SYMBOLS USED

ZP - Plastic section modulus

fy - Characteristic yield stress

mo - Partial safety factor against yield stress and buckling

Ze - Elastic section modulus

bf - Breadth of flange

tf -Thickness of flange

bw - Breadth of web

tw - Thickness of web

Av - Shear area

Vd - Design shear strength

r1 -Minimum radius of gyration of the individual element being laced

together

fc - Actual axial compressive stress at service load

ts - Thickness of base slab

fcd -Design compressive stress

KL - Effective length of the member

- Non dimensional slenderness ratio

- Inclination of the tension field stress in web

- Imperfection factor for buckling strength in columns and beams

Pd - Design axial compressive strength

Ae - Effective cross sectional area

fcdw - Buckling strength of un-stiffened beam web under concentrated load

Tdg - Yielding strength of gross section under axial tension

Ag - Gross sectional area

nn - Number of shear planes with the threads intercepting the shear plane in
the bolted connection

mb - Partial safety factor for bolted connection with bearing type bolts

Anc - Net cross- sectional area of the connected leg of a member

Ago - Gross cross-sectional area of outstanding (not connected) leg of a

member

ns -Number of shear planes without threads intercepting the shear plane in

the bolted connection

Vdsb - Block shear strength

Anb - Net tensile cross-sectional area of bolt

Asb - Gross cross-sectional area of a bolt at the shank

kb - Effective stiffness of the beam and column

Vdpb - Nominal shear strength of bolt

fub - Characteristic ultimate tensile stress of the bolt

Tdn - Rupture strength of net section under axial tension

Anc - Net cross-sectional area of the connected leg of a member

fu -Characteristic ultimate tensile stress

m1 - Partial safety factor against ultimate stress

bs -Shear lag distance

Lc - Length of end connection in bolted and welded members, taken as the

distance between outermost fasteners in the end connection, or the length of the
end weld, measured along the length of the member

LLT - Effective length for lateral torsional buckling

Avg - Gross cross-sectional area in shear along the line of transmitted force

Atn - Net sectional area in tension from the centre of the hole to the toe of the
angle perpendicular to the line of force

Avn - Net cross-sectional area in shear along the line of transmitted force

Atg - Gross sectional area in tension from centre of the hole to the toe of
angle section perpendicular to the line of force

Tdb - Design strength of bolt under axial tension; Block shear strength at end
connection

Mz - Factored applied moment about the major axis of the cross-section

My - Factored applied moment about the minor axis of the cross-section

Mdz - Design bending strength about the major axis of the cross-section

Mdy - Design bending strength about the minor axis of the cross-section

Md - Design flexural strength

Mcr - Elastic critical moment corresponding to lateral torsional buckling of the

beam

fcr,b - Extreme fibre compressive stress corresponding elastic lateral buckling

moment
fbd - Design bending compressive stress corresponding to lateral buckling

Pz - Design wind pressure at height z

Vz - Design wind velocity at height z

Vb - Regional basic wind speed

k1 - Probability factor

k2 - Terrain, height & structure size factor

k3 - Topography factor