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turbulence channel
AbstractIn this paper we will analyze free space optics license-free. Main advantages of FSO transmission are caused
(FSO) transmission of halftoned image over Double Generalized by short dimension of wavelengths used for optical
Gamma (DGG) turbulence channel. First, we will present transmission. However, FSO transmission manifests some
halftoning method, and algorithm for FSO transmission
simulation. Further, we will observe standard performance undesired characteristics that occur during transmission, such
criterions of reconstruceted image, such are Bit Error Rate are: acquisition and pointing are subjected to difficulties,
(BER) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) versus various harmful effects arise due to influence of atmospheric
properties of observed FSO link: link distance, shaping and factors (i.e. haze, fog, rain, Sun, turbulence). Major
severity parameters of irradiance and Rytov variance. Presented performance impairment in FSO links, which degrades the link
analysis is very general and encompasses a large number of FSO performance is atmospheric turbulence-induced fading [9].
transmission scenarios, since Double Gamma-Gamma turbulence
Time varying spatial fluctuations of the optical beam appear as
channel model as general turbulence channel model can be
reduced to various turbulence channel models as it special cases. an outcome of atmosphere refractive index variations. These
variations are caused by atmospheric turbulence, and are
Keywords Free-space optical communication, Double displayed as irradiance fluctuations of the received signals.
Generalized Gamma Channel, Image processing, Halftone image. Such phenomena is known as FSO fading or scintillation.
Mixed RF/FSO cooperative systems were observed in [20-21].
I. INTRODUCTION Various attempts have been made in order to obtain for
EXOR operator over each of n pair of bits from xij and yij.
ehp The values of the Rytov variance 2Rytov are obtained for
AD 2 I s (11)
2hf c FSO wavelenght of = 1550 nm and different values of
= I 2
T refraction index Cn2 and propagation distance L for each
2(4k B Fn Df + 2qg 2 FA RPmI
t Df )
RL source image from fig.1. Images presented on fig. 2 are
halftoned images obtained by using error diffusion method [4].
where Is=|us(t)|2 denotes the average intensity of the optical
field, while Px stands for the output signal power.
Algorithm for simulation of FSO halftoned image
transmission is accomplished as follows:
Form halftoned digital image A* is created vector with with
binary elements D dimension 24MN. On vector D is applied
Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation X = 2 D -1 .
Now signal is transmitted trough turbulence channel:
Y=H*X+N, with H being vector that introduces the influence
of turbulence and is DGG distributed, while vector N
introduces level of total noise in the channel through defined
SNR level. At reception, first Grey decoding with hard a) b)
decisioning has been provided on Y, and reconstructed
halftoned A* image is obtained from vector D .
b)
Fig 2. Transmitted halftoned image Lena with apameter values: a)
1 = 2.0, 2 = 2.0, m1 = 1, m2 = 1, 2Rytov =2, and b) 1 = 2.0, 2 = 2.0, m1 = 1,
m2 = 1, 2Rytov =5.