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I. INTRODUCTION
Health monitoring systems become a hot topic and
important research field today. Now-a-days the maximum
new research is emphasizing on improving the quality and
healthy life by designing and fabricating sensors which are
either in direct contact with the human body (invasive) or
indirectly (non-invasive). The main reason behind this
development is rapid increasing of population worldwide.
The monitoring system allows an individual to closely
monitor their changes in vital signs and also provide feedback
which helps to maintain an optimal health status. The device
is designed to integrate into a telemedical system, as it can
even alert medical personnel providing life-threatening
changes to occur. ZigBee wireless module is used to sense the
remote patient data. Wireless sensors and sensor networks
drag more attention to the research community because of its
wide applications such as scalability, power management and
flexibility of architecture. All sensor data from the parameters
which are in the direct contact with body parts such as Heart
beat rate, Oxygen saturation level, body temperature, pH
level, and ECG are transferred by using a group of ZigBee
wireless module. The system adopted the wireless sensor
ZigBee for using as a real-time health monitoring system on a
patient.
Fig. 1 Pic Architecture
II. HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM USING PIC The PIC at the transmitter obtains the analog input from the
Bio-Medical Sensor Network have the ability to diminish Sensors, does the signal analysis and converts the analyzed
the workload of medical care. The introduction of Personal output into digital data. The digital data is sent serially
Area Network greatly simplifies the collection of through TX pin to the ZigBee module[2]. At the receiver, the
physiological data. The patients can be engaged in their day to ZigBee receives the sent data and serially transmits it to a PC
day life activities while being monitored. The physician can using RS232. The received data is displayed in the PC using
have the surveillance of patients health condition for 24 Hyperterminal software. The fig. 2 depicts the block diagram
hours using this system. Using PIC(Programmable Interface of health monitoring system.
Controller), it provides a low cost health monitoring system.
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International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 13 Issue 2 MARCH 2015.
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International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 13 Issue 2 MARCH 2015.
The rise of heart rate abruptly increases gradually during Fig. 5 Pulse Oximeter Sensor
exercises and then returns slowly back to the rest value after
exercise. The rate at which the pulse goes back to normal
forms an indication of the fitness of the person. The heart rate Two wavelengths, 660 nanometers (red) and 940 nanometers
lower than the normal forms an indication of a condition (near infrared) of light are used. At 660nm, reduced
termed as bradycardia, while the rate higher than the normal hemoglobin absorbs light ten times more than oxy
are termed as tachycardia. Table I shows the heart rate of hemoglobin. Similarly, at (940nm), the oxy hemoglobin
students during the exercising period. absorbs light greater than the reduced hemoglobin as shown
in fig. 6. By the direct absorption of light in pulse oximetry
senses the ratio of pulsatile to non-pulsatile light at the two
Table I Heart rate of students during Exercise wavelengths, it is then translated to a function of the arterial
oxygen saturation through complex signal processing.
Heart Rate(BPM)
Students 1min 2mins 3mins 4mins
Exercise Exercise Exercise exercise
I 88 98 102 110
II 92 96 103 105
III 87 100 112 112
IV 93 109 115 120
V 90 93 101 112
Average 90 99 107 114
C. Pulse Oximeter
Oxygen gas is essential for human to survive. It is integral
for countless biological processes. The circulatory system
performs the oxygen transportation throughout the human
body and more specifically, hemoglobin in red blood cells. By
detecting the amount of oxygen in blood, any critical Fig. 6 Light absorption characteristics of HbO2 and Hb
condition regarding medical care can be obtained. at different wavelengths
Now-a-days, Pulse oximetry is a standard device for
measuring the blood-oxygen saturation in the operating
room. This device use of light to measure the oxygen content The red blood cells are made up of protein molecules are
in blood and heartbeat rate is called pulse oximetry. Pulse known as Hemoglobin The principle of Hemoglobin is to
oximetry depends on sensing of a physiological signal called carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues and returns
Photoplethysmography (PPG),which gives the optical carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.
measurement of blood volume in arteries .Pulse oximetry Hemoglobin with more oxygen content is called oxygenated
obtains PPG signal by irradiating two wavelengths of light hemoglobin (HbO2) and less oxygen content is called is
such as Infrared and red LED through the tissue and compares called deoxygenated hemoglobin(Hb). The ratio of
the absorption coefficient of light by blood under these two oxygenated hemoglobin to deoxygenated hemoglobin is
wavelengths. This comparison helps for the measurement of called oxygen saturation. Hence,
the oxygen content of blood and is known as blood oxygen
saturation[1].
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International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 13 Issue 2 MARCH 2015.
D. pH Level Sensor
pH changes occur in the oral cavity, which are
indicative of bacterial activity leading to dental caries. pH
measurement is necessary as it measures whether the solution
is acidity or
basic. The sustainability of living things are based on the
maintenance of proper pH level. The internal mechanisms of
all human beings and animals rely on the maintenance of the
pH level in their blood. The blood contents in our veins must
consists of a pH level between 7.35 and 7.45. The level
exceeding this range nearly as one-tenth of a pH unit would be
proved as fatal. Fig. 7 shows the ph glass electrode.
E. ECG Sensor
The Electrocardiograph (ECG) signal is a diagnostic tool
beating, which is the main function of heart. The principal
corresponding signal frequency also range of 0.01 to 250 Hz.
Electrocardiography is the measurement of the electrical
Fig. 7 pH Glass electrode activity of the heart. Electrical sensing devices or electrodes
are placed strategically on top of the body to detect the
electrical activity of the heart and diagnose patients with
1) Development of pH meter: different heart anomalies. The trace depends on the position
A pH probe has the capability to generate different of the lead. The leads placed on the body can be described as
voltage levels with different solutions of different pH. In a positive lead and a negative lead[3]. The fig. 9 shows the
neutral and acidic solutions (below pH 7) a positive output main causes of positive and negative deflection occurrence in
voltage is generated whereas in basic solutions (above pH the heart.
7), a negative output voltage is generated. So an ideal pH
probe, may give either positive or negative voltage outputs
proportional to the acidity or alkalinity of the test solution.
The output of a pH probe is in the millivolt range. The
sensor selected was a general purpose glass electrode. It is a
standard laboratory use electrode which when inserted in a
solution, produces a small voltage (in mv), which is
proportional to hydrogen ion concentration. It has little ball
at the tip with a special pH glass. The probe output was fed
into the amplifier through a shielded cable. The output of
this pH sensor is very weak and the voltage very low. It
requires additional circuitry for amplification and stable
output voltage. Fig. 9 Causes of deflection
2) pH probe Amplifier
The output voltage, for various pH values can be adjusted The electrical impulse that is generated in the heart travels
by making connection to amplifier circuit. The volt/pH in parallel to the direction of the lead. A positive deflection
conversion was done using op-Amp amplifiers, hence the pH takes place, if the impulse moves toward the positive lead and
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International Journal of Emerging Technology in Computer Science & Electronics (IJETCSE)
ISSN: 0976-1353 Volume 13 Issue 2 MARCH 2015.
a negative deflection takes place if the direction of the free C compilers which are provided to a wide variety of
impulse moves toward the negative lead. Electrodes are development platforms. These compilers generally form a
placed in the arms and legs, which forms the Einthoven's part of an IDEs with ICD support, single stepping,
triangle. Fig. 10 depicts the Einthoven's triangle which is breakpoints, and an assembly window.
composed of Leads I, II, and III.
B. HyperTerminal Software
HyperTerminal can be used to set up a dial-up connection to
another computer through the internal modem using Telnet It
can also access, bulletin board service (BBS) to another
computer. This process is mainly used to set up a connection
to perform data transfer between two computers (such as one
desktop computer and a portable computer) using only the
serial ports. The serial-port controls all the external devices or
systems such as scientific instruments, radio communications
stations. HyperTerminal was designed as a troubleshooting
tool during the process of setting up and in using a modem.
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Fig. 10 Three lead system
By implementing the wireless health monitoring system using
PIC Microcontroller, these are the results displayed using
"Three lead" ECG, is made with the measurements taken hyper terminal in PC. The ZigBee wireless module is used to
from any three points on the body which is known as the receive data from the remote patient. Fig. 12 shows the output
Einthoven's recording .(defining the "Einthoven triangle" - an value obtained.
equilateral triangle with the heart at the center.) The
difference between potential readings from L1 and L2 is what
is used to make the trace of the ECG output. The L3
connection is designed to establish a common ground for the
body and to the recording device.
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