Effects of Renewable Energy Sources on the Power

System
Ramazan Bayindir 1, Sevki Demirbas1, Erdal Irmak1, Umut Cetinkaya2, Ahmet Ova2, Merden Yesil2
1GaziUniversity, Faculty of Technology, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, 06500, Ankara, Turkey.
2Turkish Electricity Transmission Company, Department of Communication and Information Systems, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
bayindir@gazi.edu.tr, sevkidemirbas@gmail.com, irmakerdal@gmail.com, u.cetinkaya28@gmail.com, ahmettova@yahoo.com,
merden408@gmail.com

Abstract Recently, growing electrical energy market and In Turkey, the number of RES based generation plants
increasing integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in have increased in the recent years due to decrease to the
power systems have lead to new challenges on network planning dependency on foreign energy resources. As shown in Table I
step and operation, thus it is required to investigate and analyze and Figure 1, while contribution of renewable energy
properly the impacts of integrated RES on the power system. generation to the total generation in 2015 is 6%, proportion of
renewable energy generation in the total amount of energy
In this paper, the electricity transmission network with wind generation will have been grown at least 30% by 2023, by
farms (WF) is modeled. For the grid model, a part of Izmir
Turkish Government [7, 8].
region is chosen due to the amount of installed generation plants
based RES especially wind energy in this region. The TABLE I. INSTALLED CAPACITY OF TURKEY BY THE END OF 2015
comparison between unexpected variations to voltage profile of
Installed
the power system before and after RES integration to the power Types of Sources The number of Plants
Capacity (MW)
system is demonstrated. In the modeling of the electricity Thermal 41.903,9 416
transmission network with RES, Digsilent/Power Factory is used Hydrolic 25.867,8 560
as software. The different case studies in integration of different Wind 4.503,2 122
amounts of RES are implemented on the developed grid model. Geothermal 623,9 21
As a result of the conducted case studies, effects of RES on Solar 248,8 362
existing power system are evaluated and graphics obtained from Total 73.147,6 1.481
the simulation are presented. Especially, the voltage profile of
power system is examined.

Index Terms Electricity transmission network, Digsilent,

Renewable energy sources, Voltage profile, Wind farms.

I. INTRODUCTION

Smart grids are becoming an important issue in today and

future power system network configurations [1]. New modern
power grids offer detailed information about the power grid in
real time, rapid analysis of failures and also offer the ability to
connect large quantities of RES to the power system [2].
The quick growths of global industry and business have
caused a significant shortage of available energy in the
circumstances of excessive utilization of fossil fuels [3]. As
well as security of supply concern, environmental concerns
have placed investment in low-carbon power generation
technologies as one of the priorities on the energy agendas of
many countries around the world [4, 5].Therefore, generation
of electricity from RES is viable option which will not only
fulfill the growing energy demand but also take care of the
environment[6].
Fig. 1. The distribution of installed capacity according to sources
Integration of RES has imposed additional uncertainties
and challenges on power systems, as RES are intermittent and
their location are geographically dispersed [9]. The sharp
electricity generation which is increased by RES creates a
necessity for different studies to analyze impacts of integration
of RES on the power system [10].
Nowadays, while power systems have evolved through
continuing integration of new units into power systems and
the increased operation in highly stressed conditions, different
forms of the system instability and security have emerged. For

l-))) 
example, voltage stability has become greater concerns than in
the past [11-12]. Thus, the system stability analysis including
static voltage stability analyses are very important in order to
maintain hold the equilibrium of the system [13].
Voltage is considered as an important index because of its
effect on system stability and security [14]. Variations in P
and Q affect the voltages at all the buses in the system as well.
Voltage stability may be defined as the ability of a power
system to hold steady voltage at all buses in the system for a
given initial conditions and after being subjected to a physical
disturbance [15]. Therefore, the voltage stability analysis can
be implemented so as to make decision whether voltage level
at all buses is at acceptable level or not [13].
Increasing distributed generation systems which are based
RESs impact power grids. Moreover, because constant
generation cant be generated from RESs with regard to
conventional energy sources, maintaining of the system
equilibrium and stability are difficult. In this respect, in the
literature many different studies are conducted to be seen the
effect of renewable energy. Lima et al. investigated to the
effects wind generation on the electricity market of Iberian.
Some forecast analysis presented with historical data using
for between 2008 and 2016 years. As result of this study
especially the undesirable situations were seen on the grid
when the wind power production forecasts cannot be done
correctly [16]. Ozdemir et al. analyzed to the impact of large-
scale integration of RES on electricity infrastructures of EU
corridors up to 2050 using economic optimization under
different integration conditions [17]. Fleury et al. explained
the Brazilian experience on the integration of renewable
energy, emphasizing lessons learned and new challenges to
be faced [18]. Similarly Shafiullah et al. simulated a power
system model for Australia power grid to investigated
impacts of large scale renewable energy on high voltage
transmission system [191]. Also Molina et al. investigated to
the contribution of renewable with regard of costs,
technological diversity, CO2 emission and energy injection on
the Chilean electricity system [20]. Duan et al. proposed a
method to analyze the effects of wind energy on transmission
system with using the Weibull Distribution Function. And the
results of method were used to estimate transmission capacity
on the lines [21]. Syafawati et al. made a case study of the
potential evaluation of solar energy in Malaysia. Also this
study gave the information about solar radiation and the
geometrical relationship of its natural resources in order to
determine the potentiality [22]. Lenci et al. showed the
importance of RES forecast accuracy for power systems and
the needs of control reserve with increasing RES integrations
[23]. Also, increasing the distributed generation effects the
behaviors of the grid in the fault cases. After being occurred
faults, it is expected to regain equilibrium of the system.
Therefore, these abilities of the distributed generation sources
must be investigated and analyzed. Alsokhiry et al.
investigated the fault ride through capability distributed
generation and the difference between the base case with and
without DGs when a transient fault is occurred on power
system [24].

In this study, the electricity transmission network of a part
of Izmir region is modeled by using DigSilent/Power Factory,
which is a graphical environment based software for building
single line diagrams and analyzing of power system models
[25]. The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 introduces
the system configurations of the modeled electricity
transmission network. According to the defined different case
studies which are based on the amount of integration of RES
and energy demand on the developed grid model are analyzed
in order to compare impacts of RES on the power system in
Section 3.Section 4 highlights some comparisons and
conclusions of this study.
II. SINGLE-LINE DIAGRAM OF THE MODELED
ELECTRICITY NETWORK
Figure 2 shows the single-line diagram of the simplified
Turkish Transmission System connected with the generation
plants which are based on RES. For this study, a part of Izmir
region, located in the west of Turkish Transmission System,
is chosen due to intensity of installed RES based generation
plants and the balance between load and generation in this
region. The established model consists of seven RES based
generation plants, which are four loads in different rates and
two external grid connections. Installed power rates of the
generators are shown in Table II.
Wind turbine generators based doubly-fed induction
generators (DFIG) have been connected to the common 33.6
kV bus through individual step-up generator transformer of
0.7/33.6 kV. The common 33.6 kV bus has been connected to
154 kV Turkish Transmission System through a 33.6/154 kV
step-up transformer.
In the modeled transmission system, voltage values of
busbars are defined as 154kV and 380kV. In transmission
systems, the maximum and the minimum operating voltage
limits should be in the range of 5 % in substations. In
addition, base values are generally used instead of actual
values which belong to system components such as voltage,
current and active-reactive power [26]. So, the base voltage
value has been used as 154 kV and 380 kV in the analyses
performed in this study. Thus, the voltage limits are assigned
as follows:
The operating voltage limits: 0.90 < U (pu) < 1.1
The busbar voltage limits: 0.95 < U (pu) < 1.05
TABLE II. INSTALLED CAPACITY OF WIND FARMS
Wind The number of Wind
Installed capacity(MW)
Farm No Turbines
WF1 26 67,5
WF2 15 50,75
WF3 50 120
WF4 12 30
WF5 49 39,2
WF6 10 25
WF7 15 8,7
The modeled transmission grid consists of 12 substations
and 12 transmission lines between the substations. The single
line diagram prepared by using DigSilent/PowerFactory
program and actual data of the grid, the line, the substation Figure 2.
and the power plant in September - 2015 session is seen in

Fig. 2. Single-line diagram of the electricity transmission system

III. IMPACTS OF RES ON THE SYSTEM VOLTAGE

PROFILE
Although contribution of the wind plants and demand in
In this section, voltage variations in busbars are the related busbars are minimum, the contribution of the
investigated and simulated in the developed different case external grid and reactive power occurring from the long lines
studies which are created according to the amount of RES and in service cause that generation is more than demand in the
energy demand. The differences of case studies are shown in busbars. The voltage values in the busbars have increased to
Table III. As a result, configurations obtained from these case the top level of the busbar voltage limits because of the
studies are evaluated and compared. difference between generation and demand in the busbars,
TABLE III. THE DIFFERENCES OF CASES however, the values of the busbars are in the operation
voltage limits.
Simulations Scenarios
Cases The Amount of WF The Amount of
TABLE IV. THE VOLTAGE AND PHASE ANGLE OF BUSBARS IN CASE I
Integration Energy Demand

Minimum integration of CASE I

Case-1 Minimum
WF Bus No V (pu) (deg)
Maximum integration of Bus 1 1,079 -2,786
Case-2 Minimum
WF
Bus 2 1,080 -2,787
Minimum integration of
Case-3 WF and out of service Maximum Bus 3 1,080 -2,788
Line1
Bus 4 1,074 -2,798
Bus 5 1,057 -2,130
A. Case -1
Bus 6 1,057 -0,350
In Case-1, the case is investigated as generation based
wind and demand in the related busbars are minimum. Bus 7 1,058 -1,756
Demand in the busbars is supplied from the external grid in Bus 8 1,058 -1,865
the case where generation based wind is minimum. Voltage
profile is presented in Figure 3 and voltage and phase angle Bus 9 1,057 -2,010
values in the busbars are given Table IV for this case. Bus 10 1,055 -1,416
Bus 11 1,058 -1,627
Bus 12 1,058 -0,164


 Fig. 3. Voltage profile in Case 1
As in Case -1, the reactive power compensation could be Fig. 4 Voltage profile in Case 1 and Case 2
more difficult during the periods of minimum active power
participation because of the electricity production from TABLE V. THE VOLTAGE AND PHASE ANGLE OF BUSBARS IN CASE I AND
renewable energy resources not continuous. This situation CASE II
increases the obligation of WF related to reactive power
support and voltage regulation. Thus, it should be noted the CASE I CASE II
reactive load conditions of grid while making planning of Bus No V (pu) (deg) V (pu) (deg)
investments and integrations. 1,065 1,777
Bus 1 1,079 -2,786
B. Case -2
Bus 2 1,080 -2,787 1,065 2,045
In Case-2, the case is investigated as generation based
wind is maximum and demand related busbars is minimum. Bus 3 1,080 -2,788 1,064 2,237
As seen in Table V, voltage values in the busbars are in the Bus 4 1,074 -2,798 1,062 0,737
operation voltage limits.
Bus 5 1,057 -2,130 1,062 0,523
When the Figure 4 is investigated;
Bus 6 1,057 -0,350 1,057 0,050
The voltage profile of the grid in the Case-2 is more Bus 7 1,058 -1,756 1,062 0,938
nominal than Case-1. Although demand in the related busbars
is minimum and contribution of the external grid have Bus 8 1,058 -1,865 1,063 1,135
decreased according to Case-1, furthermore generation based Bus 9 1,057 -2,010 1,063 0,936
wind is maximum, due to W3 by driving low induction, Bus 10 1,055 -1,416 1,058 -0,325
reactive power is absorbed from the system Thus, it is led to
reduce voltages in the busbars, so the voltage values approach Bus 11 1,058 -1,627 1,061 0,451
to nominal values. In Case -2, while the voltages of Bus 1, 2, Bus 12 1,058 -0,164 1,057 0,152
3 were reducing, the voltages of other buses were increasing.
Also the phase angles of all buses changed compared with
Case-1, because the active power produced by WF is C. Case -3
transmitted to intensive consumption areas. Especially the In Case-3, the case is investigated as 380kV Line1 is out
busbars in the areas of WF 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 have no any loads, of service and demand in the related busbars is maximum.
so all energy produced has transmitted. Voltage profiles of the grid in all cases are seen in figure 5.
Also as a result of all analysis the voltage and phase angle of
busbars are given in Table VI.
When the Table VI and figure 5 are investigated;
As 380 kV Line1 is out of service, Busbar 1, 2, 3 are
out of the service of grid.
Since demand in the related busbars is maximum
and contribution of the wind plants into the system is
minimum, voltage values in the busbars have
become the most nominal values among the 3 cases
with reducing the voltage values.


 In case of comparing the Case-1 and the Case-3, generation in the total amount of energy generation
although contribution of the wind plants into the should increase.
system is equal in the both cases, voltage values in
the busbars in the case-1 are higher when compared In parallel with spreading the wind plants, in order to
to the Case-3. The reason is that the contribution of improve the wind energy technology entrepreneurs
reactive power from transmission lines in service should be encouraged.
and the difference between generation and demand New installed wind turbines which comply with
in the busbars are minimum. electricity market grid code [27] should take place in
frequency and voltage control.
TABLE VI. THE VOLTAGE AND PHASE ANGLE OF BUSBARS IN ALL CASES Impacts of integration of RES on the power system
should be investigated and necessary precautions
CASE I CASE II CASE III
should be taken.
Bus No V (pu) (deg) V (pu) (deg) V (pu) (deg)
Bus 1 1,079 -2,786 1,065 1,777 - -
Bus 2 1,080 -2,787 1,065 2,045 - -
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