Struktur Beton 1

Shear in Beams
Elly Tjahjono
Departemen Teknik Sipil FTUI
2017

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 Pokok Bahasan

Introduction
Analysis and Design of Reinforced
Concrete Beams for Shear
Hanger reinforcement
Shear in axially loaded beams or columns

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 Introduction
Internal Forces:
Internal moment Flexure
reinforcement

Shear force shear

reinforcement

Shear failure is frequently

sudden and brittle, the design
for shear must ensure that the
shear strength equals or
exceeds the flexural strength at
all points in the beams.
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dM/dx=V
 Shear failure

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Source: James G. MacGregor, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and Design, Third Edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc., 1997, New Jersey
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6
Stresses in an Uncracked Elastic Beam
Flexural and shear stresses acting on
Distribution of
elements in the shear span
shear
stresses

Shear stresses, v, on element

cut out of the beam,
VQ
v=
Ib
equal shearing stresses
exist on both the
horizontal and vertical
planes through an
element.

Principal stresses on elements in shear

span 7
8
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Principal compressive stress trajectories and
inclined cracks

Cracking
pattern:
-Vertical crack
-Inclined cracks Inclined cracks
have extended
along the
reinforcement
toward the
support,
weakening the
anchorage of
reinforcement

Source: James G. MacGregor, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics and Design, Third Edition, Prentice Hall International, Inc., 1997, New Jersey
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Average Shear Stress between Cracks

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 Average Shear Stress between Cracks
The initial stage of cracking generally results in vertical cracks which, with
increasing load, extend in a diagonal manner. The equilibrium of the section of
beam between two such cracks can be written as

M and
T=
jd
M + M Or
T + T =
jd
where jd = lever arm which assumed to be constant
M
T = For moment equilibrium of the element,
jd
And
M = Vx
M
T =
jd
T
v=
bw x
V
v=
bw jd
ACI design procedure approximates the above
V
v= formula which does not require he computation of j.
bw d 12
 Beam Action and Arch Action
The relationship between shear and bar force can be written as :

d
V= (Tjd ) Which can be expanded as
dx
d (T ) d ( jd ) Two extreme cases can be identified:
V= jd + T
dx dx
d ( jd ) If the lever arm, jd, remain constant and
=0
dx
The other extreme occurs if the shear flow,
d (T ) d(T)/dx, equal zero, giving,
V= jd
dx
d ( jd ) This occurs if the shear flow cannot
V =T transmitted due to the steel being unbonded,
dx
or if the transfer of shear flow is prevented by
an inclined crack extending from the load to
the reaction. Shear transferred by an arch
action.
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 Arch action in a beam

C= compression

jd (varies)

T = Tension

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 Shear Reinforcement An inclined crack
open
approximately
Flexural
perpendicular to
reinforcement
itself
required to
restraint the
opening of a
vertical crack

Vertical shear
Inclined shear reinforcement
reinforcement
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Behavior of Beams without Web Reinforcement

Effect of a/d ratio on shear

strength of beam without stirrup

Shaded area:
The reduction in
strength due to
shear

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Modes of failure of deep beams, a/d=0.5 to 2.0

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Modes of failure of short shear spans, a/d=1.5 to 2.5

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 Inclined Cracking

Thin-walled I
beams in which
the a/d ratio is
small: Web-
shear cracks

In most RC
beams: Flexure-
shear cracks

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 Factors affecting the Shear Strength of
Beams without Web Reinforcement
Tensile strength of concrete
Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratio, w
Shear Span-to-Depth Ratio, a/d
Size of Beam
Axial Forces
Coarse Aggregate Size

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 Effect of axial loads on inclined cracking shear

N f c'
Vc = 1 + u b d
14 A 6 w
g

0.3N u f c'
Vc = 1 + b d
A 6 w
g
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Effect of Reinforcement Ratio, w

f c' bw d
Vc = N
6

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Behavior of Beams with Web Reinforcement

Inclined cracking causes the shear strength of

beam to drop below the flexural capacity. The
purpose of web reinforcement is to ensure that
the full flexural capacity can be developed
Prior to inclined cracking, the strain in the
stirrups is equal to the corresponding strain of
the concrete. Since concrete cracks at very
small strain, the stress in the stirrups prior to
inclined cracking will not exceed 20.7 to 41.4
MPa. Thus stirrup do not prevent inclined cracks
from forming: they come into play only after the
cracks have formed.
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Internal Forces in a Beam without Stirrup
The forces transferring shear across an inclined crack in a beam without
stirrups:

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 Shear is transferred across line A-B-C

Vcy, the shear in the compression zone

Vay, the vertical component of the shear
transferred across the crack by interlock of the
aggregate particles on the two faces of the
crack, and
Vd, the dowel action of the longitudinal
reinforcement.
Immediately after inclined cracking, as much as
40 to 60 percent of the total shear is carried by
Vd and Vay together

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Internal forces in a cracked beam with stirrups

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Distribution of internal shears in a beam with
web reinforcement

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Analysis and Design of Reinforced
Concrete Beams for Shear

The basic design equation for the shear capacity of slender concrete
beams (beam with shear spans containing B-regions) is

Vn Vu
Vn = Vc + Vs
where Vu is the shear due to factored load
is a strength-reduction factor, taken equal to 0.75 for
shear
Vn is the nominal shear resistance
Vc is the shear carried by the concrete and
Vs is the shear carried by the stirrups

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Shear-Failure Limit States: Beams
without Web Reinforcement
Design Equation for the Shear Strength of Members without Web
Reinforcement
V d
Vc = 0.16 f c' + 17 w u bw d
M u
0.29 f c' bw d dan Vu d / M u 1.0
Vc = 0.17 f c' bw d
For axially loaded members,

N u Axial compression
Vc = 0.17 1 +
f c' bw d
14 A
g

0.29 N u
Vc = 0.171 + f c' bw d Axial tension
Ag

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Shear-Failure Limit States: Beams with
Web Reinforcement

1. Failure due to yielding the stirrup

Vn = Vc + Vs
Vc = Vcz + Vay + Vd Vc=shear carried by concrete

Figure 6-26a shows a free body between the end of a beam

and an inclined crack. Assuming that all the stirrups yield at
failure, the shear resisted by the stirrups is

Av f yt d
Vs =
s

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32
Shear resisted by stirrups

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 Inclined Stirrups
If the stirrups are inclined at an angle to the horizontal, the number
of stirrups crossing the cracks is approximately d(1+cot)/s, where s
is the horizontal spacing of the stirrups, the inclined force is

d (1 + cot )
F = Av f yt
s
The shear resisted by the stirrups, Vs, is the vertical component
of F, which is Fsin, so that

d
Vs = Av f yt (sin + cos )
s

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 Design Equation
If Vu exceeds Vc, stirrup must be provided so that

Vn Vu where

Vn = Vc + Vs

In design, this generally rearranged to the form

Vs Vu Vc or

Vu Av f yt d
Vs Vc Introducing Vs =
s
gives vertical stirrups spacing:

Av f yt d
s=
Vu / Vc 35
 Maximum spacing of stirrups
Stirrups are unable to resist shear unless they are crossed by an
inclined crack, for this reason the maximum spacing are:

Max s d/2 or
600 mm

Max s d

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 Maximum spacing of stirrups

If Vu/ Vc > 0.33fc bwd. The maximum allowable stirrups

spacing are reduced to half those just described.

For vertical stirrups, the maximum is smaller of d/4 or 300

mm.

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Shear-Failure Limit States: Beams with
Web Reinforcement
2. Shear failure initiated by failure of the stirrups anchorages.

Generally, the upper end of inclined cracks approach very close to the
compression face of the beam. At ultimate, the stress in the stirrups
approaches or equals the yield strength, fy, thus the stirrups should be
extend as close to the compression and tension faces as cover and
bar spacing requirements permit and, in addition, specifies certain
type of hooks to anchor the stirrups.

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Stirrups detailing requirements

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Shear-Failure Limit States: Beams with
Web Reinforcement

3. Serviceability failure due to excessive crack widths at service loads

4. Shear failure due to crushing of the web

5. Shear failure initiated by failure of the tension chord

Vs (max) = 0.66 f c' bw d

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 Types of web Reinforcement

Stirrups or ties perpendicular to the axis of

the member
Welded wire fabric
Stirrups inclined at an angle of 45 or more
A portion of the longitudinal flexural
reinforcement may be bent up where no
longer needed for flexure
Combination of spirals, circular ties, and
hoops
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 Minimum web reinforcement
Because a shear failure of a beam without reinforcement
is sudden and brittle, and because shear-failure loads
vary widely about the values given by the design
equation, ACI section 11.5.5.1 requires a minimum
amount of web reinforcement to be provided if the
applied shear force, Vu, exceeds half of the factored
inclined cracking shear, (0.5Vc), except in
1. slabs and footing;
2. concrete joist construction; and
3. beams width a total depth not grater than 250 mm, 2,5
times the thickness of the flange, or one-half the width of
the web, whichever is greatest.

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 Minimum web reinforcement

Minimum web reinforcement

bw'
Av,min = 0.062 f c but not less than
f yt
Av,min = (0.35bw s) / f yt

In seismic regions, web reinforcement is required in

most beam, since Vc is taken equal to zero if
earthquake-induced shear exceeds half the total shear.

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Strength Reduction Factors for Shear

Strength reduction factor, , for shear and torsion is 0,75.

This value is lower than for flexure, because shear-failure
are more variable than flexure-failure loads

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Location of Maximum Shear for the Design
of beams
In a beam loaded on the top flange and supported on the bottom as
shown in the Figure, the closest inclined crack that can occur adjacent
to the supports will extend outward from the supports at roughly 45.
Loads applied to the beam within a distance d from the support in such
a beam will be transmitted directly to the support by the compression
fan above the 45 cracks and will not affect the stress in the stirrups
crossing the crack shown in the following figure.

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Critical section for shear

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 Example design of vertical stirrups in a
simply supported beam

D = 20 kN/m PL = 60 kN b = 900 mm
L = 24 kN/m

L = 10 m hf = 150 mm
d = 610 mm

bw = 300 mm

fc=25 MPa
fy = 400 MPa
fyt=300 MPa 47
 Outline penyelesaian

1. Compute the design factored shear-force envelope.

500

Vu( x)
Factored shear force diagram
0
Vu( 0.610 )

500
0 5 10
x
Vu( 0) = 360

2. Are stirrups are required by Code, No stirrup are required if Vn=Vu/ Vc/2

3. Is the cross section large enough ?, the Code gives the maximum shear in
the stirrup as

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4. Check anchorage of stirrups and maximum spacing. Try D10 double-stirrups,
(a)Check the anchorage of the stirrups.
(b) Find the maximum stirrups spacing

5. Compute the stirrup spacing required to resist the shear force, for vertical
stirrups

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 Design procedure for web reinforcement
Compute factor shear
force envelope, Vu

Vc = 0.17 f c' bw d

No
Are stirrups required ? Vu>Vc/2 Not required

Yes

Vs,max=0.66(fcbwd)

No
Is the cross section large enough? (Vu/-Vc)<Vs,max Enlarge cross section

Yes

1
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 1

d s 2
Try diameter ds, n-leg stirrups, Av = n
4

bw s 16 Av f yt
Av ,min = 0.062 f c ' smax =
f yt f c 'bw
Find the maximum stirrup spacing
3 Av f yt
Av ,min = (0.35bw s) / f yt smax =
bw

Compute the stirrup spacing required Av f yt d

to resist the shear force
s=
Vu / Vc

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Shear failure in a tied column, 1971 San
Fernando Earthquake

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Shear in Axially Loaded Beams or Columns

Axial Tension:

0.29 N u
Vc = 0.171 + f c' bw d
A
g

Axial Compression:

N
f c' bw d
Vc = 0.171 + u
14 A
g

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 Example
Checking the shear capacity of a column subjected to axial compression
plus shear and moments
620 kN

57 kN-m
28 kN

fc = 20 MPa
240 mm 300 mm fy = 420 MPa
3m

300 mm

28 kN 27 kN-m

620 kN

(a) Cross section (b) Elevation 54

 Example
A 300-mm x 300-mm column width fc' = 20 MPa and longitudinal steel and ties having fy =
420 MPa is subjected to fatored axial forces, moments, and shears, as shown in the
following figure.

Nu := 620 kN bw := 300 mm
fc := 20 MPa d := 240 mm
4 2
fy := 420 MPa Ag := bw bw Ag = 9 10 mm

1. Compute the nomin al shear forces in the column:

( 57 + 27)
Vu := Vu = 28 kN
3
:= 0.75
Vu
Vn := Vn = 37.333 kN

2. Are stirrups required by ACI section 11.5.5.1 ? No stirrups are required if Vn < V c/2,
where
Nu 1000
Vc := 0.17
1 + 14 Ag fc bw d

4
Vc = 8.167 10 N
Vc
Vc := Vc = 81.674 kN
1000
Vc
= 40.837 kN
2
Since Vn=37.333 kN less than Vc/2, shear reinforcement is not ne cessary. If it 55
required, ties at a spacing of not more than d/2 would serve as shear reinforcement.
 q (kN/m)
h d

A B
ql l ql b
2 2
Design The Shear
Reinforcement of this beam!
ql
2 V=0 Steps:

1.Calculate support reaction

x= l 2.Determine Internal shear forces
2
ql 3.Calculate shear at distance d from
Internal Forces: V, 2 support Vu.
Shear (kN) 4.Max required nominal shear
strength Vn = Vu./.
5.Calculate Vc.
6.FindVC /2.
7. Region I (Vu < Vc) : do not need shear reinforcement.
8. Determine max of spacing (diameter of shear reinforcement = ).
9. Calculate :
Av f y d
Vs ,min = (Min. shear reinforcement at max spacing of shear reinforcement)
S max
(
Av = n. 0,25 2 [ ]) n = jumlah tulangan geser yang terkena beban geser 56
10. Region II ( Vc < Vu < Vc) : minimum shear reinforcement.
11. Calculate VS, max= Vn - Vc
12. Determine: Av f y d
smin =
Vs ,max
13. Region III ( Vu > Vc ) : need shear reinfocement with minimum
spacing

Region III Region II Region I

V (kN)
ql 2

Vn , max
VC + VS ,min
VC
VC
2

l
x
Max. 2
Min. Spacing No
Spacing Minimum Stirrups
shear
57
reinforcement
 Daftar referensi

1. James K Wight, James McGregor, Reinforced Concrete, Mechanics

and Design, Sixth Edition, Pearson, 2012
2. ________________, Persyaratan beton struktural untuk bangunan
gedung, SNI 2847:2013, Badan Standarisai nasional
3. ________________, Building Code requirements for Structural
Concrete, ACI 318-2011, American Concrete Institute
4. ________________ Guide to Simplified Design for Reinforced
Concrete Buildings, ACI 314R-11, American Concrete Institute
5. L Wahyudi, Syahril A. Rahim, Struktur Beton Bertulang, PT
Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta, 1999

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