UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

School of Advanced Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering

Lecture-8a

Turbo Machines

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

TURBOMACHINES

PUMPS and TURBINES are used in a wide variety of APPLICATIONS

Pumps ADD ENERGY to the fluidthey DO WORK on the fluid
Turbines EXTRACT ENERGY from the fluidthe fluid DOES WORK
on them
The term PUMP will be used to generically refer to ALL PUMPING
MACHINES, including PUMPS, FANS, BLOWERS, and COMPRESSORS
Fluid MACHINES can be divided into TWO MAIN categories: POSITIVE
DISPLACEMENT MACHINES (denoted as the STATIC type) and
TURBOMACHINES (denoted as the DYNAMIC type)
POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT machines force a fluid INTO or OUT of a
chamber by CHANGING the VOLUME of the chamber

The PRESSURES DEVELOPED and the WORK DONE are a result of

essentially STATIC FORCES rather than DYNAMIC EFFECTS ( )
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From Lecture-3

DYNAMIC PRESSURE

Consider the PRESSURE at the END

of a SMALL TUBE inserted into the
flow and POINTING UPSTREAM
After the initial transient motion has
died out, the LIQUID will FILL the tube
to a HEIGHT of H

The FLUID in the tube, including that at its tip, (2) will be
STATIONARY

Therefore, V2 = 0 STAGNATION POINT

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

Applying BernoullisEquation between

(1) and (2)

Z1 = Z2
and V2 = 0

Hence, the PRESSURE at the STAGNATION POINT is GREATER

than the STATIC PRESSURE, p1, by an amount , the
DYNAMIC PRESSURE

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Examples of POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT pumps:

P
P

U-tube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l5YUYLmOWfQ&feature=related

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

TURBOMACHINES involve a COLLECTION OF BLADES, BUCEKTS,

FLOW CHANNEL, or PASSAGES arranged around an AXIS OF
ROTATION to form A ROTOR
ROTATION of the ROTOR produces DYNAMIC
EFFECTS that either ADD
ENERGY to the fluid or REMOVE
ENERGY from the fluid

EXAMPLES:

PUMPS: Window FANS, PROPELLERS on ships or aeroplanes,

COMPRESSORS etc.

TURBINES: GAS TURBINES engines on aircraft, STEAM

TURBINES to drive generators etc.

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TURBOMACHINES are classified as AXIAL-FLOW, MIXED-FLOW, or
RADIAL-FLOW machines depending on the predominant DIRECTION
of the FLUID MOTION RELATIVE to the ROTORS AXIS as the fluid
passes the blades

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

For an AXIAL-FLOW machine the fluid maintains a SIGNIFICANT

AXIAL-FLOW direction component from the INLET to OUTLET of the
rotor

U-tube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wo93GanhL_o

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For a RADIAL-FLOW machine the flow across the blades involves a
SUBSTANTIAL RADIAL-FLOW component at the rotor INLET,
OUTLET, or BOTH
In other machines, designated as MIXED-FLOW machines, there may
be SIGNIFICANT RADIAL- AND AXIAL-FLOW velocity components for
the flow THROUGH THE ROTOR
The FLUID used can be either a GAS or a LIQUID

U-tube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ql_3qoiUlK8&feature=related

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

Consider a FAN BLADE driven at CONSTANT ANGULAR VELOCITY,

, by a motor as shown in the figure

Fluid. say air

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 r2
The BLADE SPEED is denoted as U = r,
r1 where r is the RADIAL DISTANCE from the
axis of the fan
The ABSOLUTE FLUID VELOCITY (that seen
by a person sitting stationary at the table on
which the fan tests) is denoted V, and the
RELATIVE VELOCITY (that seen by a person
riding on the fan blade) is denoted W
The ACTUAL (ABSOLUTE) velocity is the
VECTOR SUM of the RELATIVE VELOCITY
and the BLADE VELOCITY

A simplified SKETCH of the FLUID VELOCITY as it ENTERS and

EXITS the fan at RADIUS r is shown in the Figure

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

We assume for SIMPLICITY that the FLOW

MOVES SMOOTHLY along the blade so that
relative to the moving blade the VELOCITY
is PARALLEL to the LEADING and TRAILING
EDGES (points 1 and 2)

The BLADE VELOCITIES at INLET and

EXIT are:

With this, the VELOCITY TRIANGLES,

shown in the Figure can be constructed

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 The FAN BLADE (because of its shape
and motion) PUSHES the fluid, causing
it to change direction
The absolute velocity vector, V, is turned
during its flow across the blade from
section (1) to section (2).
Initially the fluid had no component of
absolute velocity in the direction of the
motion of the blade, the (or tangential)
direction.
When the fluid leaves the blade, this
tangential component of absolute velocity
is nonzero.
For this to occur, the BLADE MUST PUSH
ON THE FLUID in the tangential direction.

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

That is, the BLADE EXERTS a tangential

force component on the fluid IN THE
DIRECTION of the motion of the blade.

This tangential force component and the

blade motion are in the same direction
the BLADE DOES WORK ON THE FLUID.
This device is a PUMP.

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 On the other hand, consider the WINDMILL
shown in the Figure
Due to this change of velocity, there will be
momentum in this direction
Momentum Rather than the rotor being driven
Lift by a motor, the blade moves in the
direction of the lift force (compared
Tangential
to the fan in the previous figure)
exerted on each blade by the wind
blowing through the rotor.
Axial
Because of the blade shape and
motion, the absolute velocity
vectors at sections (1) and (2), V1
and V2, have different directions.
Here the reaction of the tangential
component of the absolute
velocity V2 (i.e., lift) is in the
opposite direction of the blade,
i.e., the fluid is pushing the blade.
U-tube:
Hence, this is a TURBINE.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ITXqFe_aG1I
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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

Consider a fluid PARTICLE travelling THROUGH the ROTOR in the

RADIAL-FLOW machine as shown in the Figure
Assume that the PARTICLE ENTERS the rotor with a RADIAL
VELOCITY ONLY (i.e., NO SWIRL or COMPONENT)
After being ACTED UPON by the ROTOR BLADES during its passage
from the INLET [section(1)] to the OUTLET [section(2)], the particle
EXITS with RADIAL (r) and CIRCUMFERENTIAL () COMPONENTS of
VELOCITY
In a turbomachine a SERIES
OF PARTICLES (a
CONTINUUM) passes through
the rotor

Thus, the MOMENT-OF-

MOMENTUM equation applied
to a CONTROL VOLUME as
derived previously is valid

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For STEADY FLOW, this gives
The LEFT-HAND side of this equation represents the SUM of the
EXTERNAL TORQUES (MOMENTS) acting on the contents of the
control volume, and the RIGHT-HAND side is the NET RATE OF FLOW
OF MOMENT-OF-MOMENTUM (ANGULAR MOMENTUM) through the
control surface
The AXIAL COMPONENT of this
equation applied to the
ONE-DIMENSIONAL simplification
of flow through a turbomachine
ROTOR with section (1) as the
INLET and section (2) as the
OUTLET results in

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

This is often called EULER TURBOMACHINE EQUATION

where, Tshaft is the SHAFT TORQUE applied to the contents of the
control volume
The - is associated with mass flowrate INTO the control volume and
the + is used with the OUTFLOW

The SHAFT POWER is equal to

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 Using the fact U = r

Wshaft is POSITIVE when the SHAFT TORQUE and are in the SAME
DIRECTION (pump) and NEGATIVE OTHERWISE (turbine)
Thus, Wshaft is POSITIVE when POWER is SUPPLIED to the contents
of the CONTROL VOLUME (PUMPS) and NEGATIVE OTHERWISE
(TURBINES)

In terms of WORK PER UNIT MASS

where, we have used the fact by CONSERVATION OF MASS,

These EQUATIONS are valid for RADIAL-, MIXED-, and AXIAL-FLOW
devices and for COMPRESSIBLE and INCOMPRESSIBLE flows

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

ALTERNATE FORM:
V CIRCUMFERENTIAL velocity
VX GENERIC THROUGH-FLOW
component of velocity and it can be
Radial

AXIAL, RADIAL, or IN-BETWEEN

depending on the rotor configuration
From the LARGE TRIANGLE
Circumferential

From the SMALL TRIANGLE

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REPLACING in

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
One of the most common RADIAL-FLOW TURBOMACHINES is the
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
This type of pump has TWO MAIN COMPONENTS: an IMPELLER
attached to a rotating shaft, and a stationary CASING, HOUSING, or
VOLUTE enclosing the impeller

U-tube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wMyty9y-pHQ&feature=related

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 The impeller consists of a number
of BLADES (usually CURVED), also
sometimes called VANES,
arranged in a regular pattern
around the shaft

As the impeller ROTATES, fluid is

SUCKED in through the EYE of the
CASING and flows RADIALLY
OUTWARD

ENERGY is ADDED to the fluid by the ROTATING BLADES, and both

PRESSURE and ABSOLUTE VELOCITY are INCREASED as the fluid
flows from the eye to the periphery of the blades
For simplest type of centrifugal pump, the fluid DISCHARGES directly
into a VOLUTE-SHAPED CASING

The casing shape is designed to REDUCE the VELOCITY as the fluid

LEAVES the IMPELLER, and this DECREASE in KINETIC ENERGY is
CONVERTED into an INCREASE in PRESSURE
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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

PUMP PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

Applying ENERGY EQUATION between (1) and (2)

where, hs is the SHAFT WORK HEAD and hL is the PUMP HEAD LOSS
The ACTUAL HEAD RISE ha ha = hs - hL

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Typically, the DIFFERENCES in ELEVATIONS and VELOCITIES are
SMALL

hp = pump head

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

The OVERALL PUMP EFFICIENCY is AFFECTED by the HYDRAULIC

LOSSES (friction losses, shock in and out) in the pump,
MECHANICAL LOSSES in the bearings and seals, and leakage losses
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS for a given pump GEOMETRY
and OPERATING SPEED are usually given in the form of PLOTS of
ha, , and bhp (or power) versus Q (commonly referred to as
capacity)

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The head developed by the pump at zero discharge is called the
SHUTOFF HEAD.
Although centrifugal pumps can be operated for short periods of
time with the discharge valve closed
But damage will occur due to overheating and large mechanical
stress with any extended operation with the valve closed

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

Consider, the fluid flowing from point (1) to point (2) by the pump

Straight pipes Fittings, bends etc.

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Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

P < Pv
On the suction side of a pump, low pressure are commonly
encountered, with the possibility of cavitation occurring within the
pump
Cavitation occurs when the liquid pressure at a given location is
reduced to the vapor pressure of the liquid
When this occurs, vapor bubbles form (the liquid starts to boil)
This phenomenon can cause a loss in efficiency as well as
structural damage to the pump
U-tube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQvbispmUF4

U-tube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=guHGpOzDa9A&feature=related

U-tube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oRYYP4F8LTU
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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

To characterize the potential for cavitation, the difference between

the total head on the suction side, near the pump impeller inlet,

and the liquid vapor pressure head, is used

The difference is called the net positive suction head (NPSH) so that

U-tube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vtL6r0N_mos

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The position reference for the elevation head passes through the
centerline of the pump impeller inlet
The energy equation applied between the free liquid surface, where
the pressure is atmospheric, Patm, and a point on the suction side of
the pump near the impeller inlet yields

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

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Dr. Saiful Bari @ University of South Australia.

Example-1

The pump shown in the Figure adds 25 kW to the water and causes a
flowrate of 0.04 m3/s. Determine the flowrate expected if the pump is
removed from the system. Assume f = 0.016 for either case and
neglect minor losses.

(1)

(2)

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