1. Diagram 1 shows a plant cell as seen under electron microscope.

(a)(i) On Diagram 1, label the structures P, Q, R and S. [4 marks]

(ii) State the function of structure :

P : ............................................................................................

Q : ..............................................................................................
[2 marks]
(b) Explain the role of R to maintain cell turgidity
.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................
[2 marks]

(c) Every somatic cell which contains structure Q has a potential to form a complete
new organism.

(i) Name the technique used to produce new plants in large quantity

.................................................................................................................................
[1 mark]
(ii) By using one suitable part of the plant, explain the technique in 1(c)(i)

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

.......................................................................................................................................

[4 marks]
2. Figure 3 shows the human circulatory system.

Figure 2
(a) Name circulations R and S. Describe each circulation.
(i) R: __________________________________________________________
Description: __________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
(ii) S: __________________________________________________________
Description: __________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
[4 marks]
(b) On Figure 3, mark the following flow of blood to illustrate the circulations R and S.
Oxygenated blood with the arrow ( )
Deoxygenated blood with the arrow ( )
[1 mark]
(c) The pacemaker of a patients heart fails to function. An electronic pacemaker is used to
replace the original pacemaker.
Explain how the electronic pacemaker works.
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
(d) Table 1 shows the volume of blood and the blood pressure in blood vessels X and Y.

Blood vessel Volume /cm Pressure /kPa

X 100 13.3
Y 300 0.3
Table 1
(i) Based on Figure 3 and Table 1, what conclusion can you make about the rate of
blood flow in the blood vessels X and Y?
Explain your answer.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(ii) Explain how vigorous exercise increases the blood flow in the blood vessel X.
______________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
3. Figure 3 shows a fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane.

Figure 3
(a) Label any two structures J, K, L or M in figure 2 using the following terms:

Protein carrier Hydrophilic head

Protein pore Hydrophobic tail
Cholesterol
[1 mark]

(b)Molecules can pass through structure L in Figure 2 by facilitated diffusion.

(i) State one characteristic of the molecule that can pass through structure L.

[1 mark]
(ii) Explain how molecules pass through structure L.

[3 marks]
(c) State one characteristic of the plasma membrane based on the model in Figure 2.

[1 mark]
(d) Using the mechanism of movement of a substance across the plasma membrane
through osmosis :
(i) Explain why food is preserved using concentrated sugar solution.

[3 marks]
(ii) Sketch a diagram to show the movement of substance that you have described
in (d)(i).

[3 marks]
4. Diagram 4.1 shows the human vertebral column. Diagram 4.2 shows the two types of
vertebrae, R and T, in the human vertebral column.

-
(a) Name the vertebrae.
R :
____________________________________________________________________
T : ____________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(b) Draw arrows ( ) to match R and T to any correct vertebra in Diagram 5.1.
[2 marks]
(c) Explain one feature of thoracic vertebrae which is related to the mechanism of respiration.
_____________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
[3 marks]
(d) Explain the role of the vertebrae in Diagram 5.1 when movement of the body occurs.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]
(e) Diagram 5.3 shows a cross section of a normal bone tissue.
Diagram 5.4 shows a cross section of the bone tissue of an individual suffering from
osteoporosis.

(i) State the condition of the bone in Diagram 5.4 as compared to the bone in Diagram 5.3.
_______________________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(ii) An individual suffering from osteoporosis is advised to drink plenty of milk. Explain why.
______________________________________________________________________
[2 marks]