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Insulation Monitoring

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Process monitoring

You have a process, e.g. removal of moisture in the solid


insulation of a power transformer prior to impregnation,
that you would like monitor.
You need to find an entity to monitor that:
Correlate well with the process to be monitored.
It easy/possible to monitor.

2
Capacitance and DF monitoring
Dissipation factor (DF) correlate well with amount moisture
remain in solid insulation (another example is that
capacitance correlate well with degree of impregnation)
However, DF is also very much dependent on insulation
temperature

3
Capacitance and DF monitoring
Dissipation factor (DF) correlate well with amount moisture
remain in solid insulation
However, DF is also dependent on insulation temperature
Megger patented method Individual Temperature
Correction (ITC) solves the above problem
C and %DF is measured in a limited frequency range,
e.g. 1000 Hz to 0.1 Hz
%DF at a given temperature (e.g. 100C) for a given
frequency (e.g. 50 Hz) is presented.

Since %DF is presented at a given temperature, the influence


of temperature is eliminated.

4
Temp dependence Conclusions from a project
Power factor values are affected by variation of temperature. In most cases (but not all),
tan delta value increases with increase in temperature. Rate of change is different for
different makes of the transformers and bushings
The temperature correction factors (for correcting measured power factor to 20 C) are
different for different makes. Hence temperature correction factors as given in
IEEE/C57.12.90 can not be applied to these components
Application of Temperature Correction
Factors for Dissipation Factor Measurements
for Power Transformers A Case Study
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited

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Traditional temperature correction

Experience has shown that the variation in power factor with


temperature is substantial and erratic so that no single
correction curve will fit all cases. (quoted from IEEE C12.90-
2006)
Built-in temperature correction curves for different insulation materials
are used to recalculate the measured results to reference conditions
(20C, 68F). The method of correction is depending on the type
of insulation and the relevant standard (quoted from instrument
manufacturer)

Temperature correction is pending type of insulation


Temperature correction is pending status of insulation
Guessing game

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Temperature correction data for bushings...
1.8
5_O_C

1.6 7_GO_25_765

9_CTF_20_60
1.4 11_CT_KF_85_330

13_B
1.2
15_F

1 17_L_LC_LI_LM

19_OF_OFI_OFM
0.8 21_S_SI_SIM

23_T_U
0.6
25_COT_COS_SOT

0.4 27_ERC

29_PRC
0.2 31_POC

33_P_PA_PB
0
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60

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The Dielectric Response (capacitance and
dissipation factor) as function of frequency
and/or temperature
The curve shapes of the frequency dependent capacitance and
dissipation factor (for a specific insulation with a specific aging status) are
the same at all temperatures within a temperature range (typical range is
0 80C)
The curves can form a Master Curve by shift curves to a reference
temperature (e.g. 20C). The shift is calculated by Arrhenius equation by
enter the temperatures (in Kelvin) and a single activation energy (typical
0.9 eV for oil-impregnated cellulose).
A set of Master Curves representing e.g. oil-impregnated Kraft paper (or
Crepe paper) at different moisture contents are then act as Database
when assessing moisture content in e.g. instrument transformers or
bushings.

8
Creating a Master Curve (to be used at any
temperature from e.g. 5C to about 80C)
Left-hand-side: measurements at 25C, 30C, 35C, 40C and 45C
Right-hand-side: Left-hand side measurement shifted to 20C using a
single activation energy of 0.90 eV

9
How frequency dependence at a single temperature are
transformed to a temperature dependence
- Individual temperature correction (ITC)
The Master Curve or a frequency sweep of a test object that can be
assumed follow a master curve, allow shift in frequency representing
any temperature in temperature it is valid (typically 5-80C, or for high
temperature databases 90-140C)
Then:
The frequency sweep can be ITC corrected to a reference
temperature
The frequency sweep can be transferred to a temperature
dependence curve for e.g. the 50Hz dissipation factor (se coming
slides)
Obviously a Individual Temperature Correction (ITC) can be done
for a single frequency measurement back to a reference
temperature.

10
Frequency domain to temperature domain,
more than one materials (e.g. impregnated cellulose and free oil)

DF(w, T2) = DF(w/Axy(T1, T2), T1)

Example (E-cellulose=0.9eV, E-oil= 0.5eV): Below is an example how a frequency sweep is


transformed into temperature domain based on procedure above
Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on
formulas above

10oC

11
Frequency domain to temperature domain,
more than one materials (e.g. impregnated cellulose and free oil)

DF(w, T2) = DF(w/Axy(T1, T2), T1)

Example (E-cellulose=0.9eV, E-oil= 0.5eV): Below is an example how a frequency sweep is


transformed into temperature domain based on procedure above
Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on
formulas above

20oC

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Frequency domain to temperature domain,
more than one materials (e.g. impregnated cellulose and free oil)

DF(w, T2) = DF(w/Axy(T1, T2), T1)

Example (E-cellulose=0.9eV, E-oil= 0.5eV): Below is an example how a frequency sweep is


transformed into temperature domain based on procedure above
Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on
formulas above

30oC

13
Frequency domain to temperature domain,
more than one materials (e.g. impregnated cellulose and free oil)

DF(w, T2) = DF(w/Axy(T1, T2), T1)

Example (E-cellulose=0.9eV, E-oil= 0.5eV): Below is an example how a frequency sweep is


transformed into temperature domain based on procedure above
Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on
formulas above

40oC

14
Frequency domain to temperature domain,
more than one materials (e.g. impregnated cellulose and free oil)

DF(w, T2) = DF(w/Axy(T1, T2), T1)

Example (E-cellulose=0.9eV, E-oil= 0.5eV): Below is an example how a frequency sweep is


transformed into temperature domain based on procedure above
Below is an example how a frequency sweep is transformed into temperature domain based on
formulas above

50oC

15
DFR measurements of dissipation factor (DF) at
different temperatures (Mass-impregnated Kraft paper)

16
DF at 50 Hz versus temperature. All 4 sweeps in
previous slide transformed (mass-impregnated
Kraft paper)

17
The Dielectric Response (capacitance and
dissipation factor) as function of frequency
and/or temperature.
Under the assumption that the insulation system follow a
master curve:
A DFR frequency sweep can be transformed to
A DFR temperature sweep
And vice versa
Increase temperature is equivalent to lowering the frequency

18
Time domain to temperature domain,
single material (e.g. oil-impregnated Kraft paper)

IR(t, T2)=1/Axy(T1, T2)*IR(Axy(T1,T2)*t, T1)


100
IR (GOhm) @ 20C
IR (GOhm) @ 40C
Example (Exy=0.9eV): If insulation
temperature is 40C and we would like
10
to have our 60 s Insulation Resistance

IR (GOhm)
at 20C. We measure our 6.2 s IR at
40C and divide its value with 0.103
1
(from formulas above). use this new IR
value as equivalent for 60s IR at 20C
0.1
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
Time (s)
This is Individual Temperature Correction (ITC) in time domain,
patent pending, applied on a single material

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To measure the
capacitance
Active part in oven
Special made block to
represent the moisture, block
follows the transformer
throughout the manufacturing
process and is of the thickness
that is most important for the
dryness of the transformer

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Measure the capacitance/DF continously

21
Enter/record the oven temperature

22
DF(t), only 10Hz value is shown

23
Measurement done
every 15min
Show only 10Hz
value
DF value corrected to
100C
This translates to a
moisture level and
that can be
individually calibrated

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Moisture and DF as a function of time in
the oven

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