EXPERIMENT NO 02

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the coefficient of friction of a V-thread while lifting the load and compare with
square thread.

APPARATUS:
Duplex screw jack
Vernier calliper
Set of loading weights
Hangers

THEORY:
Screw jack with V-threads:
The square threads (as per configuration) take the load W perpendicular to them, whereas
in V-threads the axial load does not act perpendicular to the surface of the threads as
shown in Fig. The normal reaction Rn between the threads and the screw should be
such that its axial component is equal and opposite to the axial load W.

Let 2 = angle inclined between the two sides of the thread.

Then,
RN cos = W
RN = W/cos (1)

Frictional force (which acts tangential to the surface of the threads)

F = RN
F = (W/cos)
F = W
Where,
= /cos (called the virtual coefficient of frication)

Effort required to lift the load:

Let,
P = effort required to lift the load when applied at mean radius;
W = weight of the body to the lifted; and
= co-efficient of friction between the screw and the nut.

The principle on which screw jack works is similar to that of an inclined plane and the force
acts parallel to the horizontal plane, therefore, the force applied on the lever of a screw jack is
considered to be horizontal as shown in Fig (A). As the weight is being lifted, therefore, the
force of friction F will act downwards. All the forces acting on the body are shown in Fig (A).
Resolving the forces parallel to the plane,
Fx = 0
P cos = W sin + F
P cos = W sin + RN . (1)
Resolving the forces perpendicular to the plane,
Fy = 0
RN = P sin + W cos ... (2)
Substituting the value of RN in equation (1), we get
P cos = W sin + (P sin + W cos) FIG (A)
P cos = W sin + P sin + W cos
P cos - P sin = W sin + W cos
P (cos - sin) = W (sin + cos) (3)

Substituting = tan = sin/cos in equation (3), we get

P [cos - sin/cos (sin)] = W [sin + sin/cos (cos)]

P [cos.cos - sin.sin] = W [sin.cos + sin.cos]
P [cos ( + )] = W [sin ( + )]
P = W [sin ( + )] / [cos ( + )]
P = W tan ( + ) (4)

SAMPLE CALCULATION:
P = W tan ( + )
tan + tan
P = W. [ ]
1 tan .tan
tan +
P = W. [ ] ( = tan)
1 tan .

We know that,

T = PR
tan +
T = W. [ ] R
1 tan .
T (1 tan . ) = W.R (tan + )
TT tan . = W.Rtan + W. R.
TW. Rtan = T tan . + W. R.
TW.Rtan
' = [T tan + W.R]
0.178819.10660.050tan(2.248)
' = [ 19.10660.050+0.1788tan(2.248) ]
 0.1413
' = [ ]
0.9623
' = 0.1468
= '*cos
= 0.1468 * cos (55)
= 0.0842

PROCEDURE:
Measure the diameter of the pulley and note the weight load of yoke and spreader and
related hangers.
Set up the test for raising the load.
Place the initial load of 5N on the hanger and add weights to the effort hanger so as to be
raised at a uniform speed.
Note the value of load and effort.
Repeat this procedure for 10, 15, 20, 25, 30N of load and note the value of effort.
Calculate the value of coefficient of friction.
Compare these values with the coefficient of friction of square threads.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:

Pulley diameter = 0.100 m
Pulley radius = 0.050 m
Yoke weight = 3.1066 N
Yoke hangers weight = 1 N
Spreader weight = 1.1760 N
Spreader hangers weight = 0.500 N
Helix angle () = 2.248
Semi angle ( ) = 55
 Sr. # Axial load (W) Effort (P) Total Total Torque Value
(N) (N) axial effort (P) (T) of '
weight Yoke & Weight Spreader load (W)
block hanger block & hanger
load load effort effort (N) (N) (N-m)
01 05 4.1066 0.6000 1.6760 9.1066 2.2760 0.1138 0.1196
02 10 4.1066 1.1000 1.6760 14.1066 2.7760 0.1388 0.0896
03 15 4.1066 1.9000 1.6760 19.1066 3.5760 0.1788 0.0842
04 20 4.1066 2.4000 1.6760 24.1066 4.0760 0.2038 0.0739
05 25 4.1066 2.6000 1.6760 29.1066 4.2760 0.2138 0.0613
06 30 4.1066 2.9000 1.6760 34.1066 4.5760 0.2288 0.0054
Average value of is 0.0805

GRAPH BETWEEN THE TORQUE AND WEIGHT:

35

30

25
TORQUE (T) N-m

20

15

10

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
WEIGHT (W) N

CONCLUSION:
In the experiment we calculate the coefficient of friction of V-thread while lifting the load and
we see the value of coefficient of friction is minimum compare with square threads but in actual
case the value of coefficient of friction in V-threads is greater value than the square thread. But
in our experiment the v threads are highly lubricated thats why the value of coefficient of
friction is less.

In our graph we see that the value of torque is not correctly proportional to the weight because
of the lubricated threads if the smooth and unlubricated V-threads are used than the value of
torque is proportional to the weight.
COMMENTS:
The actual value of coefficient of friction of V-threads is greater than the square threads but in
our experiment value of coefficient of friction is less because interruption of some factor, these
factors are:

It was observed that when a test screw and nut were set up and run under load for the first
time the friction gradually decreased. This is in accord with common experience with newly
machined surfaces. After a period of time, which varied with the different test specimens,
the surfaces in contact reached a condition where there was no further decrease in friction.
Friction due to the screws of the screw jack may also introduce error.
If the string is not inextensible or if it overlaps or if there is a knot in the string, then it will
result in error.
The friction offered by pulleys is bound to introduce some error in the readings. No matter
what amount of lubrication is done, pulleys can never be made completely frictionless
Weights in the pan may be added forcefully. This should not happen, as this will introduce
the impulse causing an error.

REFERENCES:
1) Machine design An integrated approach THIRD EDITION by NORTON
2) Machine design,2005 EDITION by R.S.KHURMI
3) A text book of applied mechanics by R.K.RAJPUT