Problems 1: Open section beams 3

=
1. (a) 4
Shear flow: noting Sx = 0 allows use of the reduced shear flow equation:


= .

0

We now split the open section up and label ends. Start with section 1-2:

Section 1-2
Figure 1.1: Sketch of shape showing axis of symmetry
2nd moment of area: Note that the section is symmetric and thus Ixy = 0. (a) (b)
We note also that there is no Sx load (Sx = 0) and thus only Ixx is required.

= 2 .

For thin walled sections,

= 2 .

= +
Figure 1.2: (a) Sketch of shape showing numbered sections. (b) Sketch of the shear
Noting that y = s cos (60) for the angled sections flow magnitude in section 1-2.

1
3
= + 2 0 ( cos(60))2 .
12 12 = s cos(60) .

0
and that cos(60) = , then

3 3 4 2 1
= 3 [ ]
= + 2 2 0
12 2 3

12 = 3 12 (1)
 We now determine q2. We note that at S1 = d, S2 = 0 and q12 = q23 = q2 and
Note that the shear flow q12 increases quadratically (see Fig. 1.2) as S1 thus from eq. (1) we have
increases as we move along section 1-2 from 0 to d and that q12 = 0 at 1.
Section 2-3 2
2 =
3
(a) (b)
2 =

Hence q23 is given by

2 2]

23 = [2 2 + ( )
3

23 = 3 [ 2 + 22 222 ] (2)

Note that the quadratic structure of the q23 equation means shear flow is
Figure 1.3: (a) Sketch of shape showing numbered sections. (b) Sketch of the shear parabolic (see Fig. 1.3) as S1 increases as we move along section 2-3.
flow magnitude in section 2-3.

Section 3-4
Noting that S2 = 0 at y = d/2 and that we integrate along section 2-3 until S2
= d and y = -d/2, then (a) (b)
2

23 = ( ). + 2
2
0

Where q2 is the shear flow from section 1-2 at S2 = 0 or at S1 = d.

Integrating gives:

4 22
23 = [ ] + 2
3 2 2 2

2
23 = 3
[2 22 ] + 2 Figure 1.4: (a) Sketch of shape showing numbered sections. (b) Sketch of the shear
flow magnitude in section 3-4.
Noting that S3 = 0 at y = -d/2 and that we integrate along section 3-4 until S2 Shear Centre
= d and y = 0, then
A moment balance is used to determine the shear centre:
3

34 = ( + cos 60). + 3 =
2
0

Where q3 is the shear flow from section 2-3 at S3 = 0 or at S2 = d. A choice of centre about which to take moments is required and offers a
Integrating gives: chance to simplify calculations. For example if the mid-point of 2-3 is
chosen as the centre only the angled sections (1-2 and 3-4) exert an internal
moment. Making this choice and taking moments it is found that:
4 1 32
34 = 3 [ 3 + ] + 3
2 2 2

= 2 cos(30) 12 . 1
2
34 = [23 32 ] + 3 0
3
Note here that the term in front of the integral is the perpendicular distance
We now determine q3. We note that at S2 = d, S3 = 0 and q23 = q34 = q3 and from the moment centre to section 1-2 along which q12 acts, see Fig. 1.5.
thus from eq. (2) we have Note further that, in this symmetric section, both section 1-2 and 3-4 exert
moments but these act in the same direction and have the same magnitude
2
3 = ( + . 2 2 ) so we only need construct one integral and multiple it by 2.
3

3 = 2
= cos(30) . 1
3 1
Hence q34 is given by 0

3 13
34 = 3 [3 + 32 ] + ( ) = 3 [ ]
2 3 0

34 = [2 23 + 32 ] (3) 3
3
=
6
Note that the shear flow q34 decreases quadratically (see Fig. 1.4) as S3
increases as we move along section 3-4 from 0 to d and that q34 = 0 at 4 (e.g. 3
substitute d in to eq.(3)). =
6
Figure 1.5: Moment balance diagram
1. (b)

1 = sin() . d
3
0

1 = sin() .d

0

1 = [cos()]0


1 = (cos() 1)

Figure 2.1: Sketch of section Figure 2.2: (a) Sketch of shape Shear Centre
showing numbered sections and
shear flow magnitude.
A moment balance is used to determine the shear centre note that the
2nd moment of area: We note that the section is symmetric and thus Ixy = 0. moments are in opposite directions:
We note also that there is no Sx load (Sx = 0) and thus only Ixx is required.
For this problem Ixx is given by, 2

( + ) = 1 . 1
= 3
0

Again converting to polar co-ordinates
= .d

0 2

( + ) = (cos() 1).
Substituting for Ixx and for y = sin()
0


1 = sin() .d ( + ) = [sin() ]2
0
3
0

Converting to polar co-ordinates by noting that ds represents an arc length ( + ) = (2)
which in polar co-ordinates is given by rd.

+ = 2 =
 In each case we construct the second moment of area from the three
1. (c) y sections,
Sy
= + +
h
For Ixx we note that y = s sin (45) for the angled upper flange and so making
45 use of the parallel axis theorem we find,
=0
3 (2)3
0.2134h = [ 12 + (1.0884)2 ] + [ 12 + 2(0.0884)2 ] +

0 (0.9116 + sin(45))2 .

2h x Calculation of the angled flange integral gives

Sx

t
1.0884h (0.83102 + 1.2892 + 0.5 2 ).
0

h = (0.83103 + 0.64463 + 0.16673 )

Figure 3.1: Sketch of section = 1.64233

Thus
2nd moment of area: The section is non-symmetric and so all second
moments of area are required,
= 1.184613 + 0.68233 + 1.64233

= 2 . = 2 . = 3.50923

To calculate Iyy we note that x = s cos (45) for the angled upper flange and
2 2
= . = . so making use of the parallel axis theorem we find,
=0
3 2()3
= [ 12 + (0.5 0.2134) ] + [ 12 + 2(0.2134)2 ] +
2
= . = .
0 (0.2134 + cos(45))2 .

Calculation of the angled flange integral gives

 Noting that we are only asked to determine the shear centre and not the full
2 2 ).
(0.045540 0.3018 + 0.5 shear flow we make a choice of moment centre at the lower end of the
0
angled flange. This means flows from the angles flange and vertical web
produce no moment and hence need not be calculated. This leaves only the
= (0.0455403 0.15093 + 0.16673 ) lower flange hence following the numbering in Fig 3.2, we calculate the
shear flow:
= 0.061313
Section 1-2
Thus
Noting that the full equation for shear flow is required:
3 3 3
= 0.1655 + 0.09108 + 0.06131
S x I xx S y I xy s s
tx ds S y I yy S x I xy ty ds
= 0.3179 3
qs
I xx I yy I xy 0

2

I xx I yy I xy 0

2


To calculate Ixy we note as above that y = s sin (45) and x = s cos (45) for Substituting values from above and considering only second 1-2:
the angled upper flange we find,
3.5092th 3 S x 0.0552th3 S y S1 0.3179th 3 S y 0.0552th3 S x S1
= (1.0884)(0.2866) + 2(0.0884)(0.2134) + q12
txds
tyds
(3.5092)(0.3179)(th 3 ) 2 (0.00304)(th 3 ) 2 0 1.1125(th3 ) 2 0

0 (0.2134 + cos(45))(0.9116 + sin(45)).
Substituting for x and y in terms of S1 and computing the integrals:
Calculation of the angled flange integral gives
S1 S1 S12

0
txds t
0
(0.7866h S1 )dS1 t (0.7866hS1
2
)
(0.19452 + 0.6446 0.1509 + 0.5 2 ).
0 S1 S1
0
tyds t
0
1.0884hdS1 1.0884thS1
= 0.21903
Recombining gives after dividing through by th3
Thus

3.1543S x 0.04962S y 0.7866thS1 0.5thS12 0.2858S y 0.04962S x 1.0884thS1
q12
= 0.31193 + 0.037733 + 0.21903 3
th
= 0.055173
 S y
2h
th 3
3.1543S x
0.0552S y 0.2266th 3 0.2858S y 0.04962S x 0.5442th 3
y
Sy
4 Cancelling th3 terms we find,

S y 2h 0.0552S y 0.2266 0.2858S y 0.5442
3 And thus cancelling out Sy terms,

=1.376h 0.2862h

Now considering Sx to find ,

x
Sx
SC = 212 . 1
S1 0

= 0.2862h
1 - S x 2h3 3.1543S x 0.0552S y 0.2266th3 0.2858S y 0.04962S x 0.5442th3
2 th

Figure 3.2: Moment balance diagram This time noting that the moment balance must hold even if Sy = 0 and
cancelling a minus sign and the th3 terms we find,
Shear Centre
A moment balance is used to determine the shear centre: Sx 2h3.1543Sx 0.2266 0.04962Sx 0.5442

= And thus cancelling out Sy terms,

1.376h
As noted above we make a choice of moment centre at the lower end of the
angled flange (point 3, Fig 3.2) and chose +ve moments clockwise with the
direction of S1. Creating moment equilibriums for Sx and Sy indpendently
and noting that the moment balance must hold even if Sx = 0 it is found that:

= 0 212 . 1