Lecture 3 Mechanical Properties of Metals

05/03/2017
Lecture 3
Mechanical Properties of Metals
KQA 7007 / KXGB 6301 / KXGM 6310 Assoc. Prof. Dr. A. Andriyana
Tensile Test
Objective
Evaluate the mechanical properties of materials
Load cell
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Tensile Test
Objective
Evaluate the mechanical properties of materials
Typical Load-Displacement Curve of Metals
Y
Load (kN)
O
Displacement (mm)
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Typical Stress-Strain Curve of Metals
Elastic and Plastic Deformations
= e + p
e : Elastic strain (Unitless)

p : Plastic strain (Unitless)
e = RS
p = OR
R S
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Elastic deformation
Non-permanent, i.e. material returns to its initial shape after
the removal of load
Plastic deformation
Permanent, i.e. material does not returns to its initial shape
after the removal of load
Elastic deformation
Non-permanent, i.e. material returns to its initial shape after
the removal of load
Corresponds to the stretching of interatomic bonds, thus
involving only small changes in the interatomic spacing
Plastic deformation
Permanent, i.e. material does not returns to its initial shape
after the removal of load
Corresponds to the breaking of interatomic bonds, followed
by reforming bonds with new neighbors
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Mechanical Properties
Modulus of elasticity (Youngs modulus)

Materials resistance (stiffness) to elastic deformation
Hookes law
= E
E : Modulus of elasticity (Pa)
E
Poissons ratio ()
Ratio between lateral and axial strains of materials
lateral
= : Poissons ratio (Unitless)
axial
Shear modulus (G)

Materials resistance (stiffness) to shear strain
For isotropic materials:
E
G= G : Shear modulus (Pa)
2(1 + )
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Effect of temperature on the modulus of elasticity
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Example 1
Question
A tensile stress is to be applied along the long axis of a cylindrical brass rod
having a diameter of 10 mm. Determine the magnitude of the load required to
produce a 2.5 x 10-3 mm reduction in diameter if the deformation is entirely
elastic. The modulus of elasticity of brass is 100 GPa, Poissons ratio is 0.35.
Yield strength (y)

Stress level at which significant plastic deformation (yielding) occurs
(by convention at plastic deformation = 0.2%)
0.002
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Tensile strength (TS)

Maximum engineering stress that can be sustained by a material in
tension. Beyond this stress, necking occurs (non-homogeneous deformation)
0.002
Ductility
Measure of materials ability to be deformed plastically without
fracture
Percent elongation
y
l l
% EL = f 0 100
l0
lf : Length at fracture (m)

E
l0 : Initial length (m)
0.002 % EL
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Ductility
Measure of materials ability to be deformed plastically without
fracture
Percent area reduction

y
A Af
% AR = 0 100
A0
A f : Area at fracture (m2)

E
A0 : Initial area (m2)
0.002 % EL
Toughness (Kc)
Capacity of a material to absorb energy up to fracture. In other
word, it is simply the energy per unit volume required to break the
material.
K c = d
0
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Stress-Strain Curves for Selected Metals
Example 2
Question
The mechanical properties of certain materials are listed in the above table.
1. Which material will experience the greatest percent area reduction?
2. Which material is the strongest?
3. Which is the stiffest?
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True Stress and True Strain
Engineering stress increases up to

point M, then decreases
The decline corresponds to a
reduction of load-bearing capacity Y
due to rapid decrease of cross- P

sectional area (necking)
It does not indicate that the material
is weaker
Engineering stress does not take into
account the diminution in cross- O
sectional area
True stress (t)

Force per unit area of the instantaneous cross-sectional area
F
t = Ai : Instantaneous area (m2)
Ai
True strain (t)

Sum of incremental strain
l
li
dl
t = = ln i = ln(1 + ) li : Instantaneous length (m)
l0
l l0
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Incompressible materials (constant volume)
True and engineering stresses are related through

t = (1 + )
True strain are given by

l A
t = ln i = ln 0
l0 Ai
True stress is greater than engineering stress

True stress continues to rise past the tensile point M
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Example 3
Question
Compare the values of the engineering stress and strain with the true stress
and strain for the tensile test of a material using the following test data.
Assume that the volume remains constant during the test.
Load = 50 kN
Initial diameter = 10 mm
Diameter under 50 kN load = 9.5 mm
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Lecture 3 Mechanical Properties of Metals

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Lecture 3 Mechanical Properties of Metals

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05/03/2017

Typical Load-Displacement Curve of Metals

Typical Stress-Strain Curve of Metals

Elastic and Plastic Deformations

e : Elastic strain (Unitless)

Elastic and Plastic Deformations

Elastic and Plastic Deformations

Modulus of elasticity (Youngs modulus)

Shear modulus (G)

Effect of temperature on the modulus of elasticity

Yield strength (y)

Tensile strength (TS)

lf : Length at fracture (m)

Percent area reduction

A f : Area at fracture (m2)

Stress-Strain Curves for Selected Metals

True Stress and True Strain

Engineering stress increases up to

due to rapid decrease of cross- P

True Stress and True Strain

True stress (t)

True strain (t)

True Stress and True Strain

Incompressible materials (constant volume)

True and engineering stresses are related through

True strain are given by

True Stress and True Strain

True stress is greater than engineering stress

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