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BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 2
Pressure: A normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area
pressure,P = =
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 3
Absolute pressure Pabs
The actual pressure at a given position.
Measured with respect to vacuum (absolute zero)
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 4
Gage pressure Pg:
The difference between the absolute pressure and the local
atmospheric pressure.
Measured with respect to atmospheric pressure.
Most pressure-measuring devices are calibrated to read zero
in the atmosphere, and so they indicate gage pressure.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 5
Vacuum pressures Pvac:
Pressures below atmospheric pressure.
normally measured in terms of head of mercury such as mm
of Hg or cm of Hg.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 6
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 7
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 8
Pascals law of Fluid Pressure
when the fluid is at rest, pressure is same in all direction.
The pressure applied to a confined fluid increases the
pressure throughout by the same amount.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 9
B
PzSinq
q ds
Pz
dy
q
PzCosq
Px
Thickness
A C
dx
Py
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 10
Pressure at a Point
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 11
Hydrostatic Law
the rate of increase in pressure in a fluid in vertically
downward direction is equal to the specific weight of the
fluid.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 12
h
A B
dh
D C
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 13
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 14
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 15
The pressure of a fluid at rest
increases with depth (as a result of added weight).
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 16
When the variation of density
with elevation is known
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics-war 17
Pressure variation of different fluids
1 = + 1 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 18
In a room filled with a gas, the variation
of pressure with height is negligible.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 19
Pressure in a liquid at rest
increases linearly with
distance from the free
surface.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 20
The pressure is the same at all points on a horizontal plane in a given fluid
regardless of geometry, provided that the points are interconnected by the
same fluid.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 21
The change in pressure in a homogeneous liquid at rest due to a
change in elevation can be calculated from :
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 22
PROBLEM-SOLVING TECHNIQUE
1. READ THE QUESTION AND DO NOT ASSUME.
ENGINEERS ARE EXPECTED TO READ CAREFULLY.
2. WRITE DOWN WHAT IS/ARE GIVEN
3. SKETCH THE DIAGRAM.
4. WRITE DOWN WHAT IS/ ARE NEEDED.
5. THINK CAREFULLY AND LIST YOUR ASSUMPTIONS.
p= gh,
p 500 x 103
h= = =50.968 m of water
g 1000 x 9.81
p 500 x 103
h= = = 3.748 m mercury
g 13.6 103 x 9.81
p 500 x 103
h= = = 5.858 m of fluid = 8.7
g 8.7 x 1000 x 9.81
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 24
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT DEVICES
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 25
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 26
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 27
The length or the cross-sectional area of the
tube has no effect on the height of the fluid
column of a barometer, provided that the
tube diameter is large enough to avoid
surface tension (capillary) effects.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 28
3
0
3
1
Mercury Barometer
Use to measure the absolute pressure (Pabs) of atmosphere.
Liquid will rise in tube
when we immerse the mouth of tube in a liquid that is open to
the atmosphere.
When we exhaust air from tube.
If the tube is long enough and if all the air have been removed, the
only P on the surface of liquid in the tube will be its own vapor
pressure, therefore the liquid will achieved it maximum height.
Po= Pa = Patm
Po = gy + Pvapor;
Patm = gy + Pvapor ;
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 32
Aneroid Barometer
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 33
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 34
Bourdon Gauge
Use to measure pressures or vacuums.
Curved tube changes its curvature with changes in P inside the
tube, higher P tend to straighten it.
When a pressure and vacuum gage is combined into one we
call this a compound gage
Pressure indicated by such gages at the centers.
g in lb/ft , H in ft
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 35
Piezometer Column
Use to measure moderate pressure of liquids.
Liquid can freely rise without overflowing since it consists of a
sufficiently long tube.
Height of liquid = value of pressure head ; h= p/
The tube diameter should be at least 0.5in(12mm) in order to reduce
capillary error.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 36
It is commonly used to measure small and moderate pressure
differences.
A manometer contains one or more fluids such as mercury,
water, alcohol, or oil.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 37
Use vertical or inclined liquid columns to measure the pressure
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 39
The Piezometer Tube Manometer
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 40
The "U"-Tube Manometer
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 41
Pressure in a continuous static fluid
is the same at any horizontal level
so,
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 42
If the fluid being measured is a gas, the density will probably be very
low in comparison to the density of the manometric fluid i.e. man >>
. In this case the term gh1 can be neglected, and the gauge pressure
give by ;
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 43
Inclined Tube Manometer.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 44
Measurement Of Pressure Difference Using a "U"- Tube
Manometer.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 45
Determine the pressure difference between points A and B,
for the set up as shown below.
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 46
For the manometer shown above, calculate the pressure
difference between points M and N
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 47
15 cm
22 cm
P
+
sp.gr A A
0.876
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 48
P
+
12
cm
sp.gr 42 cm
0.876
A A
Hg
p = 13600
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 49
A differential manometer is connected at points A and B of
two different pipes as shown in Fig. below. The pipe A
contains acetone (SG = 0.787) and pipe B contains propyl
alcohol (SG = 0.802). The pressure at A and B are 1.2
kg/cm and 1.75 kg/cm respectively. What will be the
difference in mercury level?
BAA2713-Fluid Mechanics 50