B M S Institute of Technology

Internal specifications of a
mobile phone

Sujatha D -1BY12EC079,Sushma Padmanabha-1BY12EC082,Simant Nigam 1BY12EC073

3/1/2015
 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

1. INTRODUCTION

The objective of this assignment is to understand the internal specifications of a mobile phone.
In the following sections, we will analyze and understand the same in detail. For this purpose,
we have chosen the following phone.

Phone Nokia
Model Number 1208
Year of Release 2007

2. OVERVIEW

For better understanding and appreciation, the parts of the mobile phone is discussed under the
following categories

o External Features
o Communication Enablers
o Housekeeping and Operations

3. EXTERNAL FEATURES

a. BATTERY

The phone is powered using a rechargeable battery. The battery intended for use with this
device is BL-5CA (Lithium-ion 700mAh).The phone maybe powered up using the following
chargers: AC-3, the exact charger model number may vary depending on the type of plug. The
plug variant is identified by one of the following: E, EB, X, AR, U, A, C, K, or UB.
The battery can be charged and discharged hundreds of times, but it will eventually wear out.
The battery needs to be replaced when it is observed that the talk and standby modes are
noticeably short.
If left unused, a fully charged battery will lose its charge over time. It is important that the
battery is not kept in extreme temperatures, ideally between 15C and 25C (59F and 77F).

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 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Extreme temperatures reduce the capacity and lifetime of the battery. A device with a hot or
cold battery may not work temporarily.
The battery performance is particularly limited in temperatures, well below freezing.
This battery gives an average standby of around 365hrs (15 days) and talk time of 7hrs.

SAFETY
This mobile device is a radio transmitter and receiver. It is designed not to exceed the limits for
exposure to radio waves recommended by international guidelines. These guidelines were
developed by the independent scientific organization ICNIRP and include safety margins
designed to assure the protection of all persons, regardless of age and health.
The exposure guidelines for mobile devices employ a unit of measurement known as the Specific
Absorption Rate or SAR. The SAR limit stated in the ICNIRP guidelines is 2.0 watts/kilogram
(W/kg) averaged over 10 grams of tissue. Tests for SAR are conducted using standard operating
positions with the device transmitting at its highest certified power level in all tested frequency
bands. The actual SAR level of an operating device can be below the maximum value because
the device is designed to use only the power required to reach the network. That amount
changes depending on a number of factors such as how close you are to a network base station.
The highest SAR value under the ICNIRP guidelines for use of the device at the ear is 1.07 W/kg
(RH-99) or 1.01 W/kg (RH-105).
Use of device accessories may result in different SAR values. SAR values may vary depending on
national reporting and testing requirements and the network band.

b. CASING

The Nokia 1208 model has dimensions of 102*44.1*17.5mm (4.72*1.72*0.69in) and weights
about 77grams.The outer casing is made out of plastic material to make the handset much
lighter and user friendly.
Plastic also acts as an insulator hence the user is safe from minor shocks and vibrations.
The conductivity of any rubber is usually minimal and thus won't affect the cell phone's signal
reception. In most cases, it can even have a positive impact by preventing your skin (more
conductible than plastic).

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 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
The thickness of the rubber or even the color of the item play an important role as well. Carbon
and titanium dioxide are common colorants for respectively black and white cases and might
thus affect your reception as well.

c. DISPLAY:

It has an LCD display of CSTN type. The size of the display screen is 1.5in diagonal (29*23mm)
hence giving it a 15.2% screen to body ratio. The display screen has 65000 colors (65k color) and
resolution of 96*68 pixels giving it approximately 78ppi pixel density. It does not consist of a
secondary display.

4. COMMUNICATION ENABLERS

a. ANTENNA OF NOKIA 1208 MODEL

The antenna used in NOKIA 1208 is a microstrip patch antenna.

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 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
The patch antenna consists of a radiating patch on one side of a dielectric substrate which has a
ground plane on the other side. The patch used in the phone is made of gold and is rectangular
in shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are photo etched on the dielectric substrate.
The single patch antenna provides a maximum directive gain of around 6 to 9 dB. They are
employed at UHF and higher frequencies because the size of the antenna is directly tied to the
wavelength at resonant frequency.

The feed line to patch antenna is basically a transmission line and therefore it is referred to as
transmission line feed. The feed techniques used incase of antenna are microstrip line and co-
axial probe. The patch and microstrip line both have the same material. The width of the
microstrip line is much smaller than that of patch.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION: When the antenna is excited at a resonant frequency, a strong field is
set up inside the cavity and a strong current on the surface of the patch. This produces
significant radiation.
The advantages of patch antenna incase of a mobile phone are:
Light weight and volume
Low profile planar configuration which can be easily made conformal to host surface
Low fabrication cost
Supports both linear and circular polarization
Capable of dual and triple frequency operation
Easy integration with Microwave Integrated circuits(MIC)

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 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
On the other hand, the disadvantages of patch antenna are:

Narrow bandwidth
Low efficiency
Low gain
Low power handling capacity
Surface wave excitation
Extra radiation from feeds and junctions

POLARIZATION

The patch antennas used have polarization diversity. They can be easily designed to have
vertical, horizontal, right hand circular or left hand circular polarizations using multiple feed
points, or a single feed point with asymmetric patch structures.
The type of polarization incase of patch antenna used in the phone is circular polarization.
One approach to radiate circularly polarized wave is to excite a single rectangular patch
using two feeds, with one feed delayed by 90 with respect to the other. This drives each
transverse mode with equal amplitudes and 90 degrees out of phase. Each mode radiates
separately and combine to produce circular polarization. This feed condition is often
achieved using a 90 degree hybrid coupler. When the antenna is fed in this manner, the
vertical current flow is maximized as the horizontal current flow becomes zero, so the
radiated electric field will be vertical; one quarter-cycle later, the situation will have
reversed and the field will be horizontal. The radiated field will thus rotate in time,
producing a circularly-polarized wave

MANUFACTURE OF PATCH ANTENNA

Standard patch antennas are manufactured by matching to 50 input & output impedance
on a well-defined ground plane; on the manufacturers test fixture, in a controlled
environment. In real world application when this antenna is placed on the end-product PCB,
optimization is required. This optimization involves impedance matching in the end-product
PCB to optimize the reflection coefficients. Further, if the end-product is encapsulated or
has a metal cover, this optimization accounts for the frequency shift of the patch in the end-
product PCB.

Impedance matching may also involve placement of capacitors and/or inductors onto the
PCB. It is also helpful to remember that the patch antenna impedance decreases as the feed
location approaches the center.
A popular type of matching network is the PI-network, consisting of two shunt components
with one series component in the middle. This method provides flexibility for impedance
matching.
The length and width of the patch, the effective dielectric constant and the feed position are
obtained during the design procedure.Once the dimensions are obtained the antenna can
be simulated on a commercially available 2.5D or a 3D EM simulator. And further
optimization and fine tuning of dimensions can be carried out to bring the resonance back at
the desired frequency with acceptable return loss.

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 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Mask Generation and Antenna Fabrication: Layout generation can be done in intellicad or
autocad software for preparing the mask. Once the mask is pinted on a transparent sheet,
the patch can be fabricated using conventional photolithography process.
Test & Measurement: The return loss for the patch antenna can be measured on a network
Analyzer. The E-plane and H-plane can be measured in a far-field test set up (preferably in
an anechoic chamber) with a standard gain antenna as a transmitting antenna and the
Antenna under test as a receiving antenna mounted on a pedestal.

SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE (SAR)

Specific absorption rate (SAR) is a measure of the rate at which energy is absorbed by the
human body when exposed to a radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic field; although, it can
also refer to absorption of other forms of energy by tissue, including ultrasound. It is defined
as the power absorbed per mass of tissue and has units of watts per kilogram(W/kg).
The SAR value of NOKIA 1208 is 810 W/kg.

b. SIM CARD SLOT

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 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
Pin Name Description
C1 VCC +5V DC power supply input
C2 RESET Reset signal, used to reset the card's communication. Either
used by itself or in combination with an internal reset control
circuit. If internal reset is implemented, the voltage supply on
Vcc is mandatory
C3 CLOCK Provides the card with a clock signal, from which data
communications timing is derived
C4 RESERVED AUX1, optionally used for USB interfaces and other uses.
C5 GND Ground
C6 Vpp Programing voltage input. This contact may be used to supply
the voltage required to program or to erase the internal non-
volatile memory. ISO/IEC 7816-3:1997 designated this as a
programming voltage: an input for a higher voltage to program
persistent memory. ISO/IEC 7816-3:2006 designates it SPU, for
either standard or proprietary use, as input and/or output.
C7 I/O Input or Output for serial data to the integrated circuit inside the
card.
C8 RESERVED AUX2, optionally used for USB interfaces and other uses.

c. KEYPAD

When used to dial a telephone number, pressing a single key will produce a dual-tone multi-
frequency signaling pitch consisting of two simultaneous pure sinusoidal frequencies. The row in
which the key appears determines the low frequency, and the column determines
the high frequency. For example, pressing the '1' key will result in a sound composed of both a
697 and a 1209 hertz (Hz) tone.

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 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

DTMF keypad frequencies

1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz

697 Hz 1 2 3

770 Hz 4 5 6

852 Hz 7 8 9

941 Hz * 0 #

5. HOUSE KEEPING MECHANISM

a. FLASH MEMORY

M58WR032KU is a 32-M bit (2 x 16Mbit) non-volatile flash memory. This ic is manufactured at

ST Microelectronics.The memory can be erased electrically at block level and programmed in-
system on a word-by-word basis using a 1.7 to 2 Volts VDD supply for the circuitry and a 1.7 to 2
Volts VDDQ supply for the Input-Output pins.

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 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
The first 16 address lines are multiplexed with the Data Input-Output signals on the multiplexed
address/data bus ADQ0-ADQ15. The remaining address lines, A16-A20, are the Most Significant
Bit addresses.

INTERNAL ARCHITECTURE
It has an array of 71 blocks, and are divided into 4 Mbit banks. There are 7 banks each
containing 8 main blocks of 32 K Words, and one parameter bank containing 8 parameter blocks
of 4 K Words and 7 main blocks of 32 K Words. The multiple bank architecture allows dual
operation that is when one block is erased or programmed, data can be read from the other
banks.

Signal Name Function Direction

A16-A20 Address inputs Inputs
ADQ0-ADQ15 Data Input/Outputs or Address I/O
Inputs
Ebar Chip Enable Input
Gbar Output Enable Input
Wbar Write Enable Input
RPbar Reset/Power Down Input
WPbar Write Project Input
K Clock Input
BINV Bus Invert Input
WAIT Wait Output
VDD Supply voltage
VDDQ Supply voltage for input output
buffers
VPP Optional supply for erase or fast
program
VSS Ground
VSSQ Ground input/output supply
NC Not connected

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 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering
b. BASE BAND PROCESSOR

4377008 is Base Band Processor in Nokia 1208. It manages the radio control functions, such as
signal generation, modulation, encoding, as well as frequency shifting. It can also manage the
transmission of signals.
Typically it is located on the same circuit board as the CPU but consists of a separate radio
electronics component. It can therefore have a different programming interface and control
software. The hardware function is often independent of the operations of other phone
components as well. A benefit to this is usually that changes to software applications and
operating systems do not affect the operation of the BP. Software bugs can affect other
capabilities, but the baseband processor will usually function without a problem in such a case.

c. VIBRATOR

The vibrator is responsible for the phone to work in vibration mode.

The vibrator is a small motor inside the phone which is partially balanced with respect to the
center of the axis of rotation. This causes the vibration when the panel supplies power to it
when the vibrate option is selected.

d. POWER MANAGEMENT INTEGRATED CIRCUIT

Power management integrated circuits (power management ICs or PMICs) are integrated
circuits (or a system block in a system-on-a-chip device) for managing power requirements of
the host system. Power management ICs are solid state devices that control the flow and
direction of electrical power. They provide high efficiency power conversion that minimizes
energy loss (heat).
A PMIC may include battery management, voltage regulation, and charging functions. It may
include a DC to DC converter to allow dynamic voltage scaling. Some models are known to
feature up to 95% power conversion efficiency. Some models integrate with dynamic frequency
scaling in a combination known as DVFS (dynamic voltage and frequency scaling).It may be
manufactured using BiCMOS process. They may come as QFN package. A PMIC uses pulse-
frequency modulation (PFM) and pulse-width modulation (PWM).
4376521 Power Management IC is used in NOKIA 1208 model.

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 BMS Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore -64
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

REFERENCES

chipworks.secure.force.com

ST Microelectronics Datasheet

Texas Instruments

Gsmserver.com

Developer.nokia.com

http://www.sardatabase.com/nokia/ for sar

http://www.abracon.com/Support/PatchAntenna-Application-Note.pdf for patch antenna

http://www.datasheetarchive.com/STR-W6253-datasheet.html

http://forum.gsmhosting.com/vbb/f148/

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=line+feed+of+antenna&biw=1093&bih=498&source=lnms&tbm=isc
h&sa=X&ei=UdPxVM-tB4PjuQSl5oKAAQ&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAg for feed line

https://www.google.co.in/search?sclient=psy-
ab&biw=1093&bih=498&noj=1&q=power+management+integrated+circuit&oq=power+management+i
ntegrated+circuit&gs_l=serp.3...3834.16400.1.16802.77.33.0.0.0.0.0.0..0.0.msedr...0...1c.1.62.serp..77.0
.0.EsWiL0nBPRk power ic

http://www.slideshare.net/amitkool49/microstrip-patch-antenna-design patch antenna

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