Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
GSM INTERNAL
Product Version Total 33 pages
V00R02
Reviewed by Date
Reviewed by Date
Approved by Date
Revision Record
Date Revision version Change Description Author
Key words:
Reference:
List of abbreviations:
Contents
Figures
Figure 2-2 Distribution of differences between the uplink levels and downlink levels ..................................... 16
Figure 2-4 Cumulative distribution of the uplink level and downlink level ...................................................... 18
Tables
Table 2-1 Mapping between the uplink-downlink balance level and the receive level (BSC6000) .................... 13
The uplink level (Rx_Lev_UP) and downlink level (Rx_Lev_UP) in this document refer to
the uplink level and downlink level after the power decrease in the power control is
compensated. That is:
Rx_Lev_UP = RxLevUP + Power Decrease in Power Control (MS)
Rx_Lev_DL = RxLevDL + Power Decrease in Power Control (BS)
Note: Only the uplink level and downlink level in the MR on the Abis interface and the power
control information are considered in the calculation of the uplink level and downlink level in
the preceding formula. The static power level of the BTS does not affect the values of the
uplink level and downlink level on the Abis interface, and thus does not affect the
uplink-downlink balance measurement. The static power level of the TRX is counted in the
calculation of the cabinet-top power. For example:
the TRX power amplifier is 47.8 dBm (60 W), set the static power level to 46 dBm (40 W) if
the TRX power amplifier is installed in the cell. After a call is connected, the BTS sends a
downlink power control message, in which the value of BS-Power-level is 2, indicating that
the transmit power of the BTS is 42 dBm (46 dBm 2 x 2 dB = 42 dBm).
In GSM, a two-way communication system, both the uplink and downlink have a transmit
power and path loss. Balances between the uplink and downlink in each cell are required to
achieve optimal system performance and to provide good voice quality during the handover
and call connection.
Links used for transmissions from the BTS to the MS are referred to as downlinks.
Links used for transmissions from the MS to the BTS are referred to as uplinks.
The uplink-downlink balance means that the uplink signal and downlink signal cover the cell
edge simultaneously.
The uplink-downlink imbalance means that the uplink signal and downlink signal cannot
cover the cell edge simultaneously. As a result, the uplink restriction or downlink restriction
occurs.
The formula for calculating the cabinet-top power is: Cabinet-top power = TRX transmit
power Combiner loss Jumper loss. The remaining power (usually 10 dB) is the power
required to ensure the voice quality and the connection rate taking into account the
interference and loss. The diversity gain consists of the antenna diversity gain and the
frequency hopping diversity gain.
Due to the reciprocity of the antenna, the antenna has the same effect on the downlink and the
uplink. In addition, frequency difference between the uplink and downlink in a GSM network
is small; therefore, the radio transmission features are similar. Thus, the human body loss
should approximate to the remaining power.
When the tower mounted amplifier (TMA) is not used and the uplink and downlink are in
balance:
Cabinet-top power MS receiver sensitivity = MS power + Diversity gain BTS receiver
sensitivity
Change the preceding formula in this way:
Cabinet-top power MS power = MS receiver sensitivity + Diversity gain BTS receiver
sensitivity
When the TMA is used and the uplink and downlink are in balance:
Cabinet-top power MS receiver sensitivity = MS power + Diversity gain + TMA gain
BTS receiver sensitivity
Downlink receive level = Cabinet-top power BTS feeder loss + BTS antenna gain
downlink path loss + MS antenna gain MS feeder loss Human body loss
Uplink receive level = MS power MS feeder loss + MS antenna gain Uplink path loss
Human body loss + BTS antenna gain BTS feeder loss
Downlink path loss = Uplink path loss, hence, Downlink receive level Uplink receive level
= Cabinet-top power MS power Formula 1
Based on the difference calculated in Formula 1, you can evaluate the balance between the
uplink and downlink. The radio signal is fluctuating. Hence, statistical analysis on the radio
signal should be based on a large amount of data. A fluctuation of 3 dB can be considered in
the calculation. The analysis result of adequate test data records can be used to evaluate the
balance between the uplink and downlink.
Table 2-1 Mapping between the uplink-downlink balance level and the receive level (BSC6000)
5 -2 dB,-1 dB
6 0 dB
7 1 dB, 2 dB
8 3 dB, 4 dB, 5 dB
11 15 dB
On Huawei BTSs, peak levels 8/9/10 in the uplink-downlink balance MR indicate that the
uplink level and downlink level comply with the equipment performance specification and the
uplink and downlink are in balance.
The design power of Huawei BTS TRXs can maintain the uplink-downlink balance, and thus
helps you maintain secure network operation.
The following example explains how to evaluate the balance between the uplink and
downlink based on the Uplink-and-Downlink Balance Measurement per TRX.
Figure 1 shows the distribution of the uplink and downlink balance levels in 24 hours of a day
based on the Uplink-and-Downlink Balance Measurement per TRX. The cabinet-top power in
the cell is 43.4 dBm.
Enable the Abis signaling tracing function to check whether the uplink level and downlink
level in the cell comply with the BTS performance specification and whether the uplink and
downlink are in balance. The calculation based on the MRs in the signaling shows that the
average difference between the uplink level and downlink level is 14 dBm, and Cabinet-top
power MS power = 10.4 dB; that is, Difference between the uplink level and downlink level
(Cabinet-top power MS power) = 3.6 dB. The result 3.6 dB is within the normal range.
Hence, the formula Rate of Number of MRs (Uplink-and-Downlink Balance Level = 11) >
30% can be used to judge whether the uplink and downlink are in balance.
15%
10%
10% 9%
5% 5%
5% 3% 3%
0% 1%
0%
Level 7 (7..8)
Level 6 (6)
Level 10 (16..20)
Level 8 (9..11)
Level 5 (4..5)
Level 9 (12..15)
Level 2 (-8..-4)
Level 4 (1..3)
Level 3 (-3..0)
Level 11 (21..26)
Level 1 (-9)
Figure 2-2 Distribution of differences between the uplink levels and downlink levels
DL-UL
DL-UL
1000000
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
<-24
-22
-19
-16
-13
-10
-7
-4
-1
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
According to the calculation of the MR data, the average difference between the uplink level
and downlink level is 4.72 dB. Figure 2 shows that the peak difference is 4 dB. Cabinet-top
power MS power
= 40.63 - 33
= 7.68 dB
In BSC_test, Difference between the uplink level and downlink level (cabinet-top power -
MS power) = 3 dB. The value 3 dB is within the normal range. Therefore, the uplink and
downlink in the BSC area are in balance.
Rxlev-UL Rxlev--DL
500000
450000
400000
350000
300000
250000
200000
150000
100000
50000
0
-110
-107
-104
-101
-98
-95
-92
-89
-86
-83
-80
-77
-74
-71
-68
-65
-62
-59
-56
-53
-50
-47
Figure 3 shows the peak value of uplink level and that of downlink level.
Peak value of uplink receive level = 81 dBm
Peak value of downlink receive level = 73 dBm
The difference between the uplink level and downlink level is 8 dB.
Figure 2-4 Cumulative distribution of the uplink level and downlink level
100% RxLev-UL
90% RxLev-DL
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
-110
-106
-102
-98
-94
-90
-86
-82
-78
-74
-70
-66
-62
-58
-54
-50
The value corresponding to the red line in figure xx should approximate to the difference
between the cabinet-top power and MS power. The balance between the uplink and downlink
can easily be determined with the cumulative distribution.
If the value corresponding to the red line in Figure 4 minus the difference between the
cabinet-top power and MS power is greater than 3 dB, the uplink and downlink are considered
to be imbalanced.
Based on the analysis of complaints for various networks and test experiences on site and in
the lab, the following factors are determined to be the major factors affecting the
uplink-downlink balance:
Antenna and feeder installation
TMA installation
Incorrect parameter settings
Hardware fault
Repeater
Antenna matching problem
MS user behavior
configured, the difference between the downlink level and uplink level increases by a value
equal to the actual TMA gain subtracted 4 dB.
In summary, when a TMA is installed in the BTS system, the uplink-and-downlink balance
measurement per TRX either decreases or increases.
MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH:
MS transmit power levels are interpreted differently in GSM900 and GSM1800. In GSM900,
MS power level 5 represents the full power 33 dBm. In GSM1800, however, MS power level
5 represents 20 dBm and the full power 30 dBm is represented by 0.
Be cautious when you configure the TMA Power Attenuation Factor. The factor cannot be
too high. If the factor is set to an excessively high value, the uplink gain will be insufficient,
which can further lead to uplink receiving problems. The TMA Power Attenuation Factor is
usually set to a value equal to the TMA gain subtracted by 4 dB.
The uplink and downlink MRs are provided based on the TRX. Therefore, the
uplink-downlink balance measurement per TRX can be used to analyze whether the uplink
and downlink are in balance.
Faults mainly exist in the DDPU and the DTRU. TRX faults are usually caused by a faulty
hardware version or the hardware fault of a certain lot. The problems occurring are usually
software problems, which consist of the following:
A specialized analyzer is required to test the abnormal uplink gain. Therefore, after
identifying the uplink gain problem, send the related hardware to Huawei for further analysis
with the specialized analysis.
3.5 Repeater
A variety of methods can be used to implement the function of a repeater. The application of a
repeater will help obtain a certain amount of gain in both the uplink and downlink. Generally,
the uplink gain and downlink gain can be adjusted. The adjustment further affects the balance
between the uplink and downlink. Suppose a repeater is installed under a BTS, the uplink gain
of the repeater is 6 dB, and the downlink gain of the repeater is 10 dB. In such a case, the
difference between the uplink level and downlink level is 4 dB greater than the theoretical
value. That is, the uplink is 4 dB weaker than the downlink. Such deviation does not affect the
KPI; therefore, the adjustment is not required.
Abnormal repeater gain in the uplink and downlink can also affect the balance between the
uplink and downlink.
If uplink-downlink imbalance is caused by the repeater, solve the problem by adjusting the
repeater gain in the uplink and downlink. Along with the repeater gain adjustment, the BTS
transmit power adjustment can also help rectify the uplink-downlink imbalance.
If you save the reviewed signaling tracing results as .txt files, the .txt files can then be
processed with Excel.
The fields of messages in the tracing result should be identified when processing an MR. To
identify the field of a message, do as follows: select a Measurement Result message for
example; double-click the message; the MsgExplain dialog box is displayed. The field
information about all messages is shown in this dialog box. For example, the Rxlev-sub-up
corresponds to the six least significant bits of the 42nd bytes, and the corresponding content is
3F. You can also identify the fields of other messages in this way. To analyze problems, you
usually need to identify the fields of these messages:
rxlev_up(sub)
rxlev_dl(sub)
rxqual_up(sub)
rxqual_dl(sub)
rxlev_up(ful)
rxlev_dl(ful)
rxqual_up(ful)
rxqual_dl(ful)
BS_power
MS_power
meas_valid
DTX_DL
DTX_UL
TA
Start
No
Yes
No
Check the parameter
settings in this cell.
The cause of the
problem is identified.
The flow is complete.
Yes Yes
Are the parameters set Is the uplink-downlink
correctly? imbalance rectified?
No
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
You can also use the average difference between the uplink level and downlink level to check
for the uplink-downlink imbalance of the TRX in a cell.
If Average difference between the uplink level and downlink level (Cabinet-top power MS
power) > 3 dB, the uplink level and downlink level do not comply with the BTS performance
specification, and the uplink and downlink are imbalanced.
Divide the cells with the uplink-downlink imbalance into two groups based on the KPI: the
group with decreased KPI (high call drop rate) takes precedence over the group with normal
KPI (normal call drop rate). The processing flows for the two groups are the same.
Analyze the connections of the hardware in the cell by checking the BTS hardware type,
combining mode, TMA type, repeater, antenna specification, and devices connected to the
feeder. Then, check whether TMA Power Attenuation Factor and
MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH are set correctly. Check whether the repeater gain in the uplink
and downlink is normal.
If problems are found during the analysis process, check whether the problems are solved.
The analysis flow is completed if the problems are solved.
If no problems are found in the preceding analysis, go to the next step.
Test the cabinet-top power: Check whether a deviation exists between the actual cabinet-top
power and its theoretical value. If a deviation exists, check whether the deviation is the cause
for the uplink-downlink imbalance. For example, if the cabinet-top power is 3 dB greater than
its theoretical value, and the average difference between the uplink level and downlink level is
3 dB greater than its theoretical value, the uplink-downlink imbalance is caused by
excessively high cabinet-top power. If the cabinet power is normal, go to the next step.
Trace the RSL signaling on the Abis interface in the cells with the uplink-downlink imbalance
by doing the following: retrieve the MR; analyze the uplink level, downlink level and
uplink-and-downlink balance distribution in the MR of various users. Signaling of individual
users can be extracted by using the Signal Analyze Tool. Without the Signal Analyze Tool,
you can save the signaling tracing result as a .txt file through the Review Tracing function
and then analyze the file with Excel. Check whether the uplink level, downlink level, and
difference between the uplink level and downlink level are normal. If there is a problem with
these values, check whether the imbalance problem occurs to part of the users or all users. Go
to the next step if the imbalance problem occurs to all users.
From the tracing result of the signaling on the Abis interface, you can obtain the following
information: the MRs of one user (mtls-ccb), the distance between the user and the BTS (TA),
the mobility of the user (fluctuation of the uplink level and downlink level), and the levels
when the uplink-downlink imbalance occurs.
Trace the signaling of the dialing test conducted at a fixed position: In the main lobe coverage
area, dial a fixed-line phone using the test MS in frequency locking mode in a place 500m
away from the antenna. The antenna should be in sight at the test position. Enable the single
MS tracing function on the LMT to trace the signaling of the test MS. Move the test MS
around a circle (diameter: 3m) with the test spot as the center and test for a minimum of 10
minutes.
Analyze the MR in the signaling tracing result by making calculation for the uplink level and
downlink level in the MR. If the difference between the uplink level and downlink level
equals the difference between the cabinet-top power and MS power, you can infer that the
uplink-downlink imbalance is caused by the user behavior rather than the BTS equipment.
One possible behavior is that users make calls without moving the MSs. The BTS equipment
is the cause for the imbalance if either of the following is true:
Difference between the uplink level and downlink level < Cabinet-top power MS power. It
indicates that the uplink gain is greater than its theoretical value.
Difference between the uplink level and downlink level > Cabinet-top power MS power. It
indicates that the uplink gain is smaller than its theoretical value.
Confirm that the uplink gain is abnormal, and then return the faulty DDPU and DTRU to
Huawei for further analysis.
The uplink level and downlink level in the test can be used to determine the uplink gain and
downlink gain. Typically, at a spot 500m away from the antenna, the cabinet-top power is 44
dBm, the antenna gain is 17 dB, the uplink level is about -73 dBm, and the downlink level is
about -61 dBm. The signal strength at a spot within 500m from the antenna varies with
reflections; therefore, the uplink level and downlink level are for reference only. The
difference between the uplink level and downlink level, however, can be used to analyze
whether the uplink and downlink are in balance.
If Average difference between the uplink level and downlink level (Cabinet-top power MS
power) > 3 dB, the uplink and downlink are imbalanced.
If the cabinet-top power is determined to be normal in a cell where the uplink and downlink
are imbalanced, you can infer that the uplink gain is abnormal. Then, go to the next step.
After you infer that the uplink gain on site is abnormal, replace the DDPU with a normal
DDPU to check whether the uplink gain in the DDPU or that in the DTRU is abnormal.
If the uplink and downlink are balanced after replacing the DDPU, the uplink gain associated
with the DDPU in the problematic cell is abnormal.
If the uplink and downlink are still imbalanced after replacing the DDPU, the uplink gain
associated with the DTRU in the problematic cell is abnormal.
When the hardware problem is confirmed, return the hardware to Huawei in time for further
analysis.
(-8,-7,-6,-5,-4)
(-3,-2,-1,0)
(1,2,3)
(4,5)
(7,8)
(9,10,11)
(12,13,14,15)
(16,17,18,19,20)
(>=21)
Trace the signaling messages on the RSL over the Abis interface and analyze the MRsThe
uplink-downlink balance measurement results of all users in the two cells differentiate greatly.
Calculate the average difference between the uplink level and downlink level in all MRs of
the signaling tracing results in the two cells. In cell A, the difference is 3 dB; in cell B, the
difference is 11.24 dB.
Test the transmit power of the two BTSs on site. The test shows that the transmit power of the
DTRU is normal. The cabinet-top power complies with the theoretical value. In cell A, the
cabinet-top power is 4 dBm; in cell B, the cabinet-top power is 43 dBm.
Calculate the difference between the uplink level and downlink level with formula 3: Uplink
receive level - Downlink receive level = Cabinet-top power MS power
Cell A: Cabinet-top power MS power = 41 33 = 8
Cell B: Cabinet-top power MS power = 43 33 = 10
Obviously, the uplink gain in cell A is abnormal (4 dB5 dB beyond the normal range).
Measure the uplink receive gain of the DDPU with a vector analyzer to ensure that the uplink
gain is at least 3 dB greater than the designed value.
The software analysis shows that an error occurs when configuring the LNA gain for this
DDPU version.
Note:
In the old DDPU (48.1.1), the LNA gain is set to an absolute value. No error occurs when
configuring the LNA gain. Version 48.1.0 and later versions of the DDPU all work properly.
In the new DDPU (48.1.0), the LNA gain in software versions earlier than
V100R001C07B229 (V100R001C07B229 not included) is set to an absolute value. An error
occurs when configuring the LNA gain.
In the new DDPU (48.1.0), the LNA gain in software versions later than V100R001C07B229
(V100R001C07B229 not included) is set to a relative value. No error occurs when
configuring the LNA gain.
The cabinet-top transmit power is tested and is found to be normal. Thus, the downlink
transmit power is normal.
Analyze the KPIs of this cell. The KPIs are found to be normal. We suspect that the software
on the faulty TRX is not running properly; as a result, the reported uplink level on the Abis
interface is smaller compared with its actual value.
The faulty TRX is sent to Huawei lab for further analysis. The analysis shows that when
reporting the uplink received signal strength indicator (RSSI), the negative symbol or positive
symbol in the compensation value reported by the compensation program is reversed.
Consequently, the measurement shows the uplink-downlink imbalance.
To solve the problem, upgrade the software version and test in the lab. The solution is
incorporated into version V100R001C07B239 and later versions.
Analyze the tracing result of the Abis signaling and the uplink level is found to be excessively
low.
Check the maximum transmit power of the MS in the MR. The maximum transmit power is
incorrectly set to 5.
Modify the parameter settings of this cell: set the maximum transmit power of the MS to 0.
The problem is solved.
6
Information Required for
Uplink-Downlink Balance Problem Feedback
In case the uplink-downlink imbalance occurs, the following information is required when
requesting the technical assistance:
A list of cells with the uplink-downlink imbalance: A description of the time that the
uplink-downlink imbalance occurs should be included.
The configuration file (DAT file) of the BSC with the uplink-downlink imbalance, BSC
version, and BTS software version
The measured value of the cabinet-top power
Information about the antenna and feeder used in the cell with the uplink-downlink problem:
antenna specification, TMA specification, and list of other equipment connected to the feeder
The traffic statistics data about the BSC (with the uplink-downlink imbalance problem) when
the BSC are busy: Uplink-and-Downlink Balance Measurement per TRX in the MR
Measurement
Data of RSL signaling tracing in the cells: Select several cells with serious uplink-downlink
imbalance problem and trace the RSL signaling on the Abis interface in these cells.
Signaling tracing data of the MS dialing test: In the main lobe coverage area, dial a fixed-line
phone using the test MS in frequency locking mode in a place 500m away from the antenna.
The antenna should be in sight at the place. Enable the single MS tracing function on the
LMT to trace the signaling of the test MS. Move the test MS around a circle (diameter: 3m)
with the test spot as the center and test for a minimum of 10 minutes.