Ch2 Fluid Statics - Pressure Sem 1 1718

BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 1
Differentiate the relationship among

atmospheric pressure, gage pressure and
absolute pressure
Conversion of pressure to pressure head
and vice versa
Determine the measurement of pressure
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area

pressure,P = =

Unit : N /m2 = Pa (SI unit)
1 bar = 105 Pa = 100kN/m2 = 1.325 kN/m2 (at sea

level)
1 atm = 1.325 kN/m2 (at 20 C)
Absolute pressure Pabs
The actual pressure at a given position.
Measured with respect to vacuum (absolute zero)
Gage pressure Pg:
The difference between the absolute pressure and the local
atmospheric pressure.
Measured with respect to atmospheric pressure.
Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero
in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure.
Vacuum pressures Pvac:
Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
normally measured in terms of head of mercury such as mm
of Hg or cm of Hg.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 7
Pascals law of Fluid Pressure
when the fluid is at rest, pressure is same in all direction.
The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the
pressure throughout by the same amount.
B
PzSinq
q ds
Pz
dy
q
PzCosq
Px
Thickness
A C
dx
Py
Pressure at a Point
Hydrostatic Law
the rate of increase in pressure in a fluid in vertically
downward direction is equal to the specific weight of the
fluid.
h
A B
dh
D C
The pressure of a fluid at rest
increases with depth (as a result of added weight).
When the variation of density
with elevation is known
Free-body diagram of a rectangular

fluid element in equilibrium.
Pressure variation of different fluids
1 = + 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
In stacked-up fluids layers at rest, the pressure change across

a fluid layer in accordance to their density and height h.
In a room filled with a gas, the variation
of pressure with height is negligible.
Pressure in a liquid at rest
increases linearly with
distance from the free
surface.
The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid
regardless of geometry, provided that the points are interconnected by the
same fluid.
The change in pressure in a homogeneous liquid at rest due to a
change in elevation can be calculated from :
Points on the same horizontal level have the same pressure.

Pressure varies linearly with the change in elevation and depth.
Decrease in elevation causes increase in pressure; Increase in
elevation causes decrease in pressure.
Equation does not apply to gases because its specific weight changes
with pressure, unless there is a large change in elevation which
produce significant change in pressure.
PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
1. READ THE QUESTION AND DO NOT ASSUME.
ENGINEERS ARE EXPECTED TO READ CAREFULLY.
2. WRITE DOWN WHAT IS/ARE GIVEN
3. SKETCH THE DIAGRAM.
4. WRITE DOWN WHAT IS/ ARE NEEDED.
5. THINK CAREFULLY AND LIST YOUR ASSUMPTIONS.
6. BASED ON STEPS 1 TO 5 ABOVE,

WRITE OUT -THE APPROPRIATE EQUATIONS AND THE VALUES
- DATA CORRELATIONS,
- FLUID STATE RELATIONS FOR YOUR PROBLEM
7. SOLVE THE PROBLEM- REASONING, VERIFICATION, AND

DISCUSSION
REPORT YOUR SOLUTION - CLEARLY,
- WITH PROPER UNITS LISTED
- 3 DECIMAL PLACES
Quote a pressure of 500kN/m2 in terms of
a. height of a column of water of density,=
1000kg/m3
b. Mercury with density, = 13.6 x 103 kg/m3
c. head of a fluid with relative density = 8.7.
p= gh,
p 500 x 103
h= = =50.968 m of water
g 1000 x 9.81
p 500 x 103
h= = = 3.748 m mercury
g 13.6 103 x 9.81
p 500 x 103
h= = = 5.858 m of fluid = 8.7
g 8.7 x 1000 x 9.81
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
A device that measures the atmospheric pressure

A frequently used pressure unit is the standard atmosphere,
which is defined as the pressure produced by a column of
mercury 760 mm in height at 0C (Hg = 13,595 kg/m3)
under standard gravitational acceleration (g = 9.807 m/s2).
The length or the cross-sectional area of the
tube has no effect on the height of the fluid
column of a barometer, provided that the
tube diameter is large enough to avoid
surface tension (capillary) effects.
3
0
3
1
Mercury Barometer
Use to measure the absolute pressure (Pabs) of atmosphere.
Liquid will rise in tube
when we immerse the mouth of tube in a liquid that is open to
the atmosphere.
When we exhaust air from tube.
If the tube is long enough and if all the air have been removed, the
only P on the surface of liquid in the tube will be its own vapor
pressure, therefore the liquid will achieved it maximum height.
Po= Pa = Patm
Po = gy + Pvapor;
Patm = gy + Pvapor ;
Aneroid Barometer
It measures the difference in P between the

atmosphere and an evacuated cylinder by
means of a sensitive elastic diaphragm and
linkage system as shown in Figure b.
It can be express standard sea level Patm by
using this equation, h=P/g in the different
way as below:-
14.696 psia (2116.2psfa) or 101.3kPa abs
29.92 inHg or 760mmHg
33.91 ft of water or 10.34m of water
Bourdon Gauge
Use to measure pressures or vacuums.
Curved tube changes its curvature with changes in P inside the
tube, higher P tend to straighten it.
When a pressure and vacuum gage is combined into one we
call this a compound gage
Pressure indicated by such gages at the centers.
PA(psi) = gage reading(psi) + gh/144
g in lb/ft , H in ft
Bourdon Gage Compound pressure and vacuum gage
Piezometer Column
Use to measure moderate pressure of liquids.
Liquid can freely rise without overflowing since it consists of a
sufficiently long tube.
Height of liquid = value of pressure head ; h= p/
The tube diameter should be at least 0.5in(12mm) in order to reduce
capillary error.
It is commonly used to measure small and moderate pressure
differences.
A manometer contains one or more fluids such as mercury,
water, alcohol, or oil.
In stacked-up fluid layers, the pressure change across a fluid

layer of density and height h is gh.
Use vertical or inclined liquid columns to measure the pressure
The basic manometer.
A simple U-tube manometer, with

high pressure applied to the right
side.
Use vertical or inclined liquid columns to measure the pressure
The Piezometer Tube Manometer
Pressure at A = pressure due to column of

liquid above A
PA = gh1
Pressure at B = pressure due to column of
liquid above B
PB = gh2
Applicable if
liquids are used (i.e. not for gases)
only when the liquid height is convenient to
measure (not too small or too large and
pressure changes must be detectable)
The "U"-Tube Manometer
Using a "U"-Tube enables the pressure of both

liquids and gases to be measured with the same
instrument. The "U" is connected as in the figure
below and filled with a fluid called the manometric
fluid. The fluid whose pressure is being measured
should have a mass density less than that of the
manometric fluid and the two fluids should not be
able to mix readily - that is, they must be
immiscible.
Pressure in a continuous static fluid
is the same at any horizontal level
so,
For the left hand arm ;
For the right hand arm ;
As we are measuring gauge pressure we can subtract Patm giving
If the fluid being measured is a gas, the density will probably be very
low in comparison to the density of the manometric fluid i.e. man >>
. In this case the term gh1 can be neglected, and the gauge pressure
give by ;
Inclined Tube Manometer.
Measurement Of Pressure Difference Using a "U"- Tube
Manometer.
If the manometer is arranged as in the

figure above, then;
D
Giving the pressure difference;
Again, if the fluid whose pressure

Pressure difference measurement by the difference is being measured is a gas
"U"-Tube manometer
and man>> , then the terms involving
can be neglected, so
Determine the pressure difference between points A and B,
for the set up as shown below.
For the manometer shown above, calculate the pressure
difference between points M and N
15 cm
22 cm
P
+
sp.gr A A
0.876
A pipe is carrying a fluid of sp.gr. 0.876. A U-tube manometer

connected to the pipe shows level f mercury 15 cm above the
centre of the pipe. The difference in the level of mercury in the
two limbs is 22 cm. Find the pressure of the fluid in the pipe.
P
+
12
cm
sp.gr 42 cm
0.876
A A
Hg
p = 13600
A simple U-tube is connected to a pipe carrying

kerosene (sp.gr. 0.823). The left limb shows the level
of mercury 12 cm below the centre of the pipe and in
the right limb 42 cm below the centre of the pipe.
What is the pressure in the pipe?
A differential manometer is connected at points A and B of
two different pipes as shown in Fig. below. The pipe A
contains acetone (SG = 0.787) and pipe B contains propyl
alcohol (SG = 0.802). The pressure at A and B are 1.2
kg/cm and 1.75 kg/cm respectively. What will be the
difference in mercury level?

Ch2 Fluid Statics - Pressure Sem 1 1718

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Ch2 Fluid Statics - Pressure Sem 1 1718

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BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 1

Differentiate the relationship among

Unit : N /m2 = Pa (SI unit)

1 bar = 105 Pa = 100kN/m2 = 1.325 kN/m2 (at sea

1 atm = 1.325 kN/m2 (at 20 C)

Free-body diagram of a rectangular

In stacked-up fluids layers at rest, the pressure change across

Points on the same horizontal level have the same pressure.

6. BASED ON STEPS 1 TO 5 ABOVE,

7. SOLVE THE PROBLEM- REASONING, VERIFICATION, AND

A device that measures the atmospheric pressure

It measures the difference in P between the

PA(psi) = gage reading(psi) + gh/144

Bourdon Gage Compound pressure and vacuum gage

In stacked-up fluid layers, the pressure change across a fluid

The basic manometer.

A simple U-tube manometer, with

Pressure at A = pressure due to column of

Using a "U"-Tube enables the pressure of both

For the left hand arm ;

For the right hand arm ;

As we are measuring gauge pressure we can subtract Patm giving

If the manometer is arranged as in the

Giving the pressure difference;

Again, if the fluid whose pressure

A pipe is carrying a fluid of sp.gr. 0.876. A U-tube manometer

A simple U-tube is connected to a pipe carrying

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