known hydrochloric acid is
0.082 M and the unknown concentration of hydrochloric acid is 0.1215 M.

References

Standardization of solutions used as acid-base titrants. (2009). Retrieved October 1, 2017, from

http://www.titrations.info/acid-base-titration-solution-standardization

Trimble, J (2014). Acid-Base Titrations: Standardization of NaOH and Antacid Analysis.

Retrieved October 1, 2017, from http://www.odinity.com/acid-base-titration-analysis/

Xavier, L (2016). Titration Fundamentals. Retrieved October 1. 2017, from

https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Analytical_Chemistry/Lab_Techniques/Titration/Titratio

n_Fundamentals