Diversity of Marine Fishes at The Fish Auction

Places in Banten Province as Learning Sources to

Develope High School Students Competencies in
Identification and Classification
Muhlisin Sidik
SMAN Cahaya Madani Banten Boarding School
Jl. Raya Pandeglang-Labuan km. 03 Kuranten, Pandeglang, Banten Province-Indonesia
muhlisinsidik@gmail.com

Abstract A study on the diversity of marine fishes has conducted at the Fish Auction Place (TPI) in Banten province as learning
sources to develop students competencies in identification and classification. The survey was conducted in fourteen TPI scattered along
the coast of Banten Province (Serang, Pandeglang, Lebak, Tangerang, and Cilegon Regency) on February June 2012. Data of
students competencies of 10th grade of SMAN CMBBS in identification and classification was collected in May June 2013 (68
students). Fishes which were identified were consisting of 12 orders, 39 families, and 63 species. The identification showed that the most
species were found at Serang, consisting of 41 species and dominated by order of Perciformes (61,9%). On the other hand, fishes that
were found in all regencies consist of 5 orders, 12 families, and 16 species. These data were used as sources of Biology learning. The
study result showed that the average of students competencies in identification and classification were respectively 98.53 and 86.76,
both were categorized as very good; based on t-test ( = 0.05) there is no significant difference in identification competence between
students that using a pictorial identification key and simple dichotomous key. There was significant improvement between pretest and
posttest about the knowledge of fishs local name, but the average of improvement for students using pictorial identification key was
lower than the dichotomous key. The classification competence to determine the similarity of species was lower than the competence to
determine species differences based on morphological characteristics. Thus, a study of diversity of marine fishes at TPI of Banten
province can be used as learning sources for developing a better identification and classification competencies of students.
Keywords Diversity, classification, identification, marine fish, Pisces.

I. INTRODUCTION
Banten is a province that has a long coastline of 509 km and 55 small islands and outer islands that hold the potential
richness and diversity of abundant natural resources. One such resource is the diversity of marine fish.
Subani research [1] has noted that as many as 82 species of economically important marine fish in the Indonesian marine, and this
research does not include fish from freshwater and brackish water. Number of 82 fish species of these are still few and not depict
the actual number of economically important fish in Indonesian marine.
Marine fish contribute significantly to the economic development for the people of Banten, although its use has not been
optimally explored. On the other hand, the diversity of marine fish in Banten province has not been identified. Identification of
marine fish in Banten is very important in addition to having high economic value can also be used as a source of learning
biology.
One of the basic skills that are important in learning biology is the identification and classification competencies.
Identification is activities to match unknown animals category or taxon with the animal that its category and taxon have
known[2]. While classification is one of the basic thinking skills to take or make decisions on more complex thinking
processes[3] and advanced stage of comparing activity after recognizing the characteristics of the object being observed[4].
Identification and classification of marine fish have to consider two traits, namely morphometric characters, meristic character,
anatomy character, color, and structure as well as sexually dimorphic position[5]. In making classification also need to pay
attention to the basic classification used, eg. based on specific characteristics, goals or interests, as well as the required precision
in the observed object[2].
Identification and classification competence developed significant but limited methods and learning resources led to the
development of basic competence is often forgotten. Therefore utilization of marine fish in the province of Banten is one
alternative learning resources that can be used to develop identification and classification competencies.

II. METHOD

A. Diversity Study of Marine Fish in Banten Province

Diversity research was conducted by marine fish survey in fourteen Fish Auction Places (TPI) in the province of Banten.
Four places in Serang region (TPI Karangantu, TPI Wadas Bojonegara, TPI Anyer, and TPI Bojong Anyer); Three places in
Pandeglang region (TPI Panimbang, TPI Labuan, and TPI Teluk Labuan); Five places in Tangerang (TPI Keronjo, TPI Surya
Bahari, TPI Mauk, TPI Tanjung Pasir, and TPI Tanjung Kait); but only one place in Lebak and Cilegon: TPI Binuangen and TPI
Cigading respectively.

Data were taken in February June 2012 by visiting the TPI and identify immediate use Book of fish identification key by
Saanin [10]. Specimens photographed for further identified using online identification keys by Worms[9] and Fish Base[10] .
Through these sites, some categories of taxons that does not conform updated.

A. Identification and Classification Ability Development

The study of fish diversity stratified by the five regions in the province of Banten. Fish were found in three or more areas is
referred to as the main marine fish of Banten province. It is determined as the marine fish will be used as a source of learning
biology.
Based on the main marine fish found, it is arranged a simple dichotomous key and pictorial identification key. Other
instrument prepared were paper test of marine fish local name and fish observation worksheets.
Research development of marine fish identification and classification competencies were conducted to 68 students from four
class of 10th grade SMAN CMBBS of Banten province in May June 2013. Two classes (10th-1 and 10th-2 as many 34 students)
using a simple dichotomous key and two classes other (10th-3 and 10th-4 as many 34 students) using pictorial identification key.
Data collected includes: 1) identification competence consisting of competencies of species identification and the character
identification of fish taxon; 2) classification competence consisting of the ability to determine the similiarity and differences
characteristic of fish taxon. and 3) students' knowledge of the local name of marine fishes performed before and after learning.
To determine the ability of the identification and classification used the percentage calculation. As for knowing the
difference Identification and classification competencies both groups used the t-test, calculated by SPSS 15.0.

II. RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Diversity Study of Marine Fish at The Fish Auction Places in Banten Province

Based on identification of marine fish in the fourteen fish auction place (TPI) from five region in Banten province, there
were 63 species, 39 families and 12 orders. Dominant orders were Perciformes, Clupeiformes, and Tetraodontiformes that have
species composition 39 species (61.9%), 5 species (7.94%), and 4 species (6.35%) respectively. The dominant fish families of the
order Perciformes were Carangidae, Lutjanidaae, and Scombridae consists of 9, 5, and 4 species respectively. While the dominant
family of the order Clupeiformes and Tetraodontiformes were Clupeidae (5 species) and Balistidae (3 species) repectively
(Appendix 1).

Composition
45 41
40

35

30 26
25
20 20 20 20
20 18

15 13
9 10
10 6 7
4
5

0
Based on fish auction place (TPI) location, noted that most fish species were identified in Serang region consist of 41
SERANG PANDEGLANG LEBAK TANGERANG CILEGON
species, 26 families and 9 orders.Fig. 1 Marine
While thefish diversity
region thatathave
five fish
theauction
least place
was (TPI) in Banten
Cilegon Province
consist of 11 species, 8 families, and 4 order
(Figure 1). Marine fish diversity differences in some regions caused by sea width and the different length of coastline. Serang
coaslinet starting from the east is Pontang to the west is Anyer. in Serang region are also the oldest and largest fishing port in
Banten is Karangantu that can accessed by a large capacity vessels allows can catching more species of marine fish. While the
Cilegon, has the shortest coastline than other regions, starting from coast of Cigading to the coast of Suralaya-Merak. On the
other hand, Cilegon coastline using for both industrial and port or harbor that allows the diversity of fish in Cilegon region low.

TABLE I
THE MAIN MARINE FISH SPECIES AT FISH AUCTION PLACE (TPI) IN BANTEN PROVINCE

Order Family Species Local Name

Clupeiformes Engraulididae Stolephorus tri (Bleeker, 1852) Spined anchovy (Teri)
Gonorhynchiformes Chanidae Chanos chanos (Forsskl, 1775) Milkfish (Bandeng)
Perciformes Lutjanidae Lutjanus argentimaculatus (Forsskl, 1775) Mangrove red snapper
(Kakap Merah)
Serranidae Plectropomus leopardus (Lacepde, 1802) Leopard coralgrouper (Kerapu)
Holocentridae Holocentrus ruber (Forsskl, 1775) Redcoat (Kurisi)
Carangidae Caranx ignobilis (Forsskl, 1775) Giant trevally (Kuwe Gerong)
Parasromateus niger (Bloch, 1795) Black pomfret (Bawal Hitam)
Selaroides leptolepis (Cuvier, 1833) Yellowstripe scad (Selar)
Siganidae Siganus javus (Linnaeus, 1766) Streaked spinefoot (Baronang)
Latidae Lates calcalifer (Bloch, 1790) Barramundi (Kakap Putih)
Scombridae Euthynnus affinis (Cantor, 1849) Mackerel tuna (Tongkol)
Rastrelliger kanagurta (Cuvier, 1816) Chub mackerel (Kembung
lelaki)
Scomberomorus regalis (Bloch, 1793) Kingfish mackerel (Tenggiri)
Mullidae Upeneus sulphureus (Cuvier, 1829) Sulphur goatfish (Kuniran)
Pleuronectiformes Psettodidae Psettodes erumei (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) Indian halibut (Ikan sebelah)
Rajiformes Dasyatidae Dasyatis uarnak (Gmelin, 1789) Stingrays (Pari)
 Fish species identified in each region there are different. Distinct species there only in Serang, Pandeglang, Lebak, Cilegon,
and Tangerang region were 16, 4, 5, 4, and 4 species respectively. The main fish species were identified in more than two region
in Banten province consists of 16 species, 12 families and 5 orders (TABLE I). While the fish is found in the fifth province of
Banten there are 5 species, namely: Giant trevally (Caranx ignobilis), yellowstripe scad (Selaroides leptolepis), mackerel tuna
(Euthynnus affinis), chub mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), and kingfish mackerel (Scomberomorus regalis).
The fish that are found in Banten province TPI is an important economic fish in Indonesia and fish consumption[5]. Fish are
best known by the public such as milkfish and spined anchovy fish, as shown by almost all the students were able to recognize
both the fish. Moreover, among these fish are species that are predatory fish in the people traditional ponds, for example:
barramundi, a predator of shrimp and milkyfish[3]. The fish that are found in almost all parts of Banten province has a great
potential to be used as a source of learning biology in school in developing identification and classification ability.

B. Identification and Classification Ability

Identification competencies being developed was species and character identification competnecies of the main marine fish
that is in the province of Banten.
TABLE II
IDENTIFICATON AND CLASSIFICATION COMPETENCIES OF SMAN CMBBSS STUDENTS

Identification Competence Classification Competence

Category Mark
n % n %
Very good 80100 67 98.53 59 86,76
Good 66 79 0 0,00 6 8,82
Fairly 56 65 0 0,00 3 4,41
Poorly < 56 1 1,47 0 0,00
Jumlah 68 100,00 68 100,00

Based on the criteria of ability mastery of learning outcomes by Arikunto[1] as shown in Table II, note that most of the
students have identification and classification competence are very good. There is only one student who has poorly cataegory in
identification competence. Based on the observation, the student who has poorly category was not capable in identification but
negligence does not fill properly worksheet. The students who were categorized good and fairly in classification ability because
the responses of the students did not complete in the expected character mentions in determining similarities and differences in
characteristics.
Identification competencies consisting species and character identification shown by following figure 2.

Mark
100
100
98
98
96
94 93

92 91
90
90 88
88 87

86
84
82
80
10th-1 10th-2 10th-3 10th-4

Fig. 2 The average of identification competencies of SMAN CMBBSs Students

 Figure 2 shows that the average marine fish identification competence of students both in species and character identification
for all of grade achieved excellent range 87-100. However, the competence of marine fish species identification was lower than
character identification. Students said that marine fish species identification more difficult than character identification, because
for identifying species students must to know the main character of marine species character, but character identification can be
seen on the fish morphology.
To identify the species of fish used two kinds of identification keys: pictorial identification keys and dichotomous key. Based
on the results of t-test at the 0.05 significance level, between students who use pictorial identification key (10th -1 and 10th-2
grade) and students who use a dichotomous key (10th-3 and 10th-4 grade) showed there was no significant difference, althought
the average identification competence of pictorial identification key bigger than dichotomous key, respectively 90.88 and 88.09
(appendix 3). This suggests that both the types of identification key can be used for development identification and classification
of students.

Mark 100
100 92 91
88 88
90
79
80 73
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
10th-1 10th-2 10th-3 10th-4

Fig. 3 Classification ability of SMAN CMBBSs Students

Students' classification competencies of marine fish also showed that the average value categorized as good to very good,
ranging from 73-100. Based on figure 3 can be seen that the average of classification competence in character similiarity
competence is lower than the charcter differences competence. Observations result note that stating the character similiarities is
more difficult than character differences because they were not known the traits of character taxon very well.
The purpose of classification is to make it easier to know living things. Utilization of fish diversity can encourage students to
get to know the marine fish in banten province. The Student knowledge about local name of marine fish showed figure 4.

70.00
62.13
60.00

50.00
42.71
40.44
40.00 36.40
33.09

30.00 25.74 25.00

23.16 22.57
20.14
17.28
20.00

10.00

0.00
10th-1 10th-2 10th-3 10th-4

Fig. 4 Students knowledge to the local name of marine fish

 Figure 4 shows that the average value of posttest higher than pretest, although the knowledge of local fish names is still low,
but after learning his knowledge increased significantly. T-test in significant level = 0.05 shown that there was significant
difference between pretest and posttest about local name of marine fish in Banten province (Appendix 3).
Increase in the average gain knowledge of local fish local names for pictorial identification key user groups (26.84) is lower
than the gain average of dichotomous key (18.71). It is believed that the use of dichotomous keys are able to develop familiar
characters from the fish than the pictorial identification key that only equate graphic images with fish objects. However, no
studies specific to the use of identification keys determines the relationship with increased knowledge of the names of the fish.
Identification and classification competence can developed the ability to make a simple dichotomous fish identification
key. Students be able arranged the simple dichotomous fish identification very well. Based on the results of the dichotomous
key arranged by students that using morphological characters of marine fish can be seen in Figure 5.

%
70

60 58

50

40
40

30
24

20
13
10
10
5 4
3 2 3

Fig. 5 percentage of selected characters by students to arrange marine fish identification key

Based on Figure 5 was known that there were fifteen character that used by students for arrange the dichotomous category.
The fish morphological characters used by the majority of students were: the dorsal fin, body shape, and pectoral fins, 58%,
46% and 40% respectively. Number of dorsal fin is a character used to separate the order Perciformes and orders other fish
(Saanin, 1984). Similarly for character pectoral fins and body shape is used to distinguish categories under the order: family to
species. However, students did not specify the categories classification, but students only determine the character taxon to
species of fish.
From the results of this study can be generally known that the use of living things that are objects in the environment can
motivate students and facilitate students in learning biology. Learning using marine fish identification results in the Banten
province also provides several advantages including improving the student's curiosity to fish commonly encountered in making it
easier for students to learn, which in turn can develop skills identification and classification of living things.

III. CONCLUSION

Identified fish diversity consists of 12 0rdo, 39 families, and 63 species, the species most commonly found in fish auction place
(TPI) Serang region (41 species) and dominated by the order Perciformes (61.9%). The main fish which are found scattered
throughout the region Banten order consists of 5 order, 12 Family, and 16 species, which serve as a source of learning Biology.
Students Identification and classification competence were very good category, the averages were 98.53 and 86 respectively.
Thus, learning the use of marine fish at fish auction place (TPI) in Banten province could be developed the identification and
classification competence better. There was no significant difference between identification competence using pictorial identification
key and dichotomous key. This suggests that both the types of identification key can be used for development identification and
classification of students. However, the students comptencies to determine morphological character similiarities was lower than
morphological character differencies.
There was significant difference between pretest and posttest about local name of marine fish in Banten province, but the
increasing in the knowledge gain average of local fish local names for pictorial identification key user groups was lower than the
dichotomous key group. It is believed that the use of dichotomous keys are able to develop familiar characters from the fish than
the pictorial identification key that only equate graphic images with fish objects.
Students be able arranged a simple dichotomus fish key very well, the fish morphological characters used by the majority
of students were: the dorsal fin, body shape, and pectoral fins.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Iam very grateful to the students of Biology Education Department of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa for all their support in
marine fish survey in Banten Provinces, Principal and Biology team teaching of SMAN CMBBS for all their cooperation in
classroom research.

REFERENCES

[1] T. Samingan, Dendrologi, Bogor: Gramedia, 1982.

[2] A. Costa, Developing Mind, Virginia: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 1985.
[3] High Reach Learning, "Classification Skills Training Module," High Reach learning, 2007. [Online]. Available:
http://www.highreach.com/highreach_cms/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=3CrHZMTWOrk%3D&tabid=106. [Accessed 12 May 2013].
[4] N. &. R. A. Rustaman, Strategi Belajar Mengajar Biologi, Malang: UM Press, 2005.
[5] Fahmi, "Beberapa Jenis Ikan Pemangsa di Tambak Tradisional dan Cara Penanganannya," Oseana, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 21 - 30, 2000.
[6] Saanin, Identifikasi Ikan, 1984.
[7] S. Arikunto, Manajemen Penelitian, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2000.
[8] A. Genisa, "Pengenalan Jenis-Jenis Ikan Laut Ekonomi Penting di Indonesia," Oseana, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 17 - 38, 1999.
[9] W. Subani, Jenis-Jenis Ikan Ekonomis Penting di Indonesia, 1st ed., Jakarta: Puslitbang Pertanian, 1994.
[10] WoRMS, "Worms Taxon Details," Words Register of Marine Species, 2013. [Online]. Available:
http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154432. [Accessed 15 May 2013].
[11] Fish Base, "A Global Information System on Fishes," Academia Sinica, 2004. [Online]. Available: http://fishbase.sinica.edu.tw. [Accessed 15 May 2013].
 APPENDIX I

MARINE FISH SPECIES DIVERSITY IN FIVE REGIONS OF BANTEN PROVINCE

Location
Order Family Species Local Name
1 2 3 4 5 f
Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilli anguilla Larak 1
Muraenesocidae Congresox talaban Cunang - 1
Clupeiformes Clupeidae Sardinella mardenensis Lemuru 1
Drosoma chacunda Selanget 1
Sardinella sirin Sardin 1
Sardinella albella Tembang 1
Clupea sp Tengkurungan 1
Engraulididae Stolophorus tri Teri 3
Elopiformes Elopidae Elops hawaiensis Payus 1
Gonorhynchiformes Chanidae Chanos chanos Bandeng 4
Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil dussumieri Belanak 2
Upeneus mullocensis Biji Nangka 2
Perciformes Helostomidae Holostoma teminck Tambakan 1
Echeneidae Remora sp. Remora 1
Latidae Lates calcalifer Kakap Putih 3
Carangidae Caranx crumenophthalmus Selar Bentong 1
Caranx ignobilis Kwee Gerong
5
Caranx sexfasciatus Kwee Lilin 1
Alectis indicus Kwee Rombeh 2
Decapterus rusellii Layang 2
Elegatis bipinulata Salem 1
Megalaspis cordila Tetengkek 1
Chorinemus tala Talang-talang 2
Caranx leptolepis Selar 5
Gerreidae Geres punctatus Kapas-kapas 2
Holocentridae Holocentrus ruber Kurisi 3
Latidae Psammoperca waigiensis Kakap Hitam 1
Leiognathidae Gazza minuta Bondolan 1
Leiognathus equulus Petek 1
Lutjanidae Lutjanus calcarider Kakap Ekor Kuning 2
Lutjanus synargis Jenaha 2
Labotes surinamensis Kakap Batu
1
Lutjanus argentimaculatus Kakap Merah 4
Lutjanus bohar Tanda-tanda 1
Menidae Mene maculata Etem 1
Mullidae Upeneus sulphureus Kuniran 3
Sphyraenidae Sphyraena jello Alu-alau 1
Polynemidae Polynemus tetradactylus Senangin 1
Pomacanthidae Pomachantus annularis Brutus 1
Scaridae Scarus Kakak Tua 1
Scatophagidae Scatophagus argus Kiper 1
Scombridae Rastrelliger kanagurta Kembung lelaki 5
Scomberomorus regalis Tenggiri 5
Scomberomorus commerson Tenggiri Raja 1
Euthynus affinis Tongkol 5
Serranidae Plectropomus leopardus Kerapu 4
Siganidae Siganus javus Baronang 3
Sphyraenidae Sphyraena barracuda Barakuda/Tunul 2
Stromateidae Parasromateus niger Bawal Hitam 4
Scombridae Thunnus alalunga Tuna 2
Trichiuridae Trichiurus lepturus Layur 2
Pleuronectiformes Psettodidae Psettodes erumei Sebelah 4
Siluriformes Ariidae Netuma thalassina Manyung 1
Plotosidae Eristhmus microseps Sembilang 1
Tetraodontiformes Balistidae Balistapus undulatus Pakol 1
Stronigylura incisa Kacangan 1
Platybelone argalus Todak - 1
Monachantidae Aluterus monocerus Ayam-ayam - 1
Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhinocodon typus Cucut - 1
 Location
Order Family Species Local Name
1 2 3 4 5 f
Lamniformes Odontaspididae Carcharias menisorach Hiu - 1
Galeorhinidae Galeocardo cuvieri Hiu - 2
Rajiformes Dasyatidae Dasyatis uarnak Pari - - 3
Notes:
Number of Fish auction places:
1. Serang Region
2. Pandeglang Region
3. Lebak Region
4. Tangerang Region
5. Cilegon Region
 APPENDIX II

OUTPUT COMPARE MEAN T-TEST BY SPSS 15.00

A. Compare Mean between Pictorial Identification Key and Dichotomous Key

Paired Samples Statistics

Std. Error
Mean N Std. Deviation Mean
Pair Dichotomous 88.09 34 12.310 2.111
1 Pictorial 90.88 34 16.024 2.748

Paired sample statistic table showed that score mean and standar deviation of pictorial identification key is higher than dichotomous key

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Std. Error Difference
Mean Std. Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 Dichotomous - Pictorial -2.794 19.740 3.385 -9.682 4.094 -.825 33 .415

Hipothesis:
Ho : There is no different mean between pictorial identification key and dichotomous key
H1 : There is different mean between pictorial identification key and dichotomous key

Criteria: If t observation t table, then Ho received

If df =N 1 = 34 1 = 33, = 0,05, then t table = 2,042

Based on data paired sample test table showed that t observation 0,415 t table 2,042 then Ho received

Conclusion
There is no significant different mean betweenn pictorial identification key and dichotomous key

B. Compare Mean between Pretest and Postest of marine fish local name knowledge

Paired Samples Statistics

Std. Error
Mean N Std. Deviation Mean
Pair Pretest 24.1728 68 11.57513 1.40369
1 Posttest 44.3015 68 14.02686 1.70101

Paired sample statistic table showed that score mean and standar deviation of posttest is higher than pretes

Paired Samples Test

Paired Differences
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Std. Error Difference
Mean Std. Deviation Mean Lower Upper t df Sig. (2-tailed)
Pair 1 Pretest - Posttest -20.12868 14.95662 1.81376 -23.74895 -16.50840 -11.098 67 .000

Hipothesis:
Ho : There is no different mean between pictorial identification key and dichotomous key
H1 : There is different mean between pictorial identification key and dichotomous key

Criteria:If t observation t table, then Ho received

If df =N 1 = 34 1 = 33, = 0,05, then t table = 2,042

Based on data paired sample test table showed that t observation 0,000 t table 2,042 then Ho rejected

Conclusion
There is significant different mean betwen pictorial identification key and dichotomous key