1. An attorney actually practices law in court whereas a lawyer may or may not.

Anattorney has
passed the bar exam and has been approved to practice law in his jurisdiction. Although the
terms often operate as synonyms, an attorney is a lawyerbut a lawyer is not necessarily
an attorney.
2. Advocate Definition: The Scottish law term for a barrister; one who argues cases for clients
before the Court. Related Terms: Solicitor, Barrister, Lawyer, Attorney, LordAdvocate.
3. In law, the bar is the legal profession and the process of qualifying to practice law. The
term is from the physical division or bar between the working and public areas of a
courtroom.
4. A barrister (also known as barrister-at-law or bar-at-law) is a type of lawyer in common law
jurisdictions who works at higher levels of court.[1] Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom
advocacy and litigation. Their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals, drafting
legal pleadings, researching the philosophy, hypothesis and history of law, and giving expert
legal opinions. Often, barristers are also recognised as legal scholars.
5. Bench in legal contexts means simply the location in a courtroom where a judge sits. The
historical roots of that meaning come from judges formerly having sat on long seats or benches
(freestanding or against a wall) when presiding over a court.
6. CLOSED DOORS. Signifies that something is done privately.
7. The person defending or denying; the party against whom relief or recovery is sought in an
action or suit, or the accused in a criminal case. In every legal action, whether civil or criminal,
there are two sides. The person suing is the plaintiff and the person against whom the suit is
brought is the defendant.
8. A plaintiff ( in legal shorthand) is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action)
before a court. By doing so, the plaintiff seeks a legal remedy, and if successful, the court will
issue judgment in favor of the plaintiff and make the appropriate court order (e.g., an order for
damages). "Plaintiff" is the term used in civil cases in most English-speaking jurisdictions, the
notable exception being England and Wales, where a plaintiff is called a "claimant". In criminal
cases, the prosecutor brings the case against the defendant, but the key complaining party is
often called the "complainant".
9. The definition of a complainant is a person who has an issue and is making a charge in a court of
law. An example of a complainant is the plaintiff.
10. accused - Legal Definition. n. A person who is blamed for a wrongdoing. A person who has been
arrested or formally charged by an indictment, information, or presentment with a crime.
11. probable cause is the standard by which police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for
the arrest of a suspected criminal. The standard also applies to personal or property searches
12. Term of office refers to a fixed and definite period of time during which the incumbent of an
office is to hold it.
13. The Tenure of Office Act was a United States federal law (in force from 1867 to 1887) that was
intended to restrict the power of the President of the United States to remove certain office-
holders without the approval of the Senate.
14. An act performed by an administrative agency is a ministerial act when no discretion is
exercised by the agency[i].
15. Discretionary powers are permissive, not mandatory. They are powers granted either under
statute or delegation which do not impose a duty on the decision-maker to exercise them or to
exercise them in a particular way.
16. Mandatory Law & Legal Definition. Mandatory refers to something that is required, and not
optional or subject to discretion. In legal construction of statutes, mandatory requirements of
law are typically found by the use of words such as "must", "will" and "shall".
17. Directory Provision Law & Legal Definition. Directory provision is a statutory or contractual
sentence or paragraph in which a directory requirement appears. Adirectory requirement is one
that is optional as opposed to a mandatory provision.
18. The Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer RuyLpez de
Villalobos during his expedition in 1542 named the islands of Leyte and Samar Felipinas after the
then Prince of Asturias. Eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the
islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other names such as Islas del
Poniente (Islands of the West) and Magellan's name for the islands San Lzaro were also used by
the Spanish to refer to the islands. The official name of the Philippines has changed several
times in the course of its history. During the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress
proclaimed the establishment of the Repblica Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the
period of the SpanishAmerican War (1898) and the PhilippineAmerican War (18991902) until
the Commonwealth period (193546), American colonial authorities referred to the country as
the Philippine Islands, a translation of the Spanish name.[23] From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the
name Philippines began to appear and it has since become the country's common name. Since
the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the
Philippines.[34]
19. The Government of the Philippines (Filipino: PamahalaanngPilipinas) is the national government
of the unitary state of the Philippines. It is a presidential, representative, and democratic
republic where the President of the Philippines is both the head of state and the head of
government within a pluriform multi-party system The government has three interdependent
branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. The powers of
the branches are vested by the Constitution of the Philippines in the following: Legislative power
is vested in the two-chamber Congress of the Philippinesthe Senate is the upper chamber and
the House of Representatives is the lower chamber.Executive power is exercised by the
government under the leadership of the President. Judicial power is vested in the courts with
the Supreme Court of the Philippines as the highest judicial body.
20. An officer de jure is a person who is legally appointed to exercise the functions of an office. A
person will be appointed as an officer de jure if s/he fulfills the required qualifications to hold
the office. A duly authorized corporate officer is an example of an officer de jure.
21. De Facto Officer refers to an officer holding a colorable right or title to the office accompanied
by possession. The lawful acts of an officer de facto, so far as the rights of third persons are
concerned, when done within the scope and by the apparent authority of office, are valid and
binding.
22. A fact is something that has already been done or an action in process. It is an event that has
definitely and actually taken place, and is distinguishable from a suspicion, innuendo, or
supposition. A fact is a truth as opposed to fiction or mistake.
23. Presumption. A legal inference that must be made in light of certain facts. Most presumptions
are rebuttable, meaning that they are rejected if proven to be false or at least thrown into
sufficient doubt by the evidence.
24. A legal fiction is a fact assumed or created by courts which is then used in order to apply a legal
rule.
25. Designation is the term used to describe ownership one has over something. Designation is used
commonly with wills and trusts. Designation of record is what the writer of the will or trust
creates to submit to the court so that the court knows and understands who is in full control of
the contract and the individuals estates and assets after they have passed.
26. lesemajeste, crimes against the Cortes and its members and against the council of ministers,
crimes against the form of government, and crimes committed on the occasion of the exercise
of rights guaranteed by the fundamental laws of the state, including crime against religion and
worship. Title III of the same Book, in which article 256 is found, punishes the crimes of
rebellion, sedition, assaults upon persons in authority, and their agents, and contempts, insults,
injurias, and threats against persons in authority, and insults, injurias, and threats against their
agents and other public officers, the last being the title to Chapter V. The first two articles in
 Chapter V define and punish the offense of contempt committed by any one who shall be word
or deed defame, abuse, insult, or threathen a minister of the crown, or any person in authority
27. double jeopardy. When an accused has been convicted or acquitted, or the case against
him dismissed or otherwise terminated without his express consent by a court of competent
jurisdiction, upon a valid complaint or information or other formal charge sufficient in form
and substance to sustain a conviction and after the accused had pleaded to the charge,
the conviction or acquittal of the accused or the dismissal of the case shall be a bar to
another prosecution for the offense charged, or for any attempt to commit the same or
frustration thereof, or for any offense which necessarily includes or is necessarily included
in the offense charged in the former complaint or information.
28. prima facie is used to describe the apparent nature of something upon initial observation. In
legal practice the term generally is used to describe two things: the presentation of sufficient
evidence by a civil claimant to support the legal claim (a prima facie case), or a piece of evidence
itself (prima facie evidence).
29. EstoppelA legal principle that bars a party from denying or alleging a certain fact owing to that
party's previous conduct, allegation, or denial.The rationale behind estoppel is to prevent
injustice owing to inconsistency or Fraud. There are two general types of estoppel: equitable
and legal.
30. In law, sub judice, Latin for "under judgment", means that a particular case or matter is under
trial or being considered by a judge or court. The term may be used synonymously with "the
present case" or "the case at bar" by some lawyers.
31. Moot and academic is a favorite phrase among law students. It describes a situation where a
pending case in court loses its justiciability because it no longer presents a real problem as
between the parties.
32. Hearsay evidence is "an out-of-court statement introduced to prove the truth of the matter
asserted therein". In certain courts, hearsay evidence is inadmissible (the "Hearsay Evidence
Rule") unless an exception to the Hearsay Rule applies.
33. Jurisdictionhe right, power, or authority to administer justice by hearing and determining
controversies.
34. Jurisprudencethe study of law
35. Obiter dictum (more usually used in the plural, obiter dicta) is Latin for a word said "by the
way",[1] that is, a remark in a judgment that is "said in passing". It is a concept derived from
English common law, whereby a judgment comprises only two elements: ratio decidendi and
obiter dicta. For the purposes of judicial precedent, ratio decidendi is binding, whereas obiter
dicta are persuasive only.
36. Coterminous Law & Legal Definition. Coterminous or conterminous means sharing a common
boundary, bordering or contiguous. For example, the northern border of the United States is
conterminous with the southern border of Canada. It also means enclosed within a common
boundary.
37. Res judicata or res iudicata, also known as claim preclusion, is the Latin term for "a matter
[already] judged", and refers to either of two concepts: in both civil law and common law legal
systems, a case in which there has been a final judgment and is no longer subject to appeal; and
the legal doctrine meant to bar (or preclude) continued litigation of a case on same issues
between the same parties. In this latter usage, the term is synonymous with "preclusion".
38. Corpus delicti (Latin: "body of the crime"; plural: corpora delicti) is a term from Western
jurisprudence referring to the principle that a crime must be proved to have occurred before a
person can be convicted of committing that crime.
39. Stare decisis is a doctrine or policy of following rules or principles laid down in previous judicial
decisions. It is the principal that maintains that previous decisions are to be followed by the
courts. This policy dictates that the court must abide or adhere to decided cases.