g.

Purpose and use of washers under the bolt head or the nut
Be sure that washers are used under both the heads of bolts and nuts unless their omission is specified. A washer guards against
mechanical damage to the material being bolted and prevents corrosion of the structural members.

h. Precautions associated with the use of spring washers on light alloys or soft materials
Spring washers should never be used where the washer is against soft material without a plain washer underneath to prevent
gouging the surface.

i. Use of steel bolts/nuts on magnesium and the associated precautions

An aluminium alloy washer should be used under the head and nut of a steel bolt securing aluminium alloy or magnesium alloy
members. Any corrosion that occurs then attacks the washer rather than the members. Steel washers should be used when
joining steel members with steel bolts.

j. Correct bolt head placement

Whenever possible, place the bolt with the head on top or in the forward position. This positioning tends to prevent the bolt
from slipping out if the nut is accidentally lost.

k. Grip length selection

Be certain that the bolt grip length is correct. Grip length is the length of the unthreaded portion of the bolt shank. Generally
speaking, the grip length should equal the thickness of the material being bolted together. However, bolts of slightly greater grip
length may be used if washers are placed under the nut or the bolt head. In the case of nutplates, add shims under the plate.

l. Torque loading of nuts and bolts

As the speed of an aircraft increases, each structural member becomes more highly stressed. It is therefore extremely important
that each member carry no more and no less than the load for which it was designed. To distribute the loads safely throughout a
structure, it is necessary that proper torque be applied to all nuts, bolts, studs, and screws. Using the proper torque allows the
structure to develop its designed strength and greatly reduces the possibility of failure due to fatigue.

m. Safetying of nuts and bolts using split (safety) pins

Castellated nuts are used with bolts that have been drilled for cotter pins. The cotter pin should fit neatly into the hole, with very
little side play. The prong bent over the bolt end should not extend beyond the bolt diameter. The prong bent down should not
rest against the surface of the washer.

n. Installation and locking of clevis bolts in control cable assemblies

When installed on forked-end cable terminals, clevis bolts are secured with a shear nut tightened to a snug fit, but with no strain
imposed on the fork. The nut on most clevis bolts is safetied with a cotter pin. Most clevis bolts have a hole drilled through their
end. However, if a self-locking nut is used with a clevis bolt, no hole is necessary.

o. How fibre and steel locknuts are checked for serviceability and effective locking
When reusing fibre and steel locknuts, be sure the nut has not lost its locking friction or become brittle. If a nut can be turned
with the fingers, replace it. DO NOT reuse a fiber or nylon locknut, if the nut cannot meet the minimum prevailing torque values.

p. Precautions and environmental limitations associated with the use of self-locking nuts
Self-locking nuts should not be used in areas which subject either the bolt or nut to rotation. However, a self-locking nut may be
used with anti friction bearings and control pulleys, provided the inner race of the bearing is clamped to the supporting structure
by a nut and, bolt.

Nylon self-locking nuts should not be used in any location where the temperature could exceed 250F because the effectiveness
of the self-locking action is reduced beyond this point. In applications where temperatures exceed 250F, all-metal lock nuts,
such as the AN363, are used.

q. Selection of acceptable fastener alternatives

When using alternative bolts, nuts, etc the AMM and IPC should be consulted for approved alternatives.

r. Special materials and installation requirements associated with fasteners used on powerplant exhaust systems
Titanium is expensive and difficult to work, but its ability to retain its strength when exposed to high temperatures has made it a
popular material for the construction of high performance turbine powered aircraft.

Titanium is heavier than aluminium, but is much stronger, and it is lighter than steel of equivalent strength. Special techniques
must be used when forming, drilling, or cutting titanium.

s. Removal, insertion and locking techniques for studs and dowels

Any studs that are bent, broken, damaged, or loose must be replaced. After a stud has been removed, the tapped stud hole
should be examined for size and condition of threads. If it is necessary to re-tap the stud hole, it also is necessary to use a