BAUYON, YAGO PLANE

TRIGONOMETRY

Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that deals Unit of Angle Measurement:

with the measurement of sides and angles of triangles, Degree, Radian, Gradian, Mil
and their relationship with each other. There are many Conversion Factors:
applications in engineering where knowledge of 1 revolution = 360 degrees
trigonometry is needed. = 2 radians
= 400 gradians
Two Branches of Trigonometry = 6400 mils
1. Plane Trigonometry deals with triangles in the two 180 = radians
dimensions.
2. Spherical Trigonometry concerns with triangles When no units of angle measure are specified, radians
extracted from the surface of a sphere. measure is implied.

I. Plane Angle Angle Pairs

- is determined by rotating a ray (half-line) about Complementary angles : A + B = 90
its endpoint called vertex. Supplementary angles : A + B = 180
Explementary angles : A + B = 360

Two angles are said to be linear pair if they are adjacent

angles and whose noncommon sides are opposite rays.

Reference Angle
- in standard position is the positive acute angle
between the x-axis and the terminal side of an angle A.
In the coordinate axes, an angle is in standard position
if its vertex is the origin and its initial side coincides with
the positive x-axis.

Types of Angle

Coterminal Angle Measurements

Two angles in which when placed in standard position,
Sign Convention: have coincident terminal sides are called Coterminal
Positive angle an angle measured in counter- Angles.
clockwise direction. = + (360)
Negative angle an angle measured in clock- Where:
wised direction = the coterminal angle of
k = an integer (1,2,3,)
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TRIGONOMETRY

There are limited numbers of angles coterminal with a Special Right Triangles:
given angle.
1. The (30 60 90) triangle
II. Right Triangle

Two General Types of Triangles

1. Right Triangle a triangle that has right angle.
2. Oblique Triangle a triangle that does not have a right
angle. Acute triangle and obtuse triangle are oblique
triangles.

Isosceles Triangle (triangle with two sides equal and two

angles equal) could be a right triangle or oblique triangle.

Fundamental Trigonometric Functions

2. The (45 45 90) triangle

1
= = =
csc
1 3. The Egyptian Triangle
cos = = =
sec
1
tan = = =
cot

Mnemonics: Soh Cah Toa

Quadrant Signs of Trigonometric Functions

A Pythagorean Triple is a set of three positive integers

of sides that are related to Pythagorean Theorem. Any
whole number multiple of Pythagorean triple is also a
Pythagorean triple.

Note that the reciprocal of the function will always have

the same sign with the given function.
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TRIGONOMETRY

( 2 )
Angles of Depression and Elevation =
+ +
( 2 )
Angle of Elevation is the angle from the
horizontal up to the line of sight from the
( )
observer to an object above. = 2
Angle of Depression is the angle from the + +
( 2 )
horizontal down to the line of sight from the
Use the Tangent Law if:
observer to an object below.
- Given two sides and their included angle.
III. Oblique Triangle
- is a triangle that contains no right angle.
Mollweides Equation
Solutions to Oblique Triangles
( )
=
The Sine Law
( )
In any triangle, the ratio of any side to the sine of its
opposite angle is constant.
+
+ ( )
=
= =
sin sin sin ( )

Use Sine Law if: IV. Logarithm

- Given two angles and any side. - of any number N to a given base a is the index
- Given two sides and an angle opposite one x to which the base must be raised to make it equal to
of them. the given number.

The Cosine Law Types of Logarithm

In any triangle, the square of any side is equal to the 1. Natural Logarithm or Naplerian Logarithm
sum of the squares of the other two sides minus (using base e)
twice the product of these sides and the cosine of Properties:
their included angle. = +
2 + 2 + 2
cos = =
2
2 + 2 2 = ( )
cos = =
2
2 + 2 2 =
cos = =
2

Use the Cosine Law if: 2. Common Logarithm of Briggssian Logarithm

- Given three sides. (using base 10)
- Given two sides and their included angle. Properties:
= +

The Law of Tangents =

= ( )
( 2 )
= =
+ +
( 2 )
=
=
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TRIGONOMETRY

=
Quotient Identities
Negative numbers have no real logarithm. - From the magic hexagon, any function is
equal to the quotient of one adjacent
Relationship between Natural and Common function divided by the one next to it.
Logarithm
=
Where:
M = modulus of logarithm
Co-Function Identities

V. Trigonometric Identities

Trigonometric Identities are equations that express

relations among trigonometric functions which are
true for all values of the variables involved.

Even-Odd Identities
Reciprocal identities
- From the magic hexagon, any function is
equal to 1 divided by the function opposite to
it.

Pythagorean Identities Sum-Difference Formulas

- From the magic hexagon, the square of the
quantity at the top of a triangle is equal to
the sum of the squares of the quantity of the
base.
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TRIGONOMETRY

Double Angle Formulas Product-to-Sum Formulas

Power-Reducing/Half Angle Formulas

VI. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

Inverse Sine Function

= arcsin iff sin =

Inverse Cosine Function

= arccos iff cos =

Sum-to-Product Formulas Inverse Tangent Function

= arctan iff tan =

Relations between Inverse Trigonometric Functions

+ = () =


+ = () =


+ = () =

= ( ) () =

= ( ) () =

= ( ) () =

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TRIGONOMETRY