SECTION 3 READING COMPREHENSION 3 Time - 55 minutes (including the reading of the directions) Now set your clock for 85 minutes. 14 In the Reading Comprehension section of the test, you will read several passages. Fach one is followed by ‘a number of questions about it. For questions 1-50, you are to choose the ong best answer, (A), (B), (C) or (D), to each question, Answer all questions ubout the information in» passage onthe basis of what is tae or implied in that passage. Read the following passage: Example1 It can be inferred from the passage that coffee grows well The coffees of Central America profit from the areas steady climate and wealth of ‘mountains. The mountains of the Pacific Cordillera, which stretch in & virtually unbroken line ftom Gustemala to the middle of Panama, provide the best combination of climate, altitude, and sol 5 (Guatemala was a relative latecomer to the commercial cofize business, exporting beans only since 1875. This mountainous county is ideally suited for coffee production, and its exports now surpass those of much larger countries. European merehants sill take about 50 percent ofthe Guntemelan beans, with most of the best beans today being exported to England, Sample Answer (A) inthe northern hemisphere OOO (8) in mountainous regions (C) in small counties (D) near the Pacific Ocean ideally suited for cose The passage implies thatthe mountainous regions of Central America s produetion. The other answer choices cannot be inferred from the infor should choose (B). jon given. Therefore, you Example I The word “surpass” in line 7 is closest in meaning to (A) includ ‘Sample Answer (B) surround oor Yo) (©) exceed (D) imi ‘The word surpass inthis passage means exceed. Therefore, you should choose (C). [Now begin wark on the questions, DexsA's Key 10 THe TOEFL® Test as PealeTest 4 AAA A AA AAA Questions 1-10 It we beliove that clothing has todo with covering the body, and costae withthe choice of a particular form of garment for a particular use, then we can say that clothing depends primarily on such physical conitions as climato, health and textile manufacture, \hereas costume reflects sovial factors such as religious beliefs, aesthetics, personal 5 status, and the wish to be distinguished from or to emulate our fellows, “The ancient Grocks and the Chinese believed that we frst covered our bodies for ‘some pnysieal reason such as protecting ourselves ftom the elements. Ethnologists and psychologists have invoked psychological reasons: modesty inthe ease ofthe ancients, and taboo, magical influence and the desire to please for the modems, 10 Incarly history, costume must have fulfilled a function beyond that of simple utlty, perhaps through some magical significance, investing primitive man withthe attributes of other creatres, Omaments identified the wearer with animals, god, heroes ‘or other men. This identification remsins symbolic in more sophisticated societies, We should bear in mind that the theater has its distant origins in sacred performances, and in 15 ll periods children at play have worn disguises, so as to edapt gradually to adult life. ‘Costume helped inspire fear or impose authority. For a chieftain, costume embodied attributes expressing his power, while a warrior’s costume enhanced his physical superiority and suggest ne was superhuman. In mote recent times, professional or administrative costume has been devised to distinguish the wearer and to 20 express personal or delegated authority; tis purpose is seen clearly inthe judge's robes and the police officer's uniforin. Costume denotes power, and since power is usually equated with wealth, costume came to be an expression of social caste and material prosperity. Military uniform denotes rank and is intended to intimidate, to protect the body and to express membership ina group. At the botom ofthe scale, there are such 25 compulsory costumes as the convet’s uniform. Finally, costume ean possess a religious significance that combines various elements: sn actual or symbolic identification with a od, the desire to express this in earthly life, andthe desire to enhance the wearer position of respect, 1. The passage mainly 3. Psychological reasons for wearing terms of is garments include | (A) physical protection (A) protection trom cold {B) religious significance {(B) availabilty of materials I (©) social function (©) prevention of ilness (D) beauty and atractiveness (D) wishing to give pleasure 2, What is the purpose of paragraph 1? (A) To describe the uses of costume (B) To contrast costume with clothing (©) To trace the origins of costume (D) To point out that clothing developed Defore costume 16 Devra’s Key 10 THe TOEFL® TestTest 4 A & A & & & & A A 4, The word “investing” in Fine 11 could best 8. The word “denotes” in lines 21 and 23 is replaced by closest in meaning to (8) endowing (A) disguises (B) creating (B) describes (©) wrapping (©) indicates (D) frightening (D) denigrates 5, The word “Omaments” in ine 12 i closest 9, The word “scale” inline 24 refers to in meaning to (A) symbolic identification (A) garments () malitary rank (B) representations (©) social position (©) details (D) the balance (D) decorations 10. Which of the following would most ikely 6, Tecan be infered from paragraph 3 that NOT be refleced ina persons costume, as itis defined inthe passage? (A) the funtion of costume has become ‘sophisticated (A) Having a heart condition (B) children like to identity with other (B) Playing in a baseball game creatures by wearing costumes (©) Working in a hospital (©) primitive people wore clothes only for (D) Participating ina religious ceremony sacred performances (©) costume no longer falfils a function beyond simple uility Why does the author me officer’ uniform in tine 21? the police (A) To illustrate the aesthetic funtion of costume (B) "To identity the woarer with a ero (C) ‘To suggest that police are superhuman (D) To show how costume signifies authority Parry Data's Key 10 me TOEFL® Teor ovTesr4 A A & & A & A & & Questions 11-18 Prychologists who study information processing have identified and described several memory structures that clarify haw our memory works. They inchude the sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory. Each structure varies as 10 ‘how much information it can hold and for hove tong, 5 ‘A description of how humans process information typically begins with environmental stimuli. Our sense receptors ae constantly stimulated by visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory, and gustatory stimuli, These experiences ae initially recorded in the sensory register, so named because information i thought to be encoded therein the same form in which it was poresived. The purpose of the sensory register isto hold 10 information one to three seconds. Information not recognized or otherwise selected by us disappears fiom the system. The sensory register can hold about twelve items of information atx time. Typists make extensive use ofthe sensory register in onder to remember words just long enough to get them typed. Ifno further processing takes place, ‘typist’ ability to recall that information later i minimal. Similarly, most of us have had 15 the experience of reading an entire page of text, only to discover when we got to the bottom ofthe page we coulén’t say anything about it except that we had indeed “read” every word. ‘Once information has been recognized as meaningful, itis sent to short-term ‘memory. In ths case, short-term is approximately 20 seconds, While this may seem 20 surprising, it can easily be demonstrated. Ifyou were asked to dial an unfamiliar phone ‘number, received a busy signal, and were then distracted by something or someone else far 15 to 20 soconds, chances are you would have forgoten the number at that point Short-term memory is often referred to as “working” memory, “Most cognitive psychologists believe that the storage capacity of long-term 25 — memory is unlimited and contains a permanent record of everything an individual has eared ané experienced. Information is encoded there to enhance its meaningfulness and ‘organization so that it can be easily retrieved when necessary. 11, What is the purpose of the passage? 13. The word “stimuli” in lines 6 and 7 is closest in meaning to (A) To describe the sensory register (B) To compare short-term and (A) objects we consider attractive long-term memory (B) things that help us to later reall (©) To explain why we sometimes ‘what happened forget information (©) objects ot events that activate our memory (©) Tocexplain how our memory () situations in which we experience emotion processes information 12, The word “They” inline 2 refers to (A) psychologists (B) information (C) memory structures (D) environmental stimuli oe Deas Key 10 ™e TOEFL® TestTest 4 A A A & A A A A A 4 According tothe passage, typists are 17, The word “capacity” in line 24 i closest ‘unable to reall information they type if inmeaning (A) they do not recognize it as meaningful (A) quality {enough to remember Tocation (B) they are distracted by something (© time or someone (D) sie (©) they have too much work 0 be able process it all 18, Which ofthe following would we most easily (D) they are tired retrieve ftom long-term memory? According tothe passage, which type of (A) The binh date of ou child ‘information is sent to short-term memory? (B) Avwrong telephone number we dialed (©) The face ofa stranger onthe street (A) Information we need for tree seconds (D) Voices from the television in the background or less (B) Information that i relevant to us (C) Information that surprises us (D) Environmental stimuli we do not perceive Ttcan he inferred that short-term memory i called "working" memory because (A) se use it extensively when we are working (B) iis very diftoul 10 use effectively (C) itholds information we are working on at a given moment (D) we must work hard t retrieve information from it Deis's Key 10 THe TOEFL® Teor 619 PealeTest 4 A A A A A & & AB A Questions 19-30 Adolphus Busch came to prominence during the Gilded Age atime when barons ‘of industry lef an indelible mark onthe United States. And in the Brewing industry, ‘Adolphus Busch was the undisputed baron. Adolphus Busch was bor in Germany and ‘emigrated tothe US. a the age ofeightoca, He worked frst asa clerk on the Mississipi 'S-__ver font and then decided to sell brewery supplies. One of is customers wes Eberhard Anheuser, owner ofa struggling brewery. Busch married Anbeuser’s daughter Lily in 1861, and three years later he was operating his fuher-inlaw’s brewery, Within five yeats, he more than doubled the brewery’ ouput, fom 6,000 to 16,000 barrels. Dosing that browing was his calling, he bocame s fll busines purner in 1869, 0 ‘Busch decided business would be even better ifthe market could be expanded. ‘Production wat limited by the amount of availabe sorage space. ln the days before reftgeration, brewers relied on caves to store their beet. Anheuser’s caves were ‘completely fll. Expanding the market Would also mean shipping beer to other locations, ‘which tok time and reslted in spoilage for the highly perishable product. That is wy 15 brewing had always heen a local business. Busch saw the problems offsite eave space and long-distance shipping simply as obstacles to be overcome, ‘So, with litle more thn conviction to susiain him, he set aut to overcome these Inu. He traveled to Europe to lear about the ltest advances in brewing, While there, Ihe heard shout pasteurization, «procass that kopt overages from spoiling. Ar the 1876 20. World's Fac in Philadelphia he gor his fist glimpse ofthe newly invented refrigerated nilear. He ordered five. And so, through persistence and experimentation, Busch found a ‘way around spoilage and storage consrants, revolutionizing an entire industry. He was the fst to introduce pasteurization and to use arti refigration, ultimately shipping his beer all over the country ina fleet of 850 refrigerated railcars, 25 ‘Busch was a flamboyant promoter, recognizing early on that making the world’s best beers did no good unless people knew about them. His marketing acumen became legendary inthe brewing indusry. He was a dapper man who wore a white carnation and, in place of calling cards, gave his business associates pocket knives Featuring his porta. ‘By the time he did in 1913 atthe age of seventy-four, Busch had amassed 30 tremendous wealth and atsined great position. Few people a ha ime could dispute she ceomplishments of tis self-made man, 19, It canbe inferred from lines 1-3 that 20. While operating his faher-in-aw's the Gilded Age brewery, Adojphus Busch {A) caused war among prominent barons (A) increased its production of beer {(B) was atime of indusralativiey (B) sold brewery supplies {C) was marked by economic hardship (©) struggled with his customers and run (D) emigrated ftom Germany (©) occurred inthe early twentieth century 620 Deush’s Key 10 nz TOEFL® TestTest 4 & & B & BB & 3B & 21. Busch realized thet expanding the market for beer would involve (A) completly filing the brewery’s eaves with boor (B) increasing the amount of local business (C) shipping the beer to nearby cities (D) both increasing outpat and shipping Tong distances The phrase the highly perishable product” inline 14 refers to (A) the market (8) business (C) beer (D) cave sp 23, The word “conviction” inline 17 is closest, in meaning to (A) success (B) intellect, (©) faith (D) despair 24, The phrase “these hurdles” in lines 17-18 refers to (A) caves and beer (B) shipping and storage (©) production and experimentation (D) new developments in brewing 25, According to the passage, Busch solved the problem of spoilage by (A) using pasteurization and reiigertion (B) inventing a eigerated rilear (©) increasing the amount of cave space (D) marketing his beer allover the country 26 28 2, 30 With what topic is paragraph 3 mainly concemed? (A) The latest advances in brewing. (GB) Busch’s travels in Europe {(C) Spoilage and storage problems (D) Busch's innovations ‘The word “acumen” in line 26 is closest in meaning to (A) department () skill (©) equipment (D) predictions Itean be concluded from paragraph 4 that (A) people didn’t recognize the quality of the beer they drank (8) people probably thought Busch was dishonest | (©) Busch thought selling beer was not always good for society ‘The word “amassed” inline 29 is closest in meaning to (A) controlled (B) overcome (©) accumulated D)invested Tre auors atid tnd Adis sch Gand bet be sede § Sy (9) comptinenay (B) sreastie aa {© pone (D) neutral Desra's Key 10 He TOEFL? Test eaTesr 4 & A & & & A & & & QUESTIONS 31-41 ‘The initial contact between American Indians and European setts usually involved trade, whereby Indians acquired tools and firearms and the Europeans obtained {ars. These inital events usually pitted Indian tribes against each other as they competed forthe European trade and forthe lands eontaining far-producing animals, When the furs 5 hd been depleted, the Europeans began a campaign to obtain the lands the Indians ‘occupied. The Indians often formed confederations and alliances to fight back the Europeans; howover, the Indians’ involvement inthe white people's wars usually slisrupted these confederations. Indians resisted the attempts by the whites to displace ‘them. They fought defensive wars such asthe Black Hawk War in 1832. Indian uprisings 10 also occured, lke the Sioux uprising in the 1860s. Despite the resistance ofthe Indians, the Europeans were destined to win the conflict. After Indian resistance wes crushed, whits legitimized the taking of Indian Jands by proposing treaties, frequent offering gifts to Indian chiefs to get them to sig the treaties. Once an Indian group had signed a treaty, the whites proceeded 15 te remove them from their lad, Often the Indians were forced west of the Mississippi into Indian Territory —land the whites considered uninhabitable. I only afew Indians remained afer the conquest, they were often absorbed by local tribes or forced onto reservations [No aspect of American history is more poignant than the accounts ofthe forced 20 removal of Indians across the continent, As whit settlers migrated farther west, Indians ‘were forced to sign sew treaties giving up the lands earlier treaties had promised them. Some Indian tries, realizing the futility of resistance, accepted their fate and moved westward without fore. The Winnebagos, who offered litle resistance, were shifted Som place to place between 1829 and 1866, About half of them perished during their 25. perpetual sojourn. Other tribes, however, bitterly resisted. The Seminoles signed a ‘ueaty in 1832 but violently resisted removal. Hosilities broke out in 1835 and coatinued Tor seven years, The United States government lost nearly 1,500 men and spent over '50 millon in its attempts to erash Seminole resistance. Most of the Seminoles were eventually forced to Indian Teritory. However, several hundred remained inthe Florida, 30° Everglades, where their descendants live today 1. What does the passage mainly discuss? 32, What does the author mean by the phrase “pitted Indian ribes against each other” inline 37 (A) Trade between American Indians and European seers (A) Trade with Europeans tok place (8) The diverse cultares of American in publie market pis. Indian wibes (8) Contact with Europeans caused opposition (©) Confit berween American Indians and ‘among Indian tribes Europeans overland (©) Athletic events were popular with (D) Violation of treaties by white setters the Indian tribes, (D) Indians used European-made frearms in their shooting competitions e22 Dara’ Key 10 nee TOEFL® TestTesr4 BB B® BB BB B 33. The word “logiimized” in line 12 is 38, Tho word “futility” in line 22 could best closest in meaning to (A) encouraged (B) coordinated (C) wrote to support (D) justified 34, Itean bo concluded from lines 11-14 that 39. (A) Europeans had greater military, plitial, snd economie power than Indians Europeans showed great speaking skill in their treaty proposals Indian chietS were easily bribed by economic offerings both Indians and Europeans wanted to end the conflict by signing treaties 8 © © 40 35. The author makes the poiat that Indian Tenstory was (A) considered undesirable by Furopean setlers (B) inthe westem part of Mississippi (C) where a few Indians remained 4 (D) where several battles between Indians and ites took place 36. Acconding to the passage, which ofthe following did NOT happen? (A) Indian tides formed alliances with thor tribes. (8) ‘Teatis allowed Indians to Hive where they wanted (©) Indians were forced to live on reservations, (D) Indians ebelled against European settlers, 39. In ines 19-21, the author implies that (A) many accounts of Indian removal are not true (B) Indian treaties and removal were mit events in American history {C) Indian removal was a shameful tragedy ‘of American history (D) now treaties promised Indians more land ‘than had the earlier treaties be replaced by (A) expense (8) importince (©) advantage (D)aselessness The word “perpetual” inline 25 is closest in meaning to (A) long-tasting (B) seasonal (C) vietorious (D) gradual According to the passage, which tribe did NOT fight against removal? (4) Siows (B) Black Hawk (©) Winnebago (D) Seminole ‘Wher inthe passage does the author mention the costs associated with removal? (A) Lines 9-10 (B) Lines 12-14 (©) Lines 19-20 (D) Lines 27-28 PeatnleTest 4 & & A & A & AB A Questions 42-50 All North American canids have a doglke appearance characterized by a lhe body, long muzzle, rect eas, slender logs, and bushy til, Most are social animals: wolves travel in packs with a clearly established hierarchy of dominance, coyotes hunt in smaller troupe or pars, and only foxes are solitary. Asa result of years of persecution, most ‘unis have decreased greatly. The coyote, however, has thrived alongside man, increasing in both numbers and range. lis common name cones from coyort, the term used by Mexico's Nahuat! Indians, and its scientific name, canis latrans, means “barking dog.” The coyote’s vocalizations are varied, but the most distinctive are given at dusk, dawn, or during the night and consist 10 ofa series of barks followed by a prolonged howl and ending with shor, sharp yaps ‘This call keeps the band alert ta the locations of its members. One voice usually prompis| ‘others to join i, esulting inthe familiar chorus heard a night throughout the West. ‘The best runaer among the canis, the coyote is uble to leap fourteen feet and eruise orally at 25-30 miles per hour. It i @steong swimmer and does not hesitate fo enter 15 water after prey. In feeding, the coyote is an opportunist, eating rabbits, mice, ground scuirels, birds, toads, snakes, insects, many kinds of fruit, and cartion. To catch larger prey, such as deer or antelope, the eovote may'team up with one or wo others, running {in relays to tire prey or waiting in ambush while others chase prey toward it, Often & bedger serves as involuntary supplier of smaller prey: while it digs for rodents at one end 20 oftheir burrow, the coyote waits for any that may emerge from an escape hole at the other end. Predators of the coyote ance included the grizaly and black bears, mountain fons, and wolves, but with their declining populations these are no longer a threat. Man i the ‘major enemy, expecially since coyote pelts have become increasingly valuable, but the 25 coyote popultion continues to increase despite efforts at tapping and poisoning. 42, The passage supports al ofthe following __—_-44. The word “band” inline 11 closest, statements EXCEPT inmeaning 1 (A) the coyote threat to umans (leader {B) the coyote isan ofiien and Bait athletic predator (©) group | () the coyote i social animal (Dyorehesea {D) the coyote tives sucessfully near i ‘human populations 45. The word “opportunist” in line 15 means one who 49, The author mentions wolves and foxes ssexamples of (Ais very narow in his imrests {B) likes to eam up with oes (&) prey (© abways bas good luck {B) canids {D)iakes advantage of eteumstances (© rodeas (D) coyotes 624 Datta Key 10 te TOEFL® TesrTest 4 BA & A A A A&A 46 4. 48 ‘The word “any” in Tine 20 refers to 49, It.can be inferred from the passage that (A) coyotes (A) the coyote is an endangered species (B) badgers (8) the coyote is an intelligent and (C) rodents (D) burrows (©) people will continue to fear the coyote (D efforts to trap and poison the coyote ‘Which animal sometimes unknowingly will increase helps the coyote catch food? 50, Where in the pastage does the author (a) Wott describe coyote communication? (B) Black bear (©) Deer (A) Paragraph 1 (D) Badger (B) Pacagraph 2 (©) Paragraph 3 The author makes the point that the chief (D) Paragraph 4 predator ofthe coyote is (A) the human being (B) the wolf (©) the mountain ion (D) the grizzly bear This isthe end of Section 3. “This is the end of Test 4 Peary Aaswors to Pretice Tet 1 are on ages 675 10 677 TOEFL score conversion tale re on page 1S.