Diffraction

M1.D
[

M2.A
[1

M.D

M4.C
[1]

M5.A
[1]

M.B
[

M7.A
[1]

M8.B
[1]
[1]

M10. (a) 3 subsidiary maxima in correct positions (1)

intensity decreasing (1)

(b) a single wavelength (1)

constant phase relationship/difference (1)

 2

(c) maxima further apart/central maximum wider/subsidiary maximum

wider/maxima are wider (1)
1

(d) wider/increased separation (1)

lower intensity (1)

(e) distinct fringes shown with subsidiary maxima (1)

indication that colours are present within each subsidiary maxima (1)

blue/violet on the inner edge or red outer for at least one subsidiary
maximum (1)

(middle of) central maximum white (1)

3
[10]

M11.(a) single frequency (or wavelength or photon energy)

not single colour
accept very narrow band of frequencies
1

(b) subsidiary maxima (centre of) peaks further away from centre
For second mark: One square tolerance
horizontally. One whole subsid max seen on either
side.

subsidiary maxima peaks further away from centre AND central maximum
twice width of subsidiaries AND symmetrical
Central higher than subsid and subsid same height
+ / 2 squares. Minima on the x axis + / 1
square.
Must see 1 whole subsidiary for second mark
2

(c) ONE FROM:

don't shine towards a person

avoid (accidental) reflections
wear laser safety goggles
'laser on' warning light outside room
Stand behind laser
other sensible suggestion
allow green goggles for red laser, high intensity
 goggles, etc.
not goggles, sunglasses

eye / skin damage could occur

2

(d) 3 from 4

central white (fringe)

each / every / all subsidiary maxima are composed of a spectrum
(clearly stated or implied)
each / every / all subsidiary maxima are composed of a spectrum
(clearly stated or implied) AND (subsidiary maxima) have violet
(allow blue) nearest central maximum OR red furthest from centre
Fringe spacing less / maxima are wider / dark fringes are smaller (or
not present)
allow white in middle
For second mark do not allow there are colours or
there is a spectrum on their own
Allow rainbow pattern instead of spectrum but not
a rainbow
Allow rainbow pattern instead of spectrum but not
a rainbow
If they get the first, the second and third are easier
to award
Allow full credit for annotated sketch
3
[8]

M12.(a) (i) (use of d sin = n gives) 2 = d sin 35.8 (1)

(= 1.67 106)

= 4.9 107m (1) (4.87 107m)

(ii)

E (= hf = 6.63 10 6.16 10 ) = 4.1 10 (J) (1) (4.0(8)

34 14 19

10 (J))
19

= 2.6 (eV) (1) (2.55 (eV)

(for E = 4.1 1019(J) = 2.56 (eV)

5

(b) (i) from C to A (1)

 (ii) (use of Ek = 3 / 2kT gives) E = 1.5 1.38 10 5000 =
k
23

1.0(4) 1019J
[or =
0.64(7) eV] (1)

(iii) some gas atoms have enough kinetic energy to cause

excitation by
collision (1)
photons (of certain energies) only released when de-excitation
or electron transfer to a lower level, occurs (1)
gas atoms have a spread of speeds / kinetic energies (1)
mean Ek (of gas atoms) proportional to T (1)
excitation can occur to level C (1)
de-excitation from C to B produces 2.6 eV photon / light
of this wavelength (1)
(max 6)
QWC 1
[11]

M13.(a) Suitable experiment eg diffraction through a door / out of a pipe

1

(b) Using c = d / t

t = 2 500 / 480 = 5.2 s

1

(c) (Measured time is difference between time taken by light and time
taken by sound)

Calculation assumes that light takes no time to reach observer, ie

speed is infinite
Do not allow could not know speed of light
1

(d) Sound from gun is a mixture of frequencies.

Alternative for 1st mark (so speed is independent of
frequency) the sound of the gun is similar when
close and far away
1

All the sound reaches observer at the same time,

1

(e) More accurate, as it is closer to the accepted value.

1
 (f) When = 0 C c = 331.29 m s 1

Therefore

331.29 = k 273.15

k = 20.045
1

(g) The method and value are published

1

other scientists repeat the experiment using the same method

1
[10]

M14. (a) (i) 0, 2 or 4 [or 0, 360 or 720] (1)

(ii) 4 (1)

(iii) sin = (1)

[or sin = ]

CE = 4 and AC = 2d (1) (hence result)

[or BD = 2 and AB = d]
max 3

(b) (limiting case is when = 90 or sin = 1)

(1) (= 4.6)

highest order is 4th (1)

2
[5]

M15.(a) uniform width peaks (accurate to within one division)

peaks need to be rounded ie not triangular
the minima do not need to be exactly zero

a collection of peaks of constant amplitude or amplitude decreasing

away from central peak
pattern must look symmetrical by eye
condone errors towards the edge of the pattern
 double width centre peak total mark = 0
2

(b) (i) constant / fixed / same phase relationship / difference (and

same frequency / wavelength)
in phase is not enough for the mark
1

(ii) single slit acts as a point / single source diffracting / spreading

light to both slits
OR
the path lengths between the single slit and the double slits are
constant / the same / fixed
1

(iii) superposition of waves from two slits

phrase constructive superposition = 2 marks

diffraction (patterns) from both slits overlap (and interfere

constructively) (this mark may come from a diagram)

constructive interference / reinforcement (at bright fringe)

peaks meet peaks / troughs meet troughs (any reference to
antinode will lose this mark)

waves from each slit meet in phase

OR path difference = n
4 max 3

(c) (i) D= = do not penalise any incorrect

powers of ten for this mark
= 0.5 (m) (0.4938 m)
numbers can be substituted into the equation using
any form
note 0.50 m is wrong because of a rounding error
full marks available for answer only
2

(ii) fringes further apart or fringe / pattern has a greater width / is

wider
 ignore any incorrect reasoning
changes to green is not enough for mark
1

(iii) increase D
measure across more than 2 maxima
several / few implies more than two

added detail which includes

explaining that when D is increased then w increases
Or
repeat the reading with a changed distance D or using different
numbers of fringes or measuring across different pairs of
(adjacent) fringes
Or
explaining how either of the first two points improves / reduces
the percentage error.
no mark for darkened room
3
[13]

M16.(a) 2.9%
Allow 3%
1

(b) seen
1

0.29 mm or 2.9 x 10-4 m must see 2 sf only

1

(c) 0.01 mm
1

(d) Clear indication that at least 10 spaces have been measured to give
a spacing = 5.24 mm
spacing from at least 10 spaces
Allow answer within range 0.05
1
 (e) Substitution in d sin = n
The 25 spaces could appear here as n with sin as
0.135 / 2.5
1

d = 0.300 x 10 m so
-3

number of lines = 3.34 x103

Condone error in powers of 10 in substitution
Allow ecf from 1-4 value of spacing
1

(f) Calculates % difference (4.6%)

1

and makes judgement concerning agreement

Allow ecf from 1-5 value
1

(g) care not to look directly into the laser beam

OR
care to avoid possibility of reflected laser beam
OR
warning signs that laser is in use outside the laboratory
ANY ONE
1
[10]

M17.(a) (i) vertical or parallel (1)

equally spaced (1)
black and yellow [or dark and light] bands (1)

(ii)
 = 2.9 103 m (1)

tan = (1) gives = 0.18 (1)

(iii) narrower slits give more diffraction (1)

more overlap (so more fringes) (1)
fringes same width (1)
(max 8)

(b) (i)

sin = 5.86 107 (1)

= 13.6 (1)

(ii) = 90 and correctly used (1)

= 4.3 4th order (1)

(5)

(c) brighter images (1)

large angles (1)
sharper (or narrower) lines (1)
(max 2)
[15]

M18.(a) one of:

(spectral) analysis of light from stars
(analyse) composition of stars
chemical analysis
measuring red shift \ rotation of stars
 insufficient answers:
observe spectra, spectroscopy, view absorption \ emission
spectrum, compare spectra, look at light from stars.
Allow : measuring wavelength or frequency from a
named source of light
Allow any other legitimate application that specifies
the source of light. E.g.
absorbtion \ emission spectra in stars,
observe spectra of materials
1

(b) (i) first order beam

first order spectrum
first order image

Allow n = 1 , 1 , one, 1st
1

(ii) the light at A will appear white (and at B there will be a

spectrum)
OR greater intensity at A
1

(c) ( d = 1 / (lines per mm 103)

= 6.757 107 (m) OR 6.757 104 (mm)

( n = d sin )
= 6.757 107 sin 51.0 ecf only for :
incorrect power of ten in otherwise correct calculation of d
use of d = 1480, 1.48, 14.8 (etc)
from incorrect order in bii

= 5.25 107 (m) ecf only for :

incorrect power of ten in otherwise correct d
from incorrect order in bii
Some working required for full marks. Correct
answer only gets 2
Power of 10 error in d gets max 2
For use of d in mm, answer =
5.25 104 gets max 2
n = 2 gets max 2 unless ecf from bii
use of d = 1480 yields wavelength of 1150m
3
 (d) n = d (sin90) / OR n = 6.757 107 / 5.25 107 ecf both
numbers from c

= 1.29 so no more beams observed or answer consistent with

their working

OR

2 = d (sin) / OR sin = 2 5.25 107 / 6.757 107 ecf both

numbers from c

sin = 1.55 (so not possible to calculate angle) so no more beams

OR sin1(2 (their / their d) )

(not possible to calculate) so no more beams ecf
Accept 1.28, 1.3
Second line gets both marks
Conclusion consistent with working
2
[8]

Electricity
M1.C
[1]

M2.A
[1]

M3.D
[1]
M4.D
[1]

M5.B
[1]

M6.D
[1]

M7.B
[1]

M8. (a) (i)

suitable variable input (variable power supply or

variable resistor) (1)

protective resistor and diode forward biased (1)

correct current and pd measuring devices (1)

3
 (ii) the mark scheme for this part of the question includes an
overall assessment for the Quality of Written Communication

QWC descriptor mark

range

good- Uses accurately appropriate grammar, spelling, punctuation 5-6

excellent and legibility.
Uses the most appropriate form and style of writing to give
an explanation or to present an argument in a well structured
piece of extended writing.
[May include bullet points and/or formulae or equations].
Answer refers to at least 5 of the relevant points listed below.

modest- Only a few errors. 3-4

adequate Some structure to answer, style acceptable, arguments or
explanations partially supported by evidence or examples.
Answer refers to at least 3 or the relevant points listed below.

poor- Several significant errors. 1-2

limited Answer lacking structure, arguments not supported by
evidence and contains limited information.
Answer refers to no more than 2 of the relevant points.

incorrect,
inappropriate No answer at all or answer refers to unrelated, incorrect or
0
or no inappropriate physics.
response

The explanation expected in a competent answer should

include a coherent selection of the following physics ideas.

connect circuit up (1)

measure current (I) and pd/voltage (V) (1)

vary resistance/voltage (1)

obtain a range of results (1)

reverse connections to power supply (and repeat) (1)

plot a graph (of pd against current) (1)

mention of significance of 0.6V or disconnect between readings

or change range on meters when doing reverse bias (1)
 (b) (i) (use of I = V/R)

I = 12/8 (1)= 1.5A (1)

(ii) I = (12 0.65 (1))/4 = 2.8 A (1) sig figs (1)

5
[14]

M9. (a) (i) 6.0 () (1)

1

(ii) 4.5 (V) (1)

1

(iii) (use of I = V/R)

I = 4.5/6.0 = 0.75 (A) (1)

current through cell A = 0.75/2 = 0.375 (A) (1)

2

(iv) charge = 0.375 300 = 112 (1) C (1)

2

(b) cells C and D will go flat first or A and B last longer (1)

current/charge passing through cells C and D (per second) is

double/more than that passing through A or B (1)

energy given to charge passing through cells per second is double

or more than in cells C and D (1) or in terms of power
3
[9]
M10. (a) mention of pd across internal resistance or energy loss
in internal resistance or emf > V

pd across internal resistance/lost volts increases with

current or correct use of equation to demonstrate
2

(b) (i) y intercept 1.52 V ( 0.01 V)

1

(ii) identifies gradient as r or use of equation

substitution to find gradient or substitution in equation

r = 0.45 0.02
3

(c) (i) same intercept

double gradient (must go through 1.25, 0.40 1.5 squares)

2

(ii) same intercept horizontal line

1

(d) (i) (use of Q = lt)

Q = 0.89 15 = 13 C
2

(ii) use of P = I2r

P = 0.892 0.45

P = 0.36 W
2
[13]
M11. (a) (use of P = V/l)

l = 36/12 = 3.0 A

l = 2.0/4.5 = 0.44 A
2

(b) (i) pd = 24 12 = 12 V
1

(ii) current = 3.0 + 0.44 = 3.44 A

1

(iii) R1 = 12/3.44 = 3.5

1

(iv) pd = 12 4.5 7.5 V

1

(v) R2 = 7.5/0.44 = 17
1

(c) (i) (circuit) resistance increases

current is lower (reducing voltmeter reading)

or correct potential divider argument

2

(ii) pd across Y or current through Y increases

hence power/rate of energy dissipation greater or temperature of

lamp
increases
2
[11]
M12. (a) (i) (use of P=VI)

I = 36/12 + 6/12 = 3.5 (A)

2

(ii) (use of V=IR)

R = 12/3 = 4 ()
1

(iii) R = 12/0.50 = 24 ()
1

(b) terminal pd/voltage across lamp is now less OR current is less

due to lost volts across internal resistance OR due to higher resistance

lamps less bright

3

(c) (i) current through lamps is reduced as resistance is increased orpd

across lamps is reduced as voltage is shared

hence power is less OR lamps dimmer

2

(ii) lamp Q is brighter

lamp Q has the higher resistance hence pd/voltage across is greater

current is the same for both

hence power of Q greater

3
[12]
M13.(a) (i) 1/R total = 1/(40) +1/(10+5) = 0.09167
R total = 10.9 k
3

(ii) I = 12 / 10.9 k = 1.1 mA

1

(b)

position pd / V

AC 6.0

DF 4.0

CD 2.0

C.E. for CD
3

(c) (i) AC: no change

constant pd across resistors / parallel branches(AE)
no CE from first mark
2

(ii) DF: decreases

as greater proportion of voltage across fixed / 10 k resistor
no CE from first mark
2
[11]

M14.(a) (use of =RA / l)

 R = 1.7 107 0.75 / 1.3 107
R = 0.98
First mark for sub. and rearranging of equation.
Bald 0.98 gets both marks
Final answer correct to 2 or more sig. figs.
2

(b) (i) (use of P=VI) I= 2.08 A

1

(ii) V=2.08 0.98 = 2.04 V

C.E. from (a) and (b)(i)
1

(iii) emf = 12 + 2 2.04 = 16.1 V

C.E. from (b)(ii)
If only use one wire then C.E. for second mark
2

(c) lamp would be less bright

as energy / power now wasted in internal resistance / battery
OR terminal pd less
OR current lower (due to greater resistance)
No C.E. from first mark
2
[8]

M15.(a) (i) resistivity is defined as

where R is the resistance of the material of length l

and cross-sectional area A
2

(ii) below the critical temperature / maximum temperature which

resistivity / resistance
is zero / becomes superconductor
 Any reference to negligible / small / very low
resistance loses second mark
2

(b) (use of )

= 0.70 0.00052 / 4.8 = 1.1(5) 107 (1.1 1.2) m

First mark for substitution R and l
Lose 1 mark if diameter used as radius and answer
is 4 times too big (4.4 4.8) OR if power of ten
error
4
[8]

M16.(a) Use of =RA / l)

cross sectional area= (3.7 103)2 = 4.3 105 (m2)

= = 1.4(2) 107 m

area : lose first mark if use diameter as radius or fail

to convert to m2 (if both errors still only lose 1 mark)
CE area for next two marks but if uses diameter in
place of area then lose first two marks
if leave length in km lose 2nd mark but CE for
answer
UNIT stand-alone 4th mark
4

(b) (current in) steel wire (is less than the current in an) aluminium wire
as it has a higher resistivity / resistance OR aluminium is better
conductor
the six aluminium wires are in parallel OR total cross-sectional area
of aluminium is 6 times greater than steel wire
each aluminium wire carries three times as much current as the
(single) steel wire
3
 (c) resistance of 1 km of 6 Al cables in parallel = = 0.183

if ignored the steel wire then can score first and

third mark

total resistance of the cable = 0.174

power loss per km = 32.3 kW (or 30.7 kW if they ignore the steel)
OR
power loss in 1 km of steel = 1.70kW
power loss in 1 km each of Al cable = 5.11 kW
total power loss per km = 32.4 kW (or 30.7 kW if they ignore the
steel)
OR
calculate current in steel wire and aluminium wire (22.7 and 68.2)
calculate power loss in aluminium wire and steel wire (1700 and
5115)
calculate total power loss (1700 + 6 5115 = 32,4 kW)
accept range 32 kW to 33 kW
if ignored steel wire
range for third mark is 30 kW to 31 kW
if wires treated as series resistors then zero
3
[10]

M17.

(a)

first mark for linear at origin and decreasing

gradient in either quadrant (linear region can be
very small)
second mark for symmetry plus no dip at end or
extended horizontal section at end
straight line scores zero
2
 (b) (i) resistance (of filament lamp) increases
1

(ii) filament lamp is a non-ohmic conductor as current is not

(directly) proportional to voltage / resistance is not constant
proportionality can be shown using graph
1

(c) either
circuit / total resistance increases
(hence) current decreases and pd / voltage across R decreases
OR
resistance of PQ combination increases
(hence) greater share of pd / voltage across lamp P
implication that current is different in different parts
of series circuits scores 0
implication that new total current is greater scores
zero
voltage flowing loses second mark
2

(d) (i) (use of energy = VIt)

(energy converted by X = 60 120 3600 =) 2.59 107 J
(energy converted by Y = 11 120 3600 =) 4.75 106 J
Accept answers to 1 sig. fig.
2

(ii) in lamps energy is wasted as heat / thermal energy

specific lamp considered e.g. in lamp, X / filament lamp more
energy is wasted OR in X / filament lamp less energy is
converted to light / luminosity
2
[10]

M18.(a) A combination of resistors in series connected across a voltage source (to

produce a required pd)
Reference to splitting (not dividing) pd
1

(b) When R increases, pd across R increases

Pd across R + pd across T = supply pd

 So pd across T / voltmeter reading decreases
Alternative:

Use of V=

Vtot and R2 remain constant

So V increases when R1 increases
3

(c) At higher temp, resistance of T is lower

1

So circuit resistance is lower, so current / ammeter reading increases

1

(d) Resistance of T = 2500

Current through T = V / R = 3 / 2500 = 1.2 103 A

(Allow alternative using V1/R1 = V2/R2)

pd across R = 12 3 = 9 V
The first mark is working out the current
1

Resistance of R = V / I = 9 / 1.2 103 = 7500

The second mark is for the final answer
1

(e) Connect the alarm across R instead of across T

allow: use a thermistor with a ptc instead of ntc.
1
[9]

M19.(a) emf is the work done / energy transferred by a voltage source / battery / cell
per unit charge
 OR
electrical energy transferred / converted / delivered / produced
per unit charge
OR
pd across terminals when no current flowing / open circuit
not in battery
accept word equation OR symbol equation with
symbols defined if done then must explain energy /
work in equation for first mark
2

(b) (i) by altering the (variable) resistor

1

(ii) reference to correct internal resistance

e.g. resistance of potato (cell)
terminal pd = emf pd across internal resistance / lost volts
pd / lost volts increases as current increases OR as (variable)
resistance decreases greater proportion / share of emf across
internal resistance
accept voltage for pd
3

(iii) draws best fit straight line and attempts to use gradient
uses triangle with base at least 6 cm
value in range 2600 2800 ()
3
stand-alone last mark

(c) total emf is above 1.6 V

but will not work as current not high enough / less than 20 mA
2
[11]

Materials

M1. (a) density = (1)

1
 (b) (i) volume of copper = 0.8 103 (= 0.56 103 m3)

(volume of zinc = 0.24 103 m3)

mc (= cVc) = 8.9 103 0.56 103 = 5.0 kg (1) (4.98 kg)

mz = 0.8 103 7.1 103 = 1.7 (kg) (1)

(allow C.E. for incorrect volumes)

(ii) mb (= 5.0 +1.7) = 6.7 (kg) (1)

(allow C.E. for values of mc and mz)

b = = 8.4 103 kg m3 (1)

(allow C.E. for value of mb)

[or b = (0.7 8900) + (0.3 7100) (1) = 8.4 103 kg m3 (1)]
max 4
[5]

M2.(a) Force proportional to extension

up to the limit of proportionality (accept elastic limit) dependent upon

award of first mark
Symbols must be defined
Accept word equation
allow F=kL (or F L) up to the limit of
proportionality for the second mark only
allow stress strain up to the limit of
proportionality for the second mark only
2

(b) Gradient clearly attempted / use of k=F / L

k = 30 / 0.026 = 1154
or 31 / 0.027 = 1148
 correct values used to calculate gradient with appropriate 2sf answer given
(1100 or 1200)
1100 or 1200 with no other working gets 1 out of 2

OR 1154 6 seen
Do not allow 32/0.0280 or 33/0.0290 (point A) for
second mark.

AND load used >= 15 (= 1100 or 1200 (2sf) )

32 / 0.028 is outside tolerance. 32/0.0277 is just
inside.

Nm1 / N / m (newtons per metre) (not n / m, n / M, N / M)

3

(c) any area calculated or link energy with area / use of 1 / 2FL
(or 0.001 Nm for little squares)

35 whole squares, 16 part gives 43 1.0

OR equivalent correct method to find whole area

0.025 Nm per (1cm) square candidates number of squares and correctly

evaluated
OR (= 1.075) = 1.1 (J) (1.05 to 1.10 if not rounded)
3

(d) permanent deformation / permanent extension

Allow: doesnt return to original length; correct
reference to yield e.g. allow extension beyond
the yield point
do not accept: does not obey Hookes law or
ceases to obey Hookes law,
1

(e) any line from B to a point on the x axis from 0.005 to 0.020

straight line from B to x axis (and no further) that reaches x axis for
0.010<=L<= 0.014
2

(f) work done by spring < work done by the load

Accept less work or it is less (we assume they are
referring to the work done by spring)
1
[12]
M3.(a)

breaking stress

stiffness constant, k

tensile strain

tensile stress

Young modulus

(b) (i) elastic limit

only one attempt at the answer is allowed
1

(ii) ( E = 300 106 / 4 10-2 = 7.5 109 )

7.5 (Pa) allow 7.4 to 7.6 (Pa)
109
first mark is for most significant digits ignoring the
power of 10. E.g. 7500 gains mark
2

(c) straight line beginning on existing line at a strain of 0.10 and hitting
the strain axis at a lower non-zero value
line that ends on the x -axis with strain between 0.045 and 0.055
(only allow if first mark is given)
ie accuracy required one division
2

(d) 8.99 10-3 (m3) condone 1 sig fig

allow 9.00 10-3
1
 (e) 0.9872 8.99 10-3 or = 8.8749 10-3 (m3)
allow CE from 4d

(m = V )= 2700 8.8749 10-3 = 24 (kg) (23.962 kg)

allow CE from first part, e.g. if 1.28% was used gives 0.311 kg
V =0.9872 (d)
m = 2.665 (d)
1.28% of vol = 1.15 10-4 m3
2
[9]

M4.(a) (moment = ) Force x perpendicular distance

between line of action (of force) and pivot / point
both marks need to be clear avoid bod
if the force is named specifically (e.g. weight) mark
the work but give a maximum of 1 mark
ignore extra material such as law of moments
2

(b) (i) moment = 250 0.048 = 12 (allow 12000 for this mark)
only allow answers in other units if consistent e.g.
1200 N cm

N m (stand alone mark if no number is present but only for N

mm, N cm and N m)
no working shown can gain full marks if answer and
unit are consistent
newton should be upper case if a symbol and metre
should be in lower case (but only penalise if it is
very obviously wrong)
2

(ii) Y 0.027 = 12 OR Y = 12 / 0.027

(allow use of 12 and 27 for this mark)
= 440 (N) (444.4 N) CE from (i)
Y = (i) / 0.027
treat power of 10 error as an AE
note 450 N is wrong
1 sig fig is not acceptable
2
 (iii) (k = F / L)
= 444.4 / 0.015 CE from (ii)
= 3.0 104 (Nm-1) (29630 Nm-1 )
k = (ii) / 0.015
treat power of 10 error as an AE
using 440 gives 2.9 104 (Nm-1)
1 sig fig is not acceptable
2

(iv) W (= F L ) = 444.4 0.015

Or
W (= k L2 ) = 29630 0.0152
(give this mark for seeing the digits only ie ignore powers of 10
and allow CE from (ii) or (iii) as appropriate
= 3.3 (J) (3.333 J)
W = (ii) 0.015
W = (iii) 0.0152
treat power of 10 error as an AE
if either equation misses out the no marks
common CE is to use F = 250 N which can be
used giving W = 1.9 J
2
[10]

M5.(a) P at the end of linear section

1

(b) Measure original length and diameter

1

Determine gradient of linear section to obtain F / extension

1

1
Alternative:
Convert to stressstrain graph and determine
gradient.
(c) Line from A

Parallel to straight section of original

Ending at horizontal axis

1

(d) Plastic deformation has produced permanent extension / re-

alignment of bonds in material hence intercept non-zero
1

Gradient is same because after extension identical forces between

bonds
1

(e) 0.2% is a strain of 0.002

Stress = 2.0 x 1011 x 0.002 =

1

4 x 108

= 11.3 kN
1

(f) Maximum force = 11300 N

Weight of mass = 600 x 9.81 = 5886 N

1

Accelerating force must be less than

11300 5886 = 5423 N

1

a (= F / m = 5423 / 600)

= 9.0 m s2
1
 (g) To lift double the load at the same acceleration, would require double
the force,
The first mark is for discussing the effect on the
force
1

To produce the same strain either use:

double the diameter of wire so the stress stays the same and
therefore the strain is the same for the same wire,
1
a wire with double the Young modulus so that double the
stress produces the same strain for the same diameter.
1
The other two are for discussing the two alternative
methods of keeping the strain the same
[16]

M6. (a) (i) straight best fit line from 0 (at least) extension of 4.0 103 m
(1)

smooth curve near points after 5.0 103 m (1)

2

(ii) their (ignore powers of ten) (1)

= 5.1 107

and x axis interval 3.0 (1) (5.06 to 5.14 107 N m1) ecf from graph

allow error in calculation 2%

2

(b) load = 2.8 105 or = (1) 2.8 only

= 1.1 108 (Pa) 110 (MPa) (1) (1.12 108)

(M)Pa, pascals, N m2 (1)

3
 (c) (l = )= (1) (= 2.94 103 m for 10 m)

gives 0.29(4) (m) (1) ecf

or reads a reasonable extension for 150 kN from the graph (1)

and multiples by 100 (= 0.29) (ecf) (1)

2
[9]

M7. (a) returns to original length/shape/position/state/zero

extension/no permanent extension (1)
1

(b) (12 to 14 big squares/318 small squares 8 area of 1 big square

= 10N 0.05m = 0.50/small = 2 0.01 = 0.02)

statement of method that refers to area (1)

accept triangle if area is mentioned

5.0 to 8.0 (J) or clear attempt to calculate correct area (1)

triangle OK here 5.1 (J) for single triangle is max 2

6.0 to 7.0 (J) (1)

3

(c) (E =) (1)

(=) (1) also gets first mark

incorrect values of F and L get first mark only

2.5 107 (Pa) (1)

or (stress = F/A =) 10/5 106 (= 2.0 106 Pa) (1)

(strain = L/L =) 0.04/0.5 (= 0.08) (1)

 2 106/0.08 gets both marks

E correctly evaluated from incorrect value of stress and

incorrect value of strain gets 1 mark only

use of 50 (N) and 0.04 (m) giving 1.25 108 (Pa) gains 2 marks

use of 5(N) and 0.4 (m) is max 2

2.5 107 (Pa) (1)

3

(d) (i) straight line through origin finishing at the same point as the
rubber 1 small division (1)
1

(ii) point beyond which

graph is no longer linear

or force no longer proportional to extension

or Hookes law limit (1)

1
[9]

M8.(a) (i) 11 (m)

B1
1

(ii) Use of F = kL or W = mg
Allow use of L =12 m

C1

3400 (N)

A1
2
 (b) Sets mg = kL

C1

1.9 (m)

A1
2

(c) Correct use of W = kL2 or FL

L = 5 m

C1

Correct use of GPE = mgh

h = 25 m

C1

States or uses (mgh) ( kL2) = mv2

C1

19 (m s1) cnao

A1
4

(d) Same kinetic energy when rope begins to stretch

B1

More work done per unit extension / stops in shorter distance

Shorter time gets no credit

B1

Increases force on jumper (increasing the risk of injury)

B1
3
[12]

M9. (a) (i) use of mg = kL or F = kL and F = mg

C1
 extension = 5.9 m

A1

total length = 25.9 m (allow 20 + their extension)

B1
3

(ii) 20 + twice (5.9) amplitude + 2.6; 34.4 m;

allow ecf from ai

B1
1

(b) (i) T = 2m/k and T = 1/f or f = 1/2 k/m

B1

correct substitution: allow for calculation

of T (4.85 s)

B1

0.21 or 0.206 (Hz)

B1
3

(ii) substitutes data in vmax = 2fA

C1

5.4 ms1 (5.28 to 5.53)

A1
2

(iii) two complete oscillations shown with positive

and negative velocities and acceptable shape
(condone more than 2)

B1

and two from

period of 5 s used in graph (allow ecf for T from
earlier part)

B1

start at 0 and positive velocity change at T = 0

with positive and negative velocities shown
 B1

max velocity shown decreasing

B1
3

(c) (i) it would have to raised

B1

rest extension would be greater/rider would be

nearer the ground if extension unchanged

B1

the rider has to move down a distance = to the

amplitude (5.9 m) from the new rest position

or with same initial extension/energy stored in rope,

the rider would reach a lower height
amplitude would be lower
or due to the larger mass more energy (= mgh) is
needed to reach the same height

so initial extension would have to be increased

B1
3

(ii) the rope would become slack at the top of the

ride so the rider would go into free flight/rider
would overshoot the highest point

B1

the rider would fall and, with negligible air

resistance, the rope would again absorb the energy
arriving back at the start point or rider is more likely
to fail to reach the ground after one oscillation
due to energy losses/air resistance

B1

the PE gained (at the top of the flight) can (at most)
only be converted back to the elastic energy that was
stored in the rope at the start

(allow a statement to the effect that to hit the floor

would contravene conservation of energy or require an
energy input)
 B1
3
[18]

Moments
M1.(a) (moment = ) Force x perpendicular distance
between line of action (of force) and pivot / point
both marks need to be clear avoid bod
if the force is named specifically (e.g. weight) mark
the work but give a maximum of 1 mark
ignore extra material such as law of moments
2

(b) (i) moment = 250 0.048 = 12 (allow 12000 for this mark)
only allow answers in other units if consistent e.g.
1200 N cm

N m (stand alone mark if no number is present but only for N

mm, N cm and N m)
no working shown can gain full marks if answer and
unit are consistent
newton should be upper case if a symbol and metre
should be in lower case (but only penalise if it is
very obviously wrong)
2

(ii) Y 0.027 = 12 OR Y = 12 / 0.027

(allow use of 12 and 27 for this mark)
= 440 (N) (444.4 N) CE from (i)
Y = (i) / 0.027
treat power of 10 error as an AE
note 450 N is wrong
1 sig fig is not acceptable
2

(iii) (k = F / L)
 = 444.4 / 0.015 CE from (ii)
= 3.0 104 (Nm-1) (29630 Nm-1 )
k = (ii) / 0.015
treat power of 10 error as an AE
using 440 gives 2.9 104 (Nm-1)
1 sig fig is not acceptable
2

(iv) W (= F L ) = 444.4 0.015

Or
W (= k L2 ) = 29630 0.0152
(give this mark for seeing the digits only ie ignore powers of 10
and allow CE from (ii) or (iii) as appropriate
= 3.3 (J) (3.333 J)
W = (ii) 0.015
W = (iii) 0.0152
treat power of 10 error as an AE
if either equation misses out the no marks
common CE is to use F = 250 N which can be
used giving W = 1.9 J
2
[10]

M2. (a) (sum of) clockwise moments (about a point) =(sum of) anticlockwise
moments (1)

(for a system) in equilibrium (1)

accept balanced not stationary
2

(b) (780 0.35 =) 270 (Nm) (1) (273)

Nm (1) or newton metre(s) accept Newton metre(s)

(not J, nm or nM, Nms, etc)
2

(c) (b) + (1100 0.60) (1)

(=) FA 1.3 (1) (FA = 660 + 273/1.3 gets both marks)

(= 933/1.3) = 720 (N) (1) (717.7 or 715 for use of 930)

ecf (b)
 2 sf only (1)
independent mark
4

(d) (780 + 1100 (c)) = 1200 (1) (1162 N)

ecf (c)
1

(e) (1)
must be arranged in this form

= 290 (N) (1) (288.46)

2
[11]

M3. (a) (i) (moment = 520 x 0.26) = 140 (135.2)

Nm
2

(ii) 180 x 0.41 and 0.63 X seen

135.2 = 180 x 0.41 + 0.63 X ecf from (a)(i)

(X = (135.2 73.8) / 0.63)

= 97 (N) (97.46) allow 105 from use of 140Nm ecf from (a)(i)
3

(iii) (520 (180 + 97.46))

= 240 (242.5 N) ecf (or from correct moments calculation)

1

(b) (i) (v2 = u2 + 2as)

 9.32 = 2 x a x 35 OR 9.32=70a OR a = v2/2s
OR 9.32/70

OR correct alternative approach

1.2 (1.2356) (m s2)

2

(ii) (m = W/g) = 520/9.81 (= 53.0) (kg)

F = ma = 53 3bi (1.2356) = 65 (N) (65.49)

accept use of 1.2 giving 64(63.6) , allow 53 x 124 = 65.7

2
[10]

M4. (a) (i) weight of container (= mg = 22000 9.8(1)) = 2.16 105 (N) (1)

tension (= mg) = (5.39) 5.4 104 (N) or divide a weight by 4 (1)

(ii) moment (= force distance) = 22000 g 32 (1) ecf weight in (a) (i)

= 6.9 or 7.0 106 (1) N m or correct base units (1) not J, nm, NM

(iii) the counterweight (1)

provides a (sufficiently large) anticlockwise moment (about Q)

or moment in opposite direction ( to that of the container to
prevent the crane toppling clockwise) (1)

or
left hand pillar pulls (down) (1)
and provides anticlockwise moment

or
the centre of mass of the crane(s frame and the counterweight)
is between the two pillars (1)

which prevents the crane toppling clockwise/to right (1)

7
 (b) (i) (tensile) stress ecf (a) (i) (1)

= 1.4(2) 108 (1) Pa (or N m2) (1)

(ii) extension = (1)

= and (= 1.7 102 m) = 17 (mm) (1)

5
[12]

M5. (a) the point (in a body) (1)

where the weight (or gravity) of the object appears to act

[or resultant torque zero] (1)

2

(b) (i) P 0.90 = 160 0.50 (1)

P = 89 N (88.9 N)

(ii) Q = (160 89) = 71 N (1)

(allow C.E. for value of P from (i))
3

(c) (minimum) force 0.10 = 160 0.40 (1)

force = 640 N (1)

2

(d) force is less (1)

 because distance to pivot is larger (1)

smaller force gives large enough moment (1)

3
[10]

M6.(a) (sum of ) clockwise moment(s) = (sum of ) anticlockwise moment(s)

sum of clockwise moment s = sum of anticlockwise moment s (about any
given point)
(for a system in) equilibrium allow 'balanced'
third mark depends upon the first
Dont allow references to forces being balanced.
Dont allow stationary.
Allow total, etc instead of sum
Ignore definitions of moment
3

(b) (i) 35 110 (103)

(= 3.85) = 3.9 ( or 3.8)
allow 4 or 3.90 but not 4.0

(3.9) Nm / allow (3850, 3900) Nmm don't allow nm, NM

unit must match answer
3

(ii) 3.85 = T 25 (103) ecf from (bi)

Correct answer with no working gets 2 out of three.

T = 3.85 / 25 (103 ) = 0.150 (103 ) ecf

Allow 156 (160) N from rounding error

= 150 (154 N)
3

(c) (P = Fv , F = P / v )
= 2.8( 103) / 15
= 190 (186.7 N)
2
[11]
M7.(a) (i) m = W / g)
(3.4 104 / 9.81 = ) 3500 (3466 kg)
Allow use of g = 10
1

(ii) (moment = 34 000 5.0 ) = 1.7 105 ( Nm)

Nm do not allow NM \ nM etc
allow in words
2

(iii) 170 000 = T x 12 OR T = 170 000 / 12 ecf aii

= 1.4(167) 104 (N)
2

(iv) (component of T perpendicular to lever) = T cos 24 OR 14 167

0.9135 OR 12942 (N) ecf aiii allow 2.5cos24
T

(12942) 2.5 = F 8.0

OR F = ((12942) 2.5) / 8.0 ecf for incorrect component of T
or T on its own
F = 4000 (N) (4044) ecf for incorrect component of T or
T on its own

allow 4100 for use of 14 200 (4054)

Some working required for full marks. Correct
answer only gets 2
Failure to find component of T is max 2 (4400 N)
3
[8]

M8. (a) (i) (one) force distance between the forces

(one) force perpendicular distance between

the lines of action or (one) force perpendicular
distance between the (two) forces
 2

(ii) (810 7.3 =) 5900 (5913) (or alternative correct method)

Nm
2

(b) P = Fv = (2 ) 810 0.91

(1620 0.91) = 1500 (1474 W)

any number to 2 sf
3

(c) to enable comparison between steam and horses

or mill owners/engineers etc needed to know which steam

engine would be suitable

or would easily be able to compare the cost/time saved

or good marketing ploy for steam engines

or easily understood (by industrialists or the public)

or other suitable valid reason

1
[8]
#

Momentum

M1.A
[1]

M2.A
[1]

M3.A
[1]
M4.A
[1]

M5. (a) 32.5 0.156 or 65 0.156: any mass velocity

C1

10.07/10.1/10 ignore sf

A1

kg ms1 (accept Ns)

B1
3

(b) their a/3.80 ( 103) ignore power of 10 error

C1

2670 (N) ecf

A1
2
[5]

M6.(a) Max GPE of block = Mgh = 0.46 9.81 0.63 = 2.84 J

The first mark is for working out the GPE of the
block
1

Initial KE of block = Mv2 = 2.84 J

Initial speed of block v2 = (2 2.84) / 0.46

 v = 3.51 ms
1

The second mark is for working out the speed of

the block initially
1

momentum lost by pellet = momentum gained by block

= Mv = 0.46 3.51 = 1.61 kg m s1

The third mark is for working out the momentum of
the block (and therefore pellet)
1

Speed of pellet = 1.58 / m = 1.58 / 8.8 103 = 180 ms1 (183)

The final mark is for the speed of the pellet
1
At each step the mark is for the method rather than
the calculated answer
Allow one consequential error in the final answer

(b) As pellet rebounds, change in momentum of pellet greater and

therefore the change in momentum of the block is greater
Ignore any discussion of air resistance
1

Initial speed of block is greater

1

(Mass stays the same)

Initial KE of block greater

1

Therefore height reached by steel block is greater than with wooden

block
1

(c) Calculation of steel method will need to assume that collision is

elastic so that change of momentum can be calculated
1

This is unlikely due to deformation of bullet, production of sound etc.

1

And therefore steel method unlikely to produce accurate results.

[10]
M7.(a) force = rate of change of momentum (1)
1

(b) (i) area under graph represents impulse or change in momentum (1)
1

(ii) suitable method to estimate area under graph (1)(1)

[eg counting squares: 20 to 23 squares (1)

each of area 25 103 20 = 0.5 (N s) (1)
or approximate triangle etc (1)
250 103 90 (1)]

gives impulse = 11 1 (1)

N s (or kg m s1) (1)

4

(iii) use of impulse = (mv) (1)

p = mv (mu) = m(v + u) or 11 = 0.42 (v + 10) (1)

giving 0.42 v = 6.8 and v = 16 (m s1) (impulse = 12 gives 19 m s1) (1)

answer to 2 sf only (1)

4

(c) final speed would be lower (1)

any two of the following points (1)(1)

initial momentum would be greater [or greater u must be reversed]

change in momentum [or velocity] is the same [or larger F acts for
shorter t]

initial and final momenta are (usually) in opposite directions

initial and final momenta may be in same direction if initial speed is

sufficiently high
 [alternatively]

final speed = initial speed (1)

gives final speed v = (26 3) initial speed u (1)

consequence is

v is in opposite direction to u when u < 26

v is in same direction as u when u > 26

v is zero (ball stationary) when u = 26

any one of these bullet points (1)

3
[13]

M8. (a) force is equal to (or proportional to) rate of change of momentum

[or impulse = force time = change of momentum]

[Answer should not be in symbols unless all the symbols are explained]
1

(b) (i) use of mgh = mv2 gives v = = ( = 5.60 m

s1)
1

(ii) momentum per second (= 0.30 5.60) = 1.68 (Ns)

1

(iii) mass of sand falling in 10s = (0.30 10) (= 3.00 kg)

force due to arriving sand = momentum arriving per second = 1.68(N)

equivalent mass reading =

 (= 0.17 kg)

so balance reading is 3.00 + 0.65 + 0.17 ( = 3.82 kg )

3

(c) horizontal lines up to 5 s and beyond 25 s

line of constant positive gradient between 5 s and 25 s

(near) vertical steps up at 5 s and down at 25 s

3
[9]

M9. (a) (i) (change in momentum of A) = (1) 25 103 (1)

kg m s1 (or N s) (1)

(ii) (change in momentum of B) = 25 103 kg m s1 (1)

4

(b)

initial vel/m s1 final vel/m s1 initial k.e./J final k.e./J

truck A 2.5 1.25 62500 15600

truck B 0.67 1.5 6730 33750

(1) (1) (1) (1)

(c) not elastic (1)

 because kinetic energy not conserved (1)
kinetic energy is greater before the collision (or less after) (1)
[or justified by correct calculation]
3
[11]

Progressive Wave

M1.D
[1]

M2.B
[1]

M3.D
[1]

M4.C
[1]

M5.C
[1]

M6. (a) max 2 from

in progressive waves, all points have the same amplitude (in turn),
 in stationary waves, they do not

B1

in stationary waves, points between nodes are in phase, in progressive

waves, all points within one wavelength are out of phase with
each other

B1

in stationary waves, there is no energy transfer along the wave,

in progressive waves, there is

B1

stationary waves have nodes and antinodes but progressive waves do not

B1

where there are single relevant statements but no clear comparison

between stationary and compressive waves, award 1 mark for
two such statements
2

(b) f 1/l or= or fl = const

C1

657/660 (Hz)

A1
2
[4]

M7.(a) 110 Hz

B1
1

(b) (Use finger on the fret so that) a length of the string is used to
sound the note or hold string down on 24th fret

B1
 1

(c) Mention or description of beats or description of rising and falling

amplitude / louder and quieter
Regular rising and falling of loudness owtte

B1

B1

Beat frequency 10(.0Hz) Allow beat frequency = 430 - 420

2
[4]

M8. (a) (i) 2(.0) 105 m (i.e. allow 1 sf)

B1
1

(ii) = 4(.0) 104 (m)

B1

v = f (condone c = f)

C1

3.0 MHz sf penalty applies

allow e.c.f. for omitting 104 (300 Hz) but sf penalty
applies for e.g. 0.3 kHz)

A1
3

(b) (i) ultrasound/wave/pulse/energy spreads out from

the transmitter (beam not uni-directional)

B1

energy is absorbed by(or lost to) the transmitting

medium/tissue/body

B1

incident ultrasound/wave/pulse/energy is not all

reflected (by the reflecting object)
 or some is transmitted /absorbed by the organ
or is reflected at different angles (so does not return
to detector)

B1

some ultrasound/wave/pulse/energy reflected by the

skin since gel was not used

B1
max2
ANY 2

(ii) distance travelled 1200 95 or 114 000 or 0.114 m

(i.e. mark for use of velocity time ignoring powers
of 10)

C1

0.057 m ( allow answers in range 0.055 to 0.057 )

A1
2
[8]

M9. (a) (i) rearrangement of f = to give l =

C1

correct subs l = or 92.5 =

C1

1.0(3) (m) condone sf

A1
3
 (ii) 2 loops roughly equal

B1
1

(iii) (lightly) stop (in

centre) B1

pluck or
bow B1
2

(b) keeps tension or mass per unit length constant

B1

way of measuring frequency or producing vibration of known f

B1

way of measuring length (at resonance)

B1

use of suitable graph (f vs 1/l or l vs 1/f) to display results

B1

marks may be awarded for information seen on diagram

4
[10]

M10. (a) maximum displacement from equilibrium/mean

position/mid-point/etc (1)
1

(b) (i) any one from:

surface of water/water waves/in ripple tank (1)

 rope (1)

slinky clearly qualified as transverse (1)

secondary (s) waves (1)

max 1

(ii) transverse wave: oscillation (of medium) is perpendicular to

wave travel

or transverse can be polarised

or all longitudinal require a medium (1)

1

(c) (i) vertical line on B 5 (1)

1

(ii)

max 0, 180, 360 + min 90, 270 (1)

and line reaches same minimum and maximum every time

and reasonable shape (1)
2

(d) appropriate use (1)

reason for Polaroid filter being used (1)

eg
 Polaroid glasses/sunglasses/ to reduce glare
windscreens

camera reduce glare/enhance image

(in a) microscope to identify minerals/rocks

polarimeter to analyse chemicals/concentration

or type of sugar

stress analysis reveals areas of high/low stress/

other relevant detail

LCD displays very low power/other relevant

detail

3D glasses enhance viewing experience, etc

2
[8]

Projectile Motions

M1. (a) (i) t= (evidence for correct rearrangement or substitution) (1)

= (correct substitution leading to answer) (1)

(= 3.7 (3.696) (s))

2

(ii) = 41 (m s1) (1) 2sf (1)

2

(iii) (1) = 36 (1) (m s1)

2

(iv) (or correct scale drawing) (1)

= 54 (m s1) (1)
 ecf from (ii) (iii) [for scale drawing allow range 53 56]

tan = (1) or correct alternative

(angle from horizontal =) 42 () or correct alternative angle

and clear indication of direction (1)

[for scale drawing allow range 40 44 (1)

for scale drawing: quality of construction (1)]
4

(b) (i) (= mgh = 22 9.81 67) = 14000 (14460) (J) (1)

1

(ii) (G)PE KE (1)

(KE to) internal/thermal/heat (energy) (1)

2
[13]

M2. (a) (i) v= (1)

t = 0.015 (s) or 15 (ms) (1)

0.68/0.015 (1) (= 45)

3

(ii) = 3000 (m s2) (3022) (1)

1

(b) (i) s = (ut) = gt2 or t = (1)

correct substitution seen = (1)

 0.68 to 0.69 correct answer to more than one dp seen (1)
3

(ii) (s = vt) = 45(.3) 0.685 or 0.7 (1)

= 30.6 to 32 (1) (m)

2

(iii) mention of air resistance or drag (1)

causing horizontal deceleration or slowing down (1)

2
[11]

M3. (a) velocity vector tangential to path and drawn from the ball, arrow
in correct direction (1)

acceleration vector vertically downwards, arrow drawn and in line

with ball (1)
2

(b) (i) s = gt2 gives t = (1) = 2.2(1) s (1)

(ii) v (= s/t) = 27/2.2(1) (1) = 12(.2 m s1) or 12(.3) (1) (ecf from (b)(i))

(answer only gets both marks)

4
[6]

M4.(a) (i) v=s/t

C1
 19 (18.7) m s1
A1

(ii) zero tolerate missing unit

B1

(iii) v = (u ) + 2as v = u + at s = ut + 1 / 2at

2 2 2 2

C1

v = (2 9.8 11)
C1

15 m s1 / 14.7 m s1
A1

(b) (i) use of Phytagoras

C1

18.72 + 14.72 = v2 OR v2 = (their (a)(i)2 + their (a)(iii)2)

C1

24 (23..7 or 23.8) ms1 ecf

A1

OR velocities drawn correctly to scale

C1

suitable scale used and quoted

M1

23 25 m s2
A1

(ii) 38 to 39 37 to 40 for scale drawing

ecf tan1
B1

(c) when kicked / when landing has max KE

B1

has no PE at this point / has max speed and KE = mv2

B1

or loses energy because of (work done against) air resistance

B1
 total energy greatest just after its been kicked
B1
[12]

M5. (a) (i) vertical speed = 22 sin 30 = 11 m s1 (1)

C1

(ii) use of v = u + at or substitution (1)

B1

or any correct alternative using equations of motion

working leading to 1.12 s (1)

B1

working showing that it is doubled for up and down (1)

B1

(iii) 41.9 43m (1)

B1
5

(b) (i) max 3 from

tennis ball doesnt travel as far because:

tennis ball has lower KE when hit (1)

B1

tennis ball has a rougher surface so more friction/air

resistance) (1)

B1

(although)rate of energy loss to air (initially) is

the same (1)

B1

tennis ball loses KE quicker (1)

 B1

(ii) sketch showing significantly lower height and range (1)

M1

acceptable flight path initially same (for short

distance then always below cricket ball path (1)

A1
5
[10]

M6. (a) (i)

(1)

(ii) no horizontal force acting (1)

(hence) no (horizontal) acceleration (1)
[or correct application of Newtons First law]
3

(b) (i) (use of v2 = u2 + 2as gives) 322 = (0) + 2 9.81 s (1)

s= (1) (= 52.2 m)

(ii) (use of s = at2 gives) 52 = 9.81 t2 (1)

= 3.3 s (1) (3.26 s)

 [or use of v = u + at gives 32 = (0) + 9.81 t (1)

= 3.3 s (1) (3.26 s)]

(iii) (use of x = vt gives) (= QR) = 95 3.26 (1)

= 310 m (1)

(use of t = 3.3 gives x = 313.5 m)

(allow C.E. for value of t from (ii)
6

(c) maximum height is greater (1)

because vertical acceleration is less (1)
[or longer to accelerate]
2
[11]

M7.accept mirror image for (a) and (b)

(a)

straight line sloping up (1)

sudden change to negative velocity (1)
smaller negative velocity (1)
same gradient as positive line (1)

(b)

constant value shown (1)

(5)
 (c) (i) vertically down at P (1)

(ii) vertically down at Q (1)

(iii) along tangent at P (1)

(iv) along tangent at Q (1)

(4)

(d) horizontal component of velocity at Q = 15 cos 50 (1) = 9.64 m s1

(1)

momentum at Q = 0.15 9.64 = 1.45 (1) N s (or kg m s1)

(horizontally) (1)
(4)
[13]

Refraction

M1.B
[1]

M2.(a)

wavelength frequency speed

increases

stays the

same
 decreases

middle column correct

first and third column correct
2

(b) (i) (n1sin2 = n2sin2)

(1.09)sin 65.0 = (1.00)sin2 (giving 2 = 81)

= 9() (8.93)
no internal CE
allow 9.0
2

(ii) 1.09sin65 = 1.70sinx

or sinx = 0.58
or x = 35.5 () (allow 35 or 36)
[beware an answer close to the correct value can
come from
n = 1 / sinC]

90 35.5 = 54.5() (allow 54 or 55)

CE for 90 their value
2

(c) (i) total internal reflection

TIR does not gain the mark
1

(ii) diagram showing core / cladding and light ray TIR at interface
at least once with another TIR shown on the diagram or
suggested in their explanation
labelling is not required and reflections do not have
to be accurate provided they are shown on the
correct side of the normal

light fibre consists of core and cladding with lower refractive

index / optical density

light (incident) at angle greater than the critical angle (results in

TIR)
3
 [10]

M3.(a) (i) sin 60 = 1.47sin OR sin = sin 60 / 1.47

(sin1 0.5891) = 36 () (36.0955) (allow 36.2)
Allow 36.0
2

(ii) sin c = 1.33 / 1.47 OR sin c = 0.9(048)

(sin1 0.9048) = 65 () (64.79)
Allow 64 for use of 0.9 and 66 for use of 0.91
2

(iii) answer consistent with previous answers, e.g.

if aii >ai:
ray refracts at the boundary AND goes to the right of the
normal
Angle of refraction > angle of incidence this mark depends
on the first

if aii
TIR
angle of reflection = angle of incidence

ignore the path of the ray beyond water / glass boundary

Approx. equal angles (continuation of the line must
touch Figure 1 label)
2

(b) for Reason or Explanation:

the angle of refraction should be > angle of incidence when entering
the water
water has a lower refractive index than glass \ light is faster in water
than in glass

TIR could not happen \ there is no critical angle, when ray travels
from water to oil
TIR only occurs when ray travels from higher to lower refractive index
\ water has a lower refractive index than oil
Allow ray doesnt bend towards normal (at glass /
water)
Allow optical density
 Boundary in question must be clearly implied
4
[10]

M4. (a) (i) (refractive index of water = 1/sin 49.0) = 1.33 (not 1.3 or 1.325)
(1)

(ii) ray P shown in the air to right of vertical (1)

refracted away from the normal in the correct direction (1)

correct partial reflection shown (1)

4

(b) (i) critical angle for water-air boundary = 49.0

or angle of (incidence of) Q is c (1)

the angle of incidence (of R) exceeds the critical angle (1)

(ii) the figure shows that R undergoes TIR at water surface and
strikes the glass side (1)

angle of incidence at glass side = 30 (1)

R enters the glass and refracts towards the normal (1)

because ng > nw (1) (or water is optically less dense than glass)

(calculates angle = 26.2 gets last two marks)

6
[10]

M5. (a) (i) sin 56 = nglass sin 30

(nglass = sin56/sin30) (= 1.658) = 1.7

2
 (ii) sin c = 1/1.658 ecf from ai

c = (37.09 or 37.04) = 37 (degrees)

accept 36 (36.03 degrees) for use of 1.7

2

(b) TIR from the upper side of the prism ecf from part aii

and correct angle

refraction out of the long edge of the prism away from the normal
2
[6]

M6. (a) sin = or 1.33 sin = 1.47 sin44 or sin1 0.768 (1)

= 50.15, 50.2, 50.35 () (1)

answer seen to > 2 sf
2

(b) refracts towards normal (1) 44 shown (1)

2

(c) (TIR) only when ray travels from higher n to lower n or (water to glass) is
lower n to higher n (1)
do not allow density, allow optical density, n or
refractive index only
1

(d) sin c = or 1.47 sin c = (1 ) sin90 (1)

c = 42.86 (= 43.0()) (1)

2
 (e)

2
[9]

M7.(a) Prevents (physical) damage to fibre / strengthen the fibre / protect the fibre
Allow named physical damage e.g. scratching

B1

Prevent crosstalk
1
 (b) (Relative) refractive index = 1.03
or
Use of sinc = n2 / n1
Calculating the refractive indices and rounding
before dividing gives 76.8

C1

76.0 or 76.8

A1
2
[3]

M8.(a) (n =) OR 0.2436 / 0.1657 working must be seen

0.24 / 0.17 = 1.41 is not acceptable

AND ( = 1.4699) = 1.47 given correctly to 3 or more significant

figures
Watch for:14.1 / 9.54 = 1.478
1

(b) (i) ray goes along the boundary

Deviation by no more than 1mm by the end of the
diagram.

(partial) reflection shown

(allow dotted or solid line. This mark can be awarded if TIR is
shown)
Tolerance: 70 to 85 to normal or labelled e.g.
and , etc
2

(ii) (90 9.54 = ) 80.46 or 80.5 ( ) ( allow 80 )

Dont allow 81 degrees
1

(iii) (n = nc sin )
allow 80 or 81 degrees here
 = 1.47 sin 80.46 ecf bii

=1.45 (1.4496)
Correct answer gains both marks
2

(c) protect the core (from scratches, stretching or breakage)

comment on quality of signal is not sufficient

prevent crossover of signal / ensure security of data / prevent

loss of information / data / signal
dont allow leakage on its own.

increase the critical angle / reduce pulse broadening /

(modal)dispersion / rays with a small angle of incidence will be
refracted out of the core
Dont allow loss of light

increase rate of data transfer

Allow leakage of signal, etc

max two correct (from separate bullet points)

2
[8]