SOILS AND FOUNDATIONS

Lesson 02
Chapter 2 Stress and Strain in Soils

Testing Theory

Experience
Lesson Plan

g Topic 1 (Section 2.0, 2.1)

- Phase relations, size/shape of particles
- Effect of water on soil
g Topic 2 (Section 2.2, 2.3, 2.4)
- Overburden pressure
- Principle of effective stress
g Topic 3 (Section 2.5, 2.6)
- Vertical stress due to external loadings
- Load deformation process
- Consolidation in fine-grained soils
Lesson Plan

g Topic 4 (Section 2.7, 2.8)

- Lateral stresses in foundation soils
- Shear strength of soils
g Topic 5 (Section 2.9)
- Lateral earth and water pressures
 Stress and Strain in Soils

Lesson 02 - Topic 1
Phase relations, Size/Shape of particles,
Effect of water on soil
(Section 2.0, 2.1)
Aerial View of Interstate Bridges
Stresses Imposed by Structures

g Theapproach embankments also induce

stresses in the foundation soil
Learning Outcomes

g Atthe end of this session, the participant will

be able to:
- Differentiate the basic phase relations in
geotechnical materials
- Express the importance of soil particle size and
shape
- Describe the role of water on soil behavior
Phase Relations
g Soil is a Three Phase System

Soil
Volume Weight
Particles Va Air Wa 0
Vv Water
Voids Vw Ww
(air + V W
water) Vs Solid Ws

1
Volume Ratios
g Porosity (Eq. 2-1)

Volume Weight
Va Air Wa 0
Vv
n= x100 Vv
Vw Water Ww
V V W
Vs Solid Ws

1
Volume Ratios
g Void Ratio (Eq. 2-2)
g Relative Density (Eq 2-2a)

Volume Weight
Va Air Wa 0
VV
e = Vv
Vw Water Ww
VS V W
Vs Solid Ws
(e max e)
Dr = x100 1
(e max e min )
Volume Ratios
g Degree of Saturation (Eq. 2-3)

Volume Weight
Va Air Wa 0
Vw
S= x100 Vv
Vw Water Ww
Vv V W
Vs Solid Ws

1
Weight Ratios
g Water Content (Eq. 2-4, 2-4a)

Ww Volume Weight
w= x100 Va
Ws Air Wa 0
Vv Water
Vw Ww
V W
W Ws Ww
w= = x100 Vs Solid
Ws Ws Ws

1
Weight-Volume Ratios (Unit Weights)

g Unit Weights Volume Weight

- Total Unit Weight Va Air Wa 0
W WW + WS Vv
t = = Vw Water Ww
V V V W
- Saturated Unit Weight Vs Solid Ws
(when S=100%)
- Total, t = Saturated, sat 1
- Dry Unit Weight (S=0%)
WS
d =
V
Specific Gravity of Solids
Basic Weight-Volume
Interrelationships
g Table 2-2
(1 + w) G s w (G s + e) w
t = d = t sat =
1+ e 1+ w 1+ e
(G s + Se) w Gs w sat = [(1 - n) G s + n] w
t = d =
1+ e 1+ e 1+ w
(1 + w) G s w d = G s w (1 - n) sat
= G s w
t =
wG s 1 + w Gs
1+ Gs w
S d = e 1 + w
wG s sat = w
t = G s w (1 - n)(1 + w) 1+ w 1 + e
S
sat = d + n w
eS w
d = e
(1 + e) w sat = d + w
d = sat - n w 1+ e

e
d = sat - w
1+ e
Coarse-Grained and Fine-Grained
Soils
g Howdo we differentiate soil sizes and
shapes?
Size of Grains in Solid Phase

g Table 2-3 Sieve Sizes

Grain
Size
Distribution
Curves Gap Graded
Shape of
Grains in 1
Solid Phase
2
g 1: Angular
g 2: Subangular 3
g 3:Subrounded
g 4: Rounded 4
g 5: Well rounded

5
Grain
Size
Distribution
Curves Gap Graded
Platy Shape

g Bentonite
g Electron
Photomicrograph
- Clay Spur, Wyoming
- Picture width, 7.5 m
g1 gram of bentonite
has surface area of
950 yd2

Reference Tovey (1971)

Effect of Water on Soils
Volume, V Shrinkage Plastic Liquid
Limit (SL) Limit (PL) Limit (LL) A
B
C
D

Water
Solid Semi-solid Plastic Liquid Content, w
Phase Phase Phase Phase

w PL
Plasticity Index, PI=LL-PL Liquidity Index, LI =
PI
 Liquidity Index, LI (Table 2-4)
w PL
Liquidity Index, LI =
PI
Liquidity Soil Strength
Soil Phase
Index, LI (Soil Deformation)
Low strength
LI 1 Liquid
(Soil deforms like a viscous fluid)
Intermediate strength
at w LL, the soil is considered soft and very compressible
0 < LI < 1 Plastic
at w PL, the soil is considered stiff
(Soil deforms like a plastic material)
High strength
Semi-solid to
LI 0 (Soil deforms as a brittle material, i.e., sudden, fracture of
Solid
material)
Plasticity Chart
Learning Outcomes

g Atthe end of this session, the participant will

be able to:
- Differentiate the basic phase relations in
geotechnical materials
- Express the importance of soil particle size and
shape
- Describe the role of water on soil behavior
Any Questions?

THE ROAD TO
UNDERSTANDING
SOILS
AND
FOUNDATIONS
 Stress and Strain in Soils

Lesson 02 - Topic 2
Overburden Pressure, Principle of Effective
Stress
(Section 2.2, 2.3, 2.4)
Learning Outcomes

g Atthe end of this session, the participant will

be able to:
- Distinguish between total and effective stress
- Calculate and construct po-diagram
Overburden Pressure

g Section 2.4
g Total overburden pressure, pt
- pt = t (depth)
g Pore water pressure, u
- u = w (depth of water)
g Effective overburden pressure, po
po = pt u
Principle of Effective Stress

g Only
intergranular contact stress is
EFFECTIVE in resisting shear/compression

g The effective stress on any plane within a

soil mass is the difference between the total
stress and pore water pressure.
Find po at 20 feet below ground in a sand deposit with a total unit
weight of 110 pcf and the water table 10 feet below ground. Plot
pt and po verses depth from 0 20.
0
T = 110 pcf
10

20

Solution: p o = pt - u

pt @ 10 = p0 @ 10 = 10 110 pcf = 1100 psf

pt @ 20 = pt @ 10 + (10 110 pcf) = 2200 psf
u @ 20 = 10 624 pcf = 624 psf
p0 @ 20 = pt @ 20 - u @ 20 = 2200 624 = 1576 psf
po Diagram

g po = Effective Overburden Pressure

1000 2000 3000 Pressure (psf)
0
po = pt

10 1100
pt

Depth (ft) u
po
20 1576 2200
Student Exercise No. 1
Compute and plot both the total and effective overburden
stress diagrams for the soil profile below.
Existing Ground

0
20 Sand
t = 110 pcf
Depth
(Ft.) 30 Clayey Silt
t = 125 pcf
50

Rock

Assume buoyant unit weights below static water level ( ).

Buoyant unit weight is total unit weight minus unit weight of
water, t - w. This is also known as effective unit weight, ,
or submerged unit weight, sub.
Learning Outcomes

g Atthe end of this session, the participant will

be able to:
- Distinguish between total and effective stress
- Calculate and construct po-diagram
Any Questions?

THE ROAD TO
UNDERSTANDING
SOILS
AND
FOUNDATIONS
Stress and Strain in Soils

Lesson 02 - Topic 3
Vertical Stress Distribution Due to External
Loadings, Load Deformation Processes,
Consolidation
(Section 2.5, 2.6)
Learning Outcomes

g Atthe end of this session, the participant will

be able to:
- Discuss depth of significant influence (DOSI)
- Explain soil consolidation in fine-grained soils
Vertical p = th h

Stress Due 0.8p

to External
Loadings 0.6p
g Depth of
Significant 0.4p
Influence
(DOSI), Ds

0.2p
Charts
Figure 2-11
g Ds = 4B to 6B
for continuous
footings
g Ds = 1.5B to 2B
for square
footings
g Lateral Effects
2:1 Stress Distribution (Figure 2-12)
Combined Plot of Stresses
g What does this mean?
Pressure

p pf

Legend:
zw zw = depth to groundwater
po = effective overburden pressure
pt = total overburden pressure
p = pressure due to external loads
pf = p0 + p
DOSI
po pt
Depth, z
Example 2-2:

g Figure 2-14, Page 2-34

Load-Deformation Process in Soils

g Compression
- Expulsion of air from voids Icon
g Consolidation
- Expulsion of water from voids
g Collapse
- Breakdown of bonds between particles
g Compaction
- Reduction of voids due to impact-type loading
g Dilation
- Increase in volume during shear
Consolidation Process

g Most complex and problematic

Consolidation
Before application of load After application of load

Piston
Valve open Valve shut Valve open
W

Water Spring At time t = 0 At time t = x

Water Pressure = u Water Pressure, u 0
Load in Spring = 0 Load in Spring W
Consolidation

Force

Applied Force,W
W

Spring force

Water pressure, u

Time, t
Drainage Rates
(Rapid and Long-term Drainage)

Excess Pore
Water Pressure, u
Maximum Excess Pore Water Pressure, u

Fine-grained soil

Coarse-grained soil

Time, t
Learning Outcomes

g Atthe end of this session, the participant will

be able to:
- Discuss depth of significant influence (DOSI)
- Explain soil consolidation in fine-grained soils
Any Questions?

THE ROAD TO
UNDERSTANDING
SOILS
AND
FOUNDATIONS
 Stress and Strain in Soils

Lesson 02 - Topic 4
Lateral Stresses in Foundation Soils
Strength of Soils to Resist Imposed Stresses
(Section 2.7, 2.8)
Learning Outcomes

g Atthe end of this session, the participant will

be able to:
- Discuss importance of lateral stress in
foundation soils
- Summarize the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion
Lateral Stresses

g VerticalStresses Cause Lateral Stresses

g K is Coefficient of Lateral Pressure
- In elastic media, use (Poissons Ratio)

ph = K po K=
1
Effect of Lateral Stresses
Lateral Zone of Tensile
Stresses
Stress Due p = t h
h

to External 0.6p
0.4p
Loadings
Soft
0.2p Layer
g NoteLateral
Stresses
Beyond
Loaded
Area
Effect of Shear Strength on Lateral
Pressures

Angle of repose
Introduction to Shear Strength

Normal Force, Pn

Block B

Tangential Force, Fa

X Y
Shearing Resistance, Fr
Representation of Shear Strength
Shear Strength,

Shear Strength = = n tan

Friction angle,

(a) Normal Stress, n

Representation of Shear Strength
Shear Strength,

lope
n ve
re E
ilu
om b Fa = c + n tan
ou l
h r - C
Mo Friction angle,

Cohesion, c

Normal Stress, n
Meaning of M-C Failure Envelope
Shear Strength,

Not Possible i l u re
Fa

Safe State of Stress

Normal Stress, n
M-C Criteria in Effective Stresses
Shear Strength,

l op e
e E nve
u r
b Fail
u l om
-Co
M ohr = c + n tan
= c + (n - u) tan
= c + tan

Normal Stress, n
Learning Outcomes

g Atthe end of this session, the participant will

be able to:
- Discuss importance of lateral stress in
foundation soils
- Summarize the Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion
Any Questions?

THE ROAD TO
UNDERSTANDING
SOILS
AND
FOUNDATIONS
Stress and Strain in Soils

Lesson 02 - Topic 5
Strength of soils related to lateral earth
pressures
(Section 2.9)
Learning Outcomes

g Atthe end of this session, the participant will

be able to:
- Explain active and passive lateral earth
pressures
- Recognize the role of water in lateral earth
pressure calculations
 Strength of Soils Related to Lateral
Earth Pressures
a p

Wall
po z po po po

ph=Ko po p ph=Ko po ph=Ka po ph=Kp po

At-Rest At-Rest Active Passive

1 sin 1 + sin
Ka = Kp =
1 + sin 1 sin
Active and Passive Failure Zones
 Lateral Earth Pressure Distributions

(a) (b)
Active pressure at depth z: pa = Ka z Passive pressure at depth z: pp = Kp z
Active force within depth z: Pa = Ka z2/2 Passive force within depth z: Pp = Kp z2/2
Combined
Earth
and Water
Lateral
Pressures
Learning Outcomes

g Atthe end of this session, the participant will

be able to:
- Explain active and passive lateral earth
pressures
- Recognize the role of water in lateral earth
pressure calculations
Any Questions?

THE ROAD TO
UNDERSTANDING
SOILS
AND
FOUNDATIONS