* PowerPoint Presentation *

Topic :- Servomechanism And Control

Systems
By :-
Parshuram Send.

Content
Introduction to ServoMechanism
Uses of ServoMechanism
Position Control
Speed Control
Other Uses
Some ServoMechanism Devices
Servo Control system
Introduction
ServoMechanism :-
A servomechanism, sometimes shortened to
servo, is an automatic device that uses error-sensing
negative feedback to correct the performance of a
mechanism and is defined by its function. It usually
includes an in built encoder.
The term correctly applies only to systems
where the feedback or error-correction signals help
control mechanical position, speed or other
parameters.
For example, an automotive power window control
is
not a servomechanism, as there is no automatic
feedback
that controls positionthe operator does this by
observation. By contrast a car's cruise control uses
closed loop feedback, which classifies it as a
servomechanism.
Uses Of ServoMechanism
1. Position control :-
A common type of servo provides position
control. Servos are commonly electrical or partially
electronic in nature, using an electric motor as the
primary
means of creating mechanical force. Other types of
servos
use hydraulics, pneumatics, or magnetic principles.
Servos
operate on the principle of negative feedback, where
the
control input is compared to the actual position of
the
mechanical system as measured by some sort of
transducer
at the output. Any difference between the actual and
wanted
values (an "error signal") is amplified (and
converted) and
used to drive the system in the direction necessary to
reduce
or eliminate the error.
2. Speed control :-
Speed control via a
governor is another type of
servomechanism. The steam engine
uses mechanical governors; another
early application was to govern the
speed of water wheels. Prior to
World War II the constant speed
propeller was developed to control engine
speed for maneuvering aircraft. Fuel
controls for
gas turbine engines employ either hydro
mechanical
or electronic governing.
 Other Uses
Positioning servomechanisms were first used
in military
fire control and marine navigation equipment.
Its also used in automatic machine tools,
satellitetracking
antennas, remote control airplanes, automatic
navigation systems on boats and planes, and
antiaircraftgun
control systems.
Many autofocus cameras also use a
servomechanism to
accurately move the lens, and thus adjust the
focus. A
modern hard disk drive has a magnetic servo
system with
sub-micro meter positioning accuracy.
In industrial machines, servos are used to
perform
complex motion, in many applications.
Some Servo Mechanism Devices
 Servo Control System

A servo control system is none of the

most important and widely used form of
control system.
Any machine or piece of equipment that
has rotating
parts will contain one or more servo
control system.
The job of control system may include:
Maintaining the speed of motor within c
ertain limits,
even when on the output of motor might
vary. This
is called regulation.
Varying the speed of motor and load
according to an
externally set programme of values. This
is called
set point (or reference) tracking.
 Advantages of Servo Control
System

Intermediate motor and control costs

Continuous duty
Reversible.
Speed is proportional to the applied
voltage
Torque is proportional to the current
Very efficient
No power required to hold a static load
inposition
Flat speed-torque curve
Peak torque available for short periods
of time
Smooth rotation at low speeds
Good up to 3,000 RPM
 Future Treads
Due to increase of Automation and
development of
new application of servo system it has a high
scope
in future.
Due to Price reductions there is a
beneficial effect
on growth of servo systems in future.
Due to continuous technology
improvement in this
electronics devices system it has a high
scope in
future.
The servo drives sector is benefiting from
the popularity of intelligent drives that
combine drive
and controller capabilities, which leading it
towards high growth.
 Summary

Servo Control System reduces the

error of the
system and improves the output
mechanism.
Due to blocking of error, the
efficiency of the
devices increases.
Its easier to design and implement.
It can operate on both AC or DC
THE SKELETAL MUSCLE SERVO
MECHANISM
 CONTENTS
DEFINITION
ANATOMY
MECHANISM
ALPHA LOOP CONTROL
GAMMA LOOP CONTROL
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM
SERVO MECHANISM
servomechanism, automatic device
used to
correct the performance of a mechanism by
means of an error-sensing feedback. The term
servomechanism properly applies only to
systems in which the feedback and
errorcorrection
signals control mechanical position
or one of its derivatives such as velocity or
acceleration.
 ANATOMY
EXTRAFUSAL CONTRACTING
FIBERS
1. Extra fusal muscle fibers is the term
given to standard Muscle fibers
2. Extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated
by alpha motor neurons and generate
tension by contracting, thereby
allowing for skeletal movement.
 INTRAFUSAL MUSCLE FIBER
Intrafusal muscle fibers are
skeletal muscle fibers that
comprise the muscle spindle
and are innervated by gamma
motor neurons.
These fibers are proprio-
-ceptors that detect the
amount and rate of change in
length of a muscle.
Intrafusal fibers are wrapped by
two types of
afferent endings that send sensory
inputs to the CNS
Primary afferent endings (annulo-spiral
endings)
group 1 fibers
Innervate the center of the spindle
Secondary afferent endings(flower spray
endings)
Type II fibers
Associated with the
ends of the spindle
 MECHANISM
The extrafusal fibres are attached
to bone
through tendons exhibit a finite
spring
stiffnesss,and which are embedded
in golgi
tendon organs
These organs are mechano
receptors sensitive
to the total muscle tension.
 Alpha loop control
The tendon organs provides
inhibitory
feedback to the alpha motor
neuron but do
not constitute the basic positive
feedback
element for this servomechanism
 Loop control
Activating the motor neurons that
stimulate
the distal ends of the intrafusal fibers to
contact
thus stretching the mid-portion of the
spindle
(internal stretch)
Whatever the stimulus, when the
spindles are
activated their associated sensory
neurons
transmit impulses at a higher frequency
to the
spinal cord
 The spindle cells primary afferents
have an
excitatory effect on alpha motor
neurons
travel via spinal cord in a fast mono
synaptic
reflex arc
 The spindle cells secondary
afferent conduct
more slowly through a multi
synaptic
connection
 A local feedback loop exist in the
spinal
cord called renshaw cell to the local
motor
neuronal pool
This feedback is inhibitory.

 Branches of the afferent fibers

also synapse
with inter- neurons that inhibit
motor neurons
controlling the antagonistic muscles
Inhibition of the antagonistic
muscles is called
reciprocal inhibition
SCHEMATIC OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
CONTROL SYSTEM
 CONCLUSION

Servo mechanics can apparently

be driven by
either of two reference command
inputs from
higher nervous centers,so called as
alpha and
gamma efferent pathways.
Firing frequency of spindles
primary afferent
in the steady state is
approxiamately
propotional to muscle extension
over the
physiological range.
References
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spindle mechanism
www.slideshare.net
John H.Milsum text book
References
www.uotechnology.edu.iq/dep-cse/.../ce110-
servo%20trainer%2013
www.toolingu.com/definition-460330-42782-
servo-system
Introduction to servo system-
By I. A. Getting
Servo Control System
By Elke Laubwald
IEEE Industry Applications Magazine
March/April 1996, pg 74