Lecture 2 Concept of Stress and Strain Review of Solid Mechanics

2/24/2017
Lecture 2
Concept of Stress and Strain
Review of Solid Mechanics
KQA 7007 / KXGB 6301 / KXGM 6310 Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Andriyana
Concepts of Strain
Definition
A measure of the shape change in materials due to

external loads. It relates the geometry of materials
after and before loading
Normal strain: due to normal stress
Shear strain: due to shear stress
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Concepts of Strain
1D Problems
l0 ux
u x : Extension (displacement)
l
r
x
Concepts of Strain
1D Problems
l0 ux
u x : Extension (displacement)
l
r
x
l l0 u x l
= = T = ln
l0 l0 l0
Engineering Logarithmic (true)
strain strain
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Concepts of Strain
2D Problems: Normal strain
r ux
y
Engineering strains
w
uy l l0 u x w w0 u y
w0 xx = = yy = =
l0 l0 w0 w0
r
l0 l x
u x , u y : Displacement
Concepts of Strain
r uz
y Engineering strains
ux
l l0 u x w w0 u y
w xx = = yy = =
uy l0 l0 w0 w0
w0
t
t0 t t0 u z
zz = =
l
r
x
t0 t0
l0
u x , u y , u z : Displacement
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Concepts of Strain
In differential form
(Slowly varying displacement)
r uz
y
ux u x u y u z
xx = yy = zz =
w x y z
uy
w0
t Note
t0 Strain can be calculated if the displacement field is
known:
l
r
x u x (x, y, z )
l0
u = u y (x, y, z )
r r r r r
u = ux x + u y y + uz z
u z (x, y, z )
Concepts of Strain
3D Problems: Shear strain
It can be shown that:
1 u u 1 u x u z 1 u u
xy = yx = x + y xz = zx = + yz = zy = y + z
2 y x 2 z x 2 z y
Note
Strain can be calculated if the displacement field is
known:
u x (x, y, z )
r r r r
u = u y (x, y, z )
u = ux x + u y y + uz z r
u z (x, y, z )
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Engineering Strain Tensor
3D Problems: All strain components
xx xy xz

= yx yy yz
zx zy zz xr , yr , zv

u x 1 u x u y 1 u x u z
+ +
x 2 y x 2 z x
1 u x u y u y 1 u y u z
= + +
2 y x y 2 z y
1 u x u z 1 u y u z u z
+ +
2 z x 2 z y z xr , yr , zr
Example 1
Question
During the service, a differential element of an industrial engineering
component experience the following displacement field:
r
( r
) r r
u = 10 x 2 2 x + (2 xyz ) y + 20 z
Determine the resulting engineering strain tensor
u x 1 u x u y 1 u x u z
+ +
x 2 y x 2 z x
1 u x u y u y 1 u y u z
= + +
2 y x y 2 z y
1 u x u z 1 u y u z u z
+ +
2 z x 2 z y z xr , yr , zr
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Principal Strains Principal Directions of Strain
Strain tensor
xx xy xz I 0 0

= yx yy yz = 0 II 0 I , II , III
zx zy zz xr , yr , zv 0 0 III nr Principal strains
I
r r
, n II , n III
3 mutually orthogonal Principal directions

directions (no shear component)
xx xy xz
det ( I ) = yx yy yz = 0 I , II , III
zx zy zz
Example 2
Question
Find the principal strains for the following pure shear deformation
xx xy xz
det ( I ) = yx yy yz = 0
zx zy zz
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Example 3
Question
Find and compare the principal strains for the following deformation
state using:
1. Solid Mechanics approach
2. Present approach
350 10 6 40 10 6 0

= 40 10 6 200 10 6 0
0 0 0 r r r
x, y,z
xx xy xz
det ( I ) =
2
xx + yy xx yy yx yy yz = 0
I , II = + ( xy )
2
2 2 zx zy zz
Remark
y nII
nI
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Definition of Stress
Definition
A measure of the average amount of force exerted per

unit area of a surface within a deformable body
Normal stress: force perpendicular to the surface

Shear stress: force parallel to the surface
Engineering stress: force per unit area of initial surface

True stress: force per unit area of current surface
Definition of Stress
Fs F
F4
F2 F2 P
r
n Fn
A
F1 F3 F1
F F
Normal stress: = lim n Shear stress: = lim s
A 0
A A0
A
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Stress Tensor
Cartesian coordinate system

z zz
zx zy
yz
F2 P
xz P yx yy
dz xy
xx dx y
F1 dy
x
xx xy xz xy = yx

= yx yy yz xz = zx
zx zy zz yz = zy

Stress Tensor
Cylindrical coordinate system
dr zz
z z
F2 P r zr
P
rr rz r dz
z
d
r
F1
rr r rz r = r
= r z rz = zr
zr z zz z = z
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Principal Stresses Principal Directions of Stress
Stress tensor
xx xy xz I 0 0

= yx yy yz = 0 II 0 I , II , III
zx zy zz xr , yr , zv 0 0 III nr ,nr Principal stresses
I II
r
, n III
3 mutually orthogonal Principal directions

directions (no shear component)
r
r
n=n
r
( - I ) nr = 0
xx xy xz
det ( I ) = yx yy yz = 0 I , II , III
zx zy zz
Deviatoric and Hydrostatic Parts of a Stress Tensor
Decomposition of a stress tensor
= vol + dev vol = p I
Hydrostatic part Deviatoric part

(change of volume) (shape change at constant volume)
p=
1
3
(tr ) dev = + p I
tr
dev
with property: =0
= ( xx + yy + zz )
1
3 1 0 0
1
= ( I + II + III ) I = 0 1 0 Identity tensor
3 0 0 1
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Deviatoric and Hydrostatic Parts of a Stress Tensor
Decomposition of a stress tensor
xx xy xz

= yx yy yz
p=
1
( xx + yy + zz )
3
zx zy zz

xx + p xy xz

dev = yx yy + p yz
zx zy zz + p

2
3 xx 3 ( yy + zz )
1
xy xz
2 1
= yx yy ( zz + xx ) yz
3 3

zx zy
2
zz
1
( xx + yy )

3 3
Example 4
Question
For the following uniaxial stress state, determine:
The stress tensor
The volumetric and deviatoric parts of the stress tensor
z
y
x
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Example 5
Question
Construct the stress tensor at a point M located at surface of a circular
shaft used to transfer torque T from a turbine to a generator. Use the
r r r
cylindrical coordinate system r , , z for this purpose.
Hookes Law: Linear Elastic Materials
1D Problem
l0 l
l l0
= =
l0 E
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Hookes Law: Linear Elastic Materials
3D Problem
Poissons ratio
lateral = axial
axial
axial =
E
Note:
Expansion along axial direction are followed by contraction along lateral directions
Stress-Strain Relation
Isotropic linear elastic materials
Applied Resulting Strain

Stress xx yy zz xy yz xz
xx xx xx
xx - - -
E E E
Note:
Normal stress generates only normal strains
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yy yy yy
yy - - -
E E E
Note:

zz zz zz
zz - - -
E E E
Note:
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xy
xy - - - 2G
- -
yz
yz - - - - -
2G
xz
xz - - - - - 2G
Note:
Shear stress generates only shear strain at the corresponding plane

xx xx xx
xx - - -
E E E
yy yy yy
yy - - -
E E E
zz zz zz
zz - - -
E E E
xy
xy - - - 2G
- -
yz
yz - - - - -
2G
xz
xz - - - - - 2G
E Note:
G=
2(1 + ) Only 2 material parameters are needed: E and
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1 + 1 +
xx = xx ( xx + yy + zz ) xy = yx = xy
E E E
1 + 1 +
yy = yy ( xx + yy + zz ) xz = zx = xz
E E E
1 + 1 +
zz = zz ( xx + yy + zz ) yz = zy = yz
E E E
Normal strains Shear strains
Tensor notation
xx xy xz xx xy xz 1 0 0
1+
yx yy yz = ( + + ) 0 1 0
E E
yx yy yz xx yy zz
zx zy zz zx zy zz 0 0 1

xx xy xz xx xy xz 1 0 0
E E
yx yy yz = + ( + + ) 1 0
zz 0
1+
yz
zx zy
yx yy
(1 + )(1 2 )
xx yy
zz zx zy zz
0 0 1
1+ E
= (tr ) I =
E
1+
+
(1 + )(1 2 )
(tr ) I
E E
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Example 6
Question
A circle of diameter 9 in is scribed on an unstressed thin aluminum
plate of thickness 0.75 in. Forces acting in the plane of the plate later
cause normal stresses xx = 12 Ksi and yy = 20 Ksi. For E = 107 psi
and = 1/3, determine the change in the length of diameter AB
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Lecture 2 Concept of Stress and Strain Review of Solid Mechanics

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2/24/2017

A measure of the shape change in materials due to

2D Problems: Normal strain

3D Problems: Normal strain

3D Problems: Normal strain

3D Problems: Shear strain

It can be shown that:

Engineering Strain Tensor

3D Problems: All strain components

Principal Strains Principal Directions of Strain

3 mutually orthogonal Principal directions

A measure of the average amount of force exerted per

Normal stress: force perpendicular to the surface

Engineering stress: force per unit area of initial surface

Cartesian coordinate system

Cylindrical coordinate system

Principal Stresses Principal Directions of Stress

3 mutually orthogonal Principal directions

Deviatoric and Hydrostatic Parts of a Stress Tensor

Decomposition of a stress tensor

= vol + dev vol = p I

Hydrostatic part Deviatoric part

Deviatoric and Hydrostatic Parts of a Stress Tensor

Decomposition of a stress tensor

Hookes Law: Linear Elastic Materials

Hookes Law: Linear Elastic Materials

Isotropic linear elastic materials

Applied Resulting Strain

Isotropic linear elastic materials

Applied Resulting Strain

Isotropic linear elastic materials

Applied Resulting Strain

Isotropic linear elastic materials

Applied Resulting Strain

Isotropic linear elastic materials

Applied Resulting Strain

Normal strains Shear strains

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