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5.0 Environmental Policies of International Funding Agencies ............... 27
List of Annex
Annex I: Application for obtaining authorisation for Solid Waste Processing and
Disposal Site from Pollution Control Board ( Form 1 of MSW Rules,2000 )
Annex II: Format if annual report to be submitted by Municipal Authority.
Annex III: Schedule ii of MSW Rules, 2000.
Annex IV: Schedule iii of MSW Rules, 2000.
Annex V: Schedule iv of MSW Rules, 2000
Annex VI: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist for Sewage
Treatment Plant component.
Annex VII: Checklist for Solid Waste Management component
Annex VIII: Best Practices in Construction Phase.
ii
1.0 Introduction
All developmental process invariably has some negative effect on the
environment. There is a popular perception that environment and development
cannot go hand in hand. This perception has given birth to what is known as
sustainable development, which strives for balancing the two diverse directions of
developmental process and environmental protection, and tries to meet them at a
point whereby one need not be sacrificed for another. Therefore it is a need of the
hour that we incorporate the environmental and social safeguards while planning
preparing and implementing any infrastructure project.
This module has been structured in a way to discuss the pertinent urban
environmental issues in India, National level environmental legislations, policies
and guidelines, project specific and generic environmental and social impact
arising out of different infrastructure projects and environmental and social
safeguards that need to be incorporated in different project stage.
1
Module 2.7: Environmental and Social Safeguards
Because of the concrete jungle of buildings and paved roads that our areas are
today, no percolation of water occurs, and almost the entire precipitation is lost
as runoff. Thus a natural source for the recharging of the much used ground
water is lost. The run-off water lost through storm drains wreaks havoc in low
laying areas by flooding them. The clogging of storm drains also results in rain
water overflowing and flooding the area.
Disposal of solid waste is a big challenge for any urban authority. The problem is
that there is not land available to dispose of the waste collected. New sites have
to be found and these are normally far away from the city. This means that the
waste has to be transported longer distances, resulting in increase use of fuel, as
well as resulting vehicular pollution, and possible spillage of the waste en route.
The wastes are not segregated at sources and the mixed composition of the
waste makes degradation difficult. In many cases, during the rains, toxic
leachates (toxins released from the toxic waste when it comes in contact with
water) runoff into nearby water bodies and also percolate into the water tale,
polluting both the sources of water. The impact of this pollution may be felt not
only locally, but even at places located away from the source.
2.4 Noise
The increasing number of vehicles on the road, proliferation of small-scale
industries within the city, use of loudspeakers at religious, public and social
events, are some factors resulting in the increasing noise levels of the city. Sound
intensity is measured in terms of the unit decibel (db). On this scale each 10 db
rise indicates a ten-fold increase in sound pressure. Thus the rise in sound
intensity on the ear from 1 db to 20 db represents a hundred-fold increase in
sound level.
One reason for this is the heat generated due to the various urban activities, e.g.
greater number of vehicles on the road, and more industries (often polluting
ones). High rise buildings obstruct cooling winds and also absorb and radiate
heat. Paved roads also act as heat absorbers. A combination of these, results in
the creation of urban heat islands. At times, the urban heat islands of two hereby
urban areas merge, affecting the climate of the region.
In short, various laws have been formulated, in order to protect our environment.
Discussed below are some of the laws in context of urban infrastructure projects
as to how are they applicable while implementing urban infrastructure projects.
The primary objective of any legislation is to ensure social justice and well being
through enforcement of certain codes of conduct. Legislation for environmental
protection is also based on the recognition of the fact, it is necessary to abide by
the requirements to prevent damage to the environment which is a common
property. Traditionally, codes of conduct were framed with some stipulations of
do's and don'ts, the non-compliance of which was dealt by the society through
various forms of corrective measures. Most of the environment related laws
enacted by the Parliament have been based on the Articles 252 and 253 of the
Constitution. For instance, the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act,
1974 was promulgated as a Central Legislation under Article 252 of the
Constitution. Since water belongs to the State list, a Resolution from two or more
State Legislatures empowering the Parliament to enact the legislation on the
subject was required. Laws and regulations are a major tool in protecting the
environment. To put those laws into effect, government agencies create and
enforce regulations. In this section, one finds a basic description of how laws and
regulations come to be, what they are, and where to find them, with an emphasis
on environmental laws and regulations. The Indian constitution is amongst the
few in the world that contains specific provisions on environment protection.
The table 4.1 below gives a comprehensive list of national policies, guidelines and
legislations that has some relevance to urban infrastructure projects.
Section 24 of the Act prohibits the use of stream or well on land for disposal of
polluting materials in accordance with the disposal standards laid down by the
State Pollution Control Board (SPCB).
It further states that no person shall cause or permit to enter into any stream any
other matter which may directly or indirectly impede the proper flow of water of
the stream in a manner leading or likely leading to pollution. But the section
permits the following Acts: Constructing, improving or maintaining in or across on
the bank or bed of any stream any building, bridge, weir, dam, sluice, dock, pier,
drain or sewer.
Section 25, restricts the operation or process, or any treatment and disposal
system or an extension or additions thereto, which is likely to discharge sewage
or trade effluent. It also restricts, bring into use of any new or altered outlets.
The section further makes the consent necessary establishment of any operation
or process or any treatment and disposal system or any extension or additions
thereto.
and shall make available to the board for inspection and examination such
records, maps, plans and other documents as may be necessary
The main objective of the Act enumerated under the Preamble of the Act is to
implement decisions taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human
environment held at Stockholm in June 1972, to take necessary steps for
protection and improvement of environment and to prevent hazards to human
beings other living creature, plants and property
Sec. 4 Categorization of the projects and activities: All projects and activities are
broadly categorized into two categories as Category A and B. The projects which
have been classified as Category A project are those having potential impacts on
human health and natural and man made resources. Those projects require prior
environmental clearance from the central government in the Ministry of
Environment and Forests (MoEF).
As per Section 7, following stages presented in table 4.2 are followed while
issuing Environmental Clearance.
Table 4.2: Stages in the Prior Environmental Clearance (EC) Process for New
Projects
Authority
Sr. Project
Stage responsible Purpose of the Stage Forms used
No Category
for EC
1 Screening Category B To check whether the 1
project requires
environmental impact
assessment or not
If EIA required :
Category B1
If EIA not required:
Category B2
2 Scoping Category A Expert
Appraisal To decide the Terms of
Committee Reference (TOR)
Scoping Category B1 State level addressing all relevant
Expert environmental
Appraisal concerns for EIA.
Committee
3 Public Category A State Public hearing at the
Consultation and Pollution site or in its close
Category B1 Control proximity- district
Board wise, to be carried out
Authority
Sr. Project
Stage responsible Purpose of the Stage Forms used
No Category
for EC
(SPCB) or as prescribed in the
the Union notification.
territory obtain responses in
Pollution writing from other
Control concerned persons
Committee
(UTPCC)
4 Appraisal Category A Expert Final EIA
and Appraisal report,
Category B1 Committee outcome of
or State the public
Level Expert consultations
Appraisal including
Committee public hearing
proceedings
Appraisal Projects not Expert Form 1/ and
requiring Appraisal Detailed scrutiny of the Pre-feasibility
Public Committee documents submitted Report
Consultation or State by the applicant for
(excluding Level Expert grant of environmental
Item 8 of the Appraisal clearance.
schedule) Committee
Appraisal Item 8 of the Expert Form 1, Form
schedule: Appraisal 1A and the
Building and Committee conceptual
Construction or State plan
projects, Level Expert
Townships Appraisal
and Area Committee
Development
projects
Industrial Estate of
area below 500 ha.
and not housing any
industry of category
A or B does not
require clearance.
7(d) Common hazardous All integrated All facilities General Condition
waste treatment, facilities having having land fill shall apply
storage and disposal incineration only
facilities (TSDFs) &landfill or
incineration alone
The notification is applicable only to those urban local bodies that are located or
are planning for any infrastructure projects like installation of a seawater
desalination plant for water supply. In that case the considerations regarding the
type of activity permitted shall have to be taken into consideration and presented
in table 4.4
2. Operational constructions for ports and harbours and light houses and constructions
for activities such as jetties, wharf, quays and slipways, pipelines, conveying systems
including transmission lines;
3. Exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas and all associated activities and
facilities thereto;
1. Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries, except (a) those directly
related to water front or directly needing foreshore facilities and (b) Projects of Department
of Atomic Energy;
3. Setting up and expansion of fish processing units including warehousing (excluding hatchery
and natural fish drying in permitted areas);
4. Setting up and expansion of units/mechanism for disposal of waste and effluents, except
facilities required for discharging treated effluents into the water course with approval under
the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974; and except for storm water drains;
5. Discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities or towns and other
human settlements.
8. Land reclamation, for all facilities that are essential for activities permissible under the
notification or for control of coastal erosion and maintenance or clearing of water ways,
channels and ports or for prevention of sandbars or for tidal regulator, storm water drains
or for structures for prevention of salinity ingress and sweet water recharge. Reclamation
for commercial purposes such as shopping and housing complexes, hotels and
entertainment activities shall not be permissible;
9. Mining of sands, rocks and other substrata materials, except (a) those rare minerals not
available outside the CRZ areas and (b) exploration and extraction of Oil and Natural Gas
10. Harvesting or withdrawal of ground water and construction of mechanisms therefore within
200 m of HTL; in the 200m to 500m zone it shall be permitted only when done manually
through ordinary wells for drinking, horticulture, agriculture and fisheries;
11. Any construction activity between the Low Tide Line and High Tide Line except facilities for
carrying treated effluents and waste water discharges into the sea, facilities for carrying
sea water for cooling purposes, oil, gas and similar pipelines and facilities essential for
activities permitted under this Notification;
12. Dressing or altering of sand dunes, hills, natural features including landscape changes for
beautification, recreational and other such purpose, except as permissible under this
Notification.
Under this rule care has to be taken while implementing urban infrastructure
project which produce noise. Certain standards are specified within which noise
emission should take place. The rule defines 100 meters surrounding hospitals,
educational institutions and courts as a silence area, and imposes penalty of
doing any of the acts which cause noise exceeding 50 dB (A) noise at day time
and 40 dB (A) night time. Care also has to be taken by the urban local bodies so
as to ensure that minimum amount of noise is produced while running
equipments.
Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees life and personal liberty to all persons. It
is well settled by repeated pronouncements of the Supreme Court that right to life
enshrined in Article 21 is not of mere survival or existence. It guarantees a right
of persons to life with human dignity. Any one who wishes to live in peace,
comfort and quiet within his house has a right to prevent the noise as pollutant
reaching him.
The Act shall be applicable in all kind of urban infrastructure projects, which fall
within or near a forest area. The Act may be applicable in cases where any pocket
of reserved or declared forest falls within the ULB limits and may get affected due
to any infrastructure project.
Under Municipal Solid waste management rules, 2000, the urban local bodies
have to ensure that no hazardous waste is mixed or collected along with
municipal solid waste. Hazardous waste has to be segregated from municipal
solid waste and treated separately in accordance with Hazardous waste
management rules. With increase in the global population and the rising demand
for food and other essentials, there has been a rise in the amount of waste being
generated daily by each household. This waste is ultimately thrown into municipal
waste collection centres from where it is collected by the area municipalities to be
further thrown into the landfills and dumps. However, either due to resource
crunch or inefficient infrastructure, not all of this waste gets collected and
transported to the final dumpsites. If at this stage the management and disposal
is improperly done, it can cause serious impacts on health and problems to the
surrounding environment.
Responsibly of Collection, storage, transportation and disposal of Hazardous
waste and biomedical waste generated in the city lies with the generator of these
wastes however; the urban local bodies are responsible for implementation of
these rules.
Chapter 5: the important declaration in this chapter is that the wild animals are
Government property. Regulation of transfer of animals, dealings in trophy and
animal articles without license is also prohibited under this Act. The power to
suspend of cancel licenses is also given in this Act.
The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 may be an important reference if any of the
infrastructure project sites fall within a Protected Area, partly or fully. This Act is
also relevant if a part of any protected area falls within the area under any urban
local body, and subjected to any change due to infrastructure project. In either of
the above mentioned cases, the Act may be applicable in site planning, designing,
construction and post-construction management.
The Act classifies ancient monuments and archaeological sites into several
categories. Each category is described under various sections of the Act. The
responsibility of protection, conservation and maintenance of these important
sites are assigned w.r.t the particular category as described in the Act.
The Act may be applicable to Urban local bodies, which encompass within its
boundary any ancient monument, archaeological site or remains of national
importance
composting, construction of transfer station etc. Thus this act plays a vital role in
all such cases where land needs to be acquired.
The Act is divided into IV parts. Some important features of the Act are briefly
discussed below:
Regulation and conditions of work of children is mentioned in Part III of the Act.
It lays restrictions in terms of hours and period of work, working hours, one
weekly holiday to the child labour employed in an establishment. It also mentions
about provision for furnishing of information regarding employment of a child
labour to inspector.
In many urban infrastructure project sites it is commonly found that child labour
are employed. The act may be helpful in framing guidelines for the urban local
bodies, which can help them in preventing exploitation of children working in such
projects.
Chapter II and chapter III of the Act, is important as they lay guideline with
respect to registration of establishments that employ inter-state migrant workers
and licensing of contractors.
This Act is devised in order to regulate the employment and conditions of service
of building and other construction workers. It is also formulated in order to
provide for their safety, health and welfare measures and for other matters
connected therewith or incidental thereto.
The Act provides instructions for the construction contractors and labour agencies
in terms of providing services to its workers, some of which are mentioned above.
Engineers and supervisors of urban local bodies may use knowledge of this Act in
making tender documents for the construction work for different urban
infrastructure projects.
The information accessible under this Act, which is held by or under the control of
any public authority includes the right to (i) inspection of work, documents,
records; (ii) taking notes, extracts or certified copies of documents or records;
(iii) taking certified samples of material; (iv) obtaining information in the form of
diskettes, floppies, tapes, video cassettes or in any other electronic mode or
through printouts where such information is stored in a computer or in any other
device
As per the act all information shall be disseminated widely and in such form and
manner which is easily accessible to the public. All materials shall be
disseminated taking into consideration the cost effectiveness, local language and
the most effective method of communication in that local area and the
information should be easily accessible, to the extent possible in electronic format
with the Public Information Officer available free or at such cost of the medium or
the print cost price as may be prescribed.
As a responsible agency, urban local bodies need to initiate actions at the local
level to keep people informed about the project with all available information. The
concerned local body, who will be in intimate relation with the local people, need
to be transparent about the proposed project and its activities. Every local body
may designate a PIO, who will be held responsible for any information, which
need to be proactively disseminated. For example he/she need to take necessary
steps to disseminate the following information by displaying in notice boards at
project sites, brochures or any other means with one copy, strictly in local
languages.
Siting Details along with site map
Project objectives, activities, outputs & benefits
Project Cost, Funding etc.
Likely Impacts and Entitlements
Table 5.1 Relevant World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies
Erosion of soil can occur by activities like land clearing for construction, with
removal of vegetative cover. Road construction and other cut and fill activities
would clear off the previously vegetated land cover, alters natural drainage
pattern, changes the natural gradient, and create unconsolidated fill areas. The
projects like integrated area development and transportation systems will induce
changes in the pattern of land use and create compatibility problems with
adjacent areas. The disposal of solid and hazardous waste and polluted water are
likely to contribute to the process of land degradation in specific areas.
on the existing condition of water resources i.e existing quality and quantity of
water resource. The effluent disposal during construction and operation stage, run
off and the water extractions are the typical activities, which lead to degradation
of water environment. The generic impacts on water environment are as follows.
Decrease in Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels
Impact on Aquatic life
Impacts related to ground water over exploitation
Salinity ingress due to dewatering at construction and operation stage
Impacts due to utilization of river water with changes in river water quality
B. Air environment
Pollution from construction equipments
Air pollution due to sewerage treatment plants
C. Water environment
Surface and groundwater contamination due to leakages and leaching from
treatment plant
Water logging due to improper location of sanitation facilities
Contamination of groundwater and flooding due to improper location of
sanitation facilities/ leaching from toilets and septic tanks
Impact on surface and ground water quality due to disposal of effluent
Possible water source contamination due to location of disposal point
Decrease in DO levels of water bodies and eutrophication
due to disposal of treated waste/ sludge
Salinity ingress due to dewatering during construction phase
D. Noise environment
Noise during construction
Noise pollution due to operation and maintenance of the STPs
G. Other impacts
Performance of existing and proposed treatment schemes
Disruption to local traffic during construction
Increase in the energy loads due to running of the treatment plant
machinery
Impacts due to usage of UV radiation for sewage treatment
B. Communities
Impact on vulnerable communities due to displacement
Impact on encroachers and squatters in case of acquisition of public land
Conflict between construction workers from other areas and the local
community workers
C. Access
Equity issues in case of access to public/ common sanitation facilities
Health and safety issues associated with storage and handling of chemicals
for STP operation
Nuisance due to insects and flies at the location of STPs
Health hazards due to vector formation
Health hazards due to usage of sewage with high chlorine content
B. Air environment
C. Water environment
Water pollution due to spillage of asphalt, tar and other hazardous materials
Decrease in ground water recharge due to surfacing
Siltation of water bodies due to disposal of the excavated soil
D. Noise environment
Disturbance to forest and protected areas along with the risk of poaching
and logging
F. Aesthetic environment
B. Communities
C. Access
3 Transmission and storage of clear water
Transmission Main
(i) (Pumping/Gravity)
Master balancing
reservoir/ Ground
Level Service
Reservoirs/ Overhead
(ii) Service Reservoirs
1. Land use
Change in land use due to construction of storage reservoirs and pump
houses
3. Air environment
Impact on air quality due to dust and particulate matter during excavation.
(See Plate 3.2a)
Change in air quality due to increase in traffic of trucks and heavy
machinery
4. Water environment
Impact due to unsustainable source
of water
Contamination of treated water
supplies with sewage water due to
leakage
Contamination of water in
distribution network due to
intermittent supply and installation of online pumps
Contamination of supplied water due to improper design of junctions to have
minimum residual pressure
Impact due to increased waste water load.
5. Noise environment
Increase in noise levels due to construction and operation
Noise pollution due to heavy machinery for excavation work
6. Other impacts
Impact on other services due to overlap/ clash with distribution network
Traffic congestion during construction
Exploitation of resources due to improper resource accounting
Social impacts
1. Impacts on assets/
livelihood
Impact on public property/
assets during construction
and laying of pipeline
Impact on cultural/ religious
property during construction
2. Impact on communities
3. Impact on access
Loss of (or loss of access to) public utility services, civic services, common
property resources
Temporary disruption of existing access/ services
Disturbance to traffic and activities due to laying of pipeline
Impact on the community due to unavailability of alternate water source
during construction period
Hindrance to traffic and
access to communities due to
improper handling of
excavated earth
Access hindered because of
flooding due to leakages
during augmentation projects
These impacts listed above arise during all the stages in the project cycle. The
matrix below shows the stages where the impacts are potentially caused and
hence need to be safeguarded in that stage.
7.4 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs. Environmental Policy,
Legislation and Guidelines
Environmental Policy / Legislations / Guidelines
National Policy and
National Legislation Guidelines
Prcts and Water Air EP Noise Forest MSW HW Wild Monuments RTI
Subprojects Act Act Act Act Act Rules Rules Life Act Act Act NEP EIA CRZ UDPFI
Water Supply
Projects
Sewerage
Projects
Storm water
Drainage
Urban Road
Projects
Solid Waste
Management
Notation:
Water Act Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
Air Act The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
EP Act The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
Noise Act Noise pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules 2000
Forest Act The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 Note : Applicability of
MSW Rules Municipal Solid waste (Management and Handling) rules, 2000 the legislation , Policy
HW Rules The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
Wild Life Act The Wildlife Protection Act, 2002
and guidelines is
Monuments Act The Ancient Monuments & Archeological Sites & Remains Act, 1958 subjected to the size,
RTI Act Right to Information Act, 2005
scale and location of
NEP National Environmental Policy
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment these projects
CRZ Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 1991
UDPFI Urban Development Plans Formulation and Implementation Guidelines, 1996
7.5 Urban Infrastructure Project and Sub-project Components Vs. Environmental Policy,
Legislation and Guidelines
Component Criteria
Overall Will avoid resettlement/relocation. If unavoidable the extent of
selection resettlement will be minimized.
criteria Will not result in destruction of or encroachment onto protected areas,
(applicable including reserved forests or biodiversity conservation hotspots (identified
to all in the State Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plans).
components) Will not result in destruction/disturbance to historical and cultural
places/values.
Will avoid conversion of prime agriculture areas for component
establishment.
Will not involve social conflicts.
Will reflect inputs from public consultation and disclosure for site selection.
Water Will not result in excessive abstraction of water affecting down stream
supply water users or impairing environmental flow of watercourses.
Will not result in excessive groundwater pumping leading to ground water
depletion and land subsidence or landslides.
Will ensure that no conflicts in abstraction of raw water for water supply
with other beneficial water uses for surface and ground water.
Will ensure adequate protection from pollution of intake works or wells.
Will ensure adequate buffer around treatment plants and pumping stations
to alleviate noise and other possible nuisances.
Will not result in unsatisfactory raw water supply (e.g. supply with
excessive pathogens or mineral constituents).
Will ensure safe handling of chlorine and not result in inadequate/poor
treatment and chlorination.
Will ensure proper and adequate treatment and disposal facilitates for
increased volumes of wastewater generation.
Will ensure networks and distribution systems are designed considering
vulnerability to landslides and earthquakes.
Sewerage Will ensure sewage treatment plant (STP) site selection is not in (i) close
and proximity to inhabited areas; (ii) flood and landslide prone areas; and (iii)
sanitation effluent disposal points close to water intake or water usage points.
Will ensure sewage pumping station locations avoids sensitive receptors
(e.g. proximity of high density residential, schools, hospitals, etc.)
Will ensure adequate buffer zone around pumping and treatment plants to
alleviate noise and odour nuisances, and protect facilities.
Will ensure networks and distribution systems are designed considering
vulnerability to landslides and earthquakes.
Will ensure alignment of sewer networks avoid impacts/structural damages
to properties.
Will ensure low cost sanitation measures proposed do not increase
vulnerability to landslides or result in pollution of groundwater.
1. Will not interfere with other utilities and block access to buildings, cause
nuisance to neighbouring areas due to noise, smell, and influx of insects,
Component Criteria
rodents, etc.
Will not impair downstream water quality due to inadequate sewage
treatment or release of untreated sewage.
2. Will not cause overflows and flooding of neighbouring properties with raw
sewage.
Will ensure no environmental pollution due to inadequate sludge disposal or
industrial waste discharges illegally disposed in sewer.
Solid waste Will ensure landfill sites are located away from populated areas and areas
management with high development potential (based on the city growth assessments).
Will ensure landfill sites will not results in degradation of aesthetics and
property value loss.
Will ensure buffer of greenbelt and earth works around the land fill site to
avoid nuisance to neighbouring areas due to foul odor and influx of insects,
rodents, etc.
Will ensure proper treatment of leachate and regular cleaning of leachate
pits and pipes to avoid contamination of surface and groundwater.
Will ensure no land use conflicts.
Will ensure no hazards to public health due to inadequate management of
landfill site caused by inadequate institutional and financial capabilities for
the management of the landfill operation.
Will ensure no health and safety hazards to workers from toxic gases and
hazardous materials in the site.
Will ensure transfer stations are provided adequate protection measures to
minimize impacts on surrounding population.
Urban roads Will ensure minimal clearing of vegetation and disfiguring of slopes.
and street Will ensure sites for terminals and parking lots are not on low lying areas or
lighting areas vulnerable to landslip.
Will ensure no dislocation and involuntary resettlement of people living in
right of way.
Will not lead to alteration of surface water hydrology of streams/waterways
that may result in increased sediment load due to erosion from construction
sites.
Will ensure no hazardous driving conditions result where construction
interferes with pre-existing roads.
Mitigation measures
Environmental Pre Monitoring Reference
Construction Operation
Impact construction Institution documents
Phase Phase
phase
Water logging All pipe Ensure proper Ensure ULB Conform to
due to leakages appurtenances design improved IS 11906:
and overflows should be network leakage 1986
tested before detection and CPHEEO
laying repair Manual
techniques
Ensure proper
maintenance
of network
Increase in Proper Check for ULB in co- Noise
Noise levels due measures noise levels ordination pollution
to running of should be during with State rules
treatment plant taken to operation Pollution Standard
arrest the Control noise levels
noise(Noise Board for specific
Barriers) land use
Land Pollution Ensure State Water Act,
due disposal of disposal site Pollution 1974
waste away from Control
treatment Board SPCB Norms
plant for waste
disposal
onto land
Impacts during Avoid State CPHEEO
operation and stagnant Pollution manual on
maintenance water pools Control water
and water Board supply
logging
Check for
water
contamination
during
transmission
Increase in Ensure less Ensure low Integrate Cumulative
energy loads number of energy with the records on
pumping consumption local energy
stations in pumps to topography consumption
network installed of the city
through
proper design
Asian Development Bank, Operations manual: Bank Policies, [Online], Available: URL
(http://www.asiandevbank.org/Documents/Manuals/Operations/OMF0125Sep 06.pdf), [27
Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, The Bank's policy on Indigenous peoples, [Online], Available:
URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/documents/Policies/Involuntary_
Resettlement/involuntaryresettlement.pdf), [27 Jan, 2007]
Asian Development Bank, Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist - solid waste
management, [Online], Available: URL (http://www.asiandevbank.org/
documents/Guidelines/Environmental_Assessment/REA_Solid_Waste_Management.doc),
[27 Jan, 2007]
World Bank, The World Bank Operational Manual Operational Policies, [Online],
Avaliable: URL (http://wbln0018.worldbank.org/Institutional/Manuals/OpManual.nsf/), [10
August, 2006].
World Bank, Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project, Social and
Environmental Assessment Management Framework Volume 1 (SEAMF), [Online],
Available: URL (http://www-ds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContent
Server/WDSP/IB/2004/11/29/000160016_20041129115834/Rendered/PDF/e10380vol.01.
pdf), [21 Jan, 2007]
World Bank, Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and Municipal Services Project, Social and
Environmental Assessment Management Framework Volume 2 (SEAMF), [Online],
Available: URL (http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDS
ContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/11/29/000160016_20041129142312/Rendered/PDF/E1038
0vol.02.pdf), [21 Jan, 2007]
World Bank, Project Information Document, Andhra Pradesh Urban Reforms and
Municipal services project, [Online], Available: URL (www.wds.worldbank.org
/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/02/02/000104615_20050202145427/Rendere
d/PDF/APURMSP1PID0for0Appraisal.pdf), [21 April 2007].
World Bank (2005), Project Appraisal Document Vol.1, Third Tamil Nadu Urban
Development Project, [Online], Available: (http://wwwwds.worldbank.org
/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/06/16/000090341_20050616084634
/), [12 July 2007].
Annex-I
APPLICATION FOR OBTAINING AUTHORIZATION FOR SOLID WASTE
PROCESSING AND DISPOSAL SITE FROM POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
(FORM 1 OF MSW RULES, 2000)
FORM I
[See rules 4(2) & 6(2)]
i. Location of site
ii. Name of waste processing technology
iii. Details of processing technology
iv. Quantity of waste to be processed per day
v. Site clearance (from local authority)
vi. Details of agreement between municipal authority and operating
agency
vii. Utilization programme for waste processed (Product utilisation)
viii. Methodology for disposal of waste processing rejects (quantity and
quality)
ix. Measures to be taken for prevention and control of environmental
pollution
x. Investment on Project and expected returns
xi. Measures to be taken for safety of workers working in the plant
Annex-II
FORMAT OF ANNUAL REPORT TO BE SUBMITTED BY MUNICIPAL
AUTHORITY (FORM I1 OF MSW RULES, 2000)
FORM II
2. STORAGE FACILITIES
(i) Area covered for collection of waste: ..
(ii) No. of houses covered
(iii) Whether house to house collection is practiced (if yes, whether done by Municipality
or through Private Agency or NGO)
(iv) Bins: Specifications existing proposed (Shape & Size) Numbers for future
(a) RCC bins (Capacity);
(v) Whether all bins/collection spots are attended for daily lifting of garbage:
Yes/No
(vi) Whether lifting of garbage from dustbins etc. is manual or mechanical i.e.
for example by using of front end loaders (Please tick mark):
Manual/Loader/Others, please specify
3. TRANSPORTATION
Existing Actually Required/Proposed Number
1) Truck
2) Truck-Tipper
3) Tractor-Trailer
4) Refuse-collector
5) Dumper-places
6) Animal cart
7) Tricycle
8) Others (please specify)
Annex-III
SCHEDULE II OF MSW RULES, 2000
(See Rules 6(I) and (3), 7(1))
Management of Municipal Solid Wastes
Sr.
Parameters Compliance Criteria
No
1 COLLECTION OF 1. Littering of municipal solid waste shall be prohibited in cities,
MUNICIPAL towns and in urban areas notified by the State Government, To
SOLID WASTES prohibit littering, and facilitate compliance, the following steps
shall be taken by the municipal authority, namely
(i) Organising house to house collection of municipal solid
wastes through any of the methods, like containerised collection,
community bin collection (central bin), house to house
collection, collection on regular pre-informed timings and
scheduling by using ringing of musical vehicle (without
exceeding permissible noise levels).
(ii) Collection of waste from slums and squatter areas of
localities including hotels/restaurants/office complexes and
commercial areas
(iii) Wastes from slaughter houses, fruits and vegetable
markets, which are biodegradable in nature, shall be managed
to make use of such wastes
(iv) Bio-medical wastes and industrial wastes shall not be mixed
with municipal solid wastes and such wastes shall follow the
rules separately specified for the purpose
(v) Collected waste from residential and other areas shall be
transferred to community bin by hand-driven containerised
Carts.
(vi) Horticulture and construction/demolition wastes/debris shall
be separately collected and disposed off following proper norms.
Similarly wastes generated at dairies shall be regulated in
accordance with State laws.
(vii) Waste (garbage, dry leaves) shall not be burnt
(viii) Stray animals shall not be allowed to move around waste
storage facilities or at any other place in city/town and shall be
managed as per State Laws.
2. Municipal authority shall notify waste collection schedule and
the likely method to be adopted for public benefit in a city/town.
3. It shall be the responsibility of generator of wastes to avoid
littering and ensure delivery of wastes in accordance with the
collection and segregation system to be notified by the municipal
authority as per para 1 (2) of this schedule
Sr.
Parameters Compliance Criteria
No
2 Segregation Of In order to encourage the citizens, municipal authority shall
Municipal Solid organise awareness programmes for segregation of wastes and
Wastes shall promote recycling or reuse of segregated materials. The
Municipal authority shall undertake phased programme to
ensure community participation in waste segregation. For this
purpose, regular meetings at quarterly intervals shall be
arranged by the municipal authorities with representatives of
local resident welfare associations and non-governmental
organizations.
3 Storage Of Municipal authorities shall establish and maintain storage
Municipal Solid facilities in such a manner as they do not create
Wastes unhygienic/unsanitary conditions around it. Following criteria
shall be taken into account while establishing and maintaining
storage facilities, namely
(i) storage facilities shall be created/established by taking into
account quantities of waste generation in a given area and the
pollution densities. A storage facility shall be so placed that it is
accessible to users.
(ii) Storage facilities to be set up the Municipality authorities or
any other agency shall be so designed that waste stored shall
not be exposed to open atmosphere and shall be aesthetically
acceptable and user-friendly
(iii) Storage facilities or bins shall have easy to operate design
for handling, transfer and transportation of waste. Bins for
storage of biodegradable wastes shall be painted green, those of
storage of recyclable wastes shall be painted white and those for
storage of other wastes shall be painted black
(iv) Manual handling of waste shall be prohibited. If unavoidable
due to constraints, manual handling shall be carried out under
proper precaution with due care for safety of workers.
4 Transportation Vehicles used for transportation of wastes shall be covered.
Of Municipal Waste should not be visible to public, nor exposed to open
Solid Wastes environment preventing their scattering. The following criteria
shall be met namely,
(i)The storage facilities set up by Municipal authorities shall be
daily attended for clearing of wastes. The bins or containers
wherever placed shall be cleaned before they start overflowing
(ii) Transportation vehicles shall be so designed that multiple
handling of wastes, prior to final disposal, is avoided
5 Processing Of Municipal authorities shall adopt suitable technology or
Municipal Solid combination of such technologies to make use of wastes so as to
Wastes minimize burden on landfill. Following criteria shall be adopted,
namely
Sr.
Parameters Compliance Criteria
No
(i) The biodegradable wastes, shall be processed by composting,
vermin-composting, anaerobic digestion or any other
appropriate biological processing for stabilization of waste. It
shall be ensured that compost or any other end product shall
comply with standards as specified in Schedule IV
(ii) Mixed waste containing recoverable resources shall follow
the route of recycling. Incineration with or without energy
recovery including pelletisation can also be used for processing
wastes in specific cases. Municipal authority or the operator of a
facility wishing to use other state-of-the-art technologies shall
approach the Central Pollution Control Board to get the
standards laid down before applying for grant of authorization.
6 Disposal Of Land filling shall be restricted to non-biodegradable i.e., insert
Municipal Solid waste and other waste that are not suitable either for recycling
Wastes or for biological processing. Land filling shall also be carried out
for residues of waste processing facilities as well as pre-
processing rejects from waste, processing facilities. Land filling
of mixed waste shall be avoided unless same is found unsuitable
for waste processing. Under unavoidable circumstances or till
installation of alternative facilities land-filling shall be done
following proper norms. Land filling shall meet the specifications
as given in Schedule III.
Annex IV:
SCHEDULE III OF MSW RULES, 2000
[See rule 6(1) and (3), 7(2)]
SPECIFICATIONS FOR LANDFILL SITES
Site Selection
1. In areas falling under the jurisdiction of Development Authorities; it shall
be the responsibility of such Development Authorities to identity the
landfill sites and hand over the sites to the concerned municipal authority
for development, operation and maintenance. Elsewhere, this
responsibility shall lie with the concerned municipal authority.
2. Selection of landfill sites shall be based on examination of environmental
issues. The Department of Urban Development of the State or the Union
territory shall co-ordinate with the concerned organisations for obtaining
the necessary approvals and clearances.
3. The landfill site shall be planned and designed with proper documentation
of a phased construction plan as well as a closure plan.
4. The landfill sites shall be selected to make use of nearby wastes
processing facility. Otherwise, wastes processing facility shall be planned
as an integral part of the landfill site.
5. The existing landfill sites which continue to be used for more than five
years, shall be improved in accordance of the specifications given in this
Schedule.
6. Biomedical wastes shall be disposed off as per the bio-medical wastes
(management and handling) rules, 1998. Hazardous wastes shall be
managed as per the Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules
1989 as amended from time to time.
7. The landfill site shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years
8. The landsite shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas,
monuments, National parks, wetlands and places of important cultural,
historical or religious interest.
9. A buffer zone of no-development be maintained around landfill site and
shall be incorporated in the Town Planning Departments land-use plans.
10. Landfill site shall be away from airport including airbase. Necessary
approval of airport or airbase authorities prior to the setting up of the
landfill site shall be obtained in cases where the site is to be located within
20 km of an airport or airbase.
Pollution prevention
1. In order to prevent pollution problems from landfill operations, the
following provisions shall be made, namely;
(i) Diversion of storm water drains to minimize leachate generation
and prevent pollution of surface water and also for avoiding
flooding and creation of marshy conditions:
(ii) Construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base and
wall of waste disposal area. For landfill receiving residues of
waste processing facilities or mixed waste or waste having
contamination of hazardous materials (such as aerosols,
bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and
pesticides) minimum liner specifications shall be a composite
barrier having 1.5 min high density polyethylene (HDPE) geo-
membrane or equivalent overlying 90 cm of soil (clay/amended
soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x 10 7
cm/sec. The highest level of water table shall be at least 2
meter below the base of clay/amended soil barrier layer.
(iii) Provision for management of leachates collection and treatment
shall be made. The treated leachates shall meet the standards
specified in Schedule IV.
(iv) Prevention of run-off from landfill area entering any stream,
river lake or pond.
3. The landfill gas from the collection facility at a landfill site shall be utilized
for either direct thermal applications or power generation, as per viability.
Otherwise, landfill gas shall be burnt (flared) and shall not be allowed to
directly escape to the atmosphere or for illegal tapping. Passive venting
shall be allowed if its utilisation or flaring is not possible.
4. Ambient air quality at the landfill site and at the vicinity shall be monitored
to meet the following prescribed standards, namely;
5. The ambient air quality monitoring shall be carried out by the concerned
authority as per the following schedule, namely;
(i) Six times in a year for cities having population of more than fifty
lakhs,
(ii) Four times in a year for cities having population between ten and
fifty lakhs.
Annex V:
4. The disposal of treated leachates shall follow the following standards, namely;
Sr. Parameter Standards (Mode of Disposal)
No.
Inland
Public Land
surface
sewers disposal
water
1 Suspended solids, mg/1, Max 100 600 200
2 Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/1, max 2100 2100 2100
3 PH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 5.5 to 9.0
9.0
4 Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/1, max 50 50 -
5 Total Kjeldahl nitorgen (as N), mg/1, max 100 - -
6 Biochemical oxygen demand (3 days at 30 350 100
27 C) Max (mg/1)
7 Chemical oxygen demand, mg/1 max 250 - -
8 Arsenic (as As), mg/1 max 0.2 0.2 0.2
9 Mercury (as Hg) mg/1, max 0.01 0.01
10 Lead (as Pb), mg/1, max 0.1 1.0
11 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/1 max 2.0 1.0
12 Total chromium (as Cr), mg/1, max 2.0 2.0
13 Copper (as Cu) mg/1, max 3.0 3.0
14 Zinc A(as Zn) mg/1, max 5.0 15
15 Nickel (as Ni) mg/1, max 3.0 3.0
16 Cyanide (as CN) mg/1, max 0.2 2.0 0.2
17 Chloride (as CI) mg/1, max 1000 1000 600
18 Fluoride (as F), mg/1, max 2.0 1.5 -
19 Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/1, 1.0 5.0
-
max
Note: While discharging treated leachates into inland surface waters, quantity of leachates
being discharged and the quantity of leachates being discharged and the quantity of
dilution water available in the receiving water body shall be given due consideration.
Annex VI:
RAPID ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (REA) CHECKLIST FOR
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT COMPONENT
PROTECTED AREA
WETLAND
MANGROVE
ESTUARINE
Annex VII:
CHECKLIST FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT COMPONENT
SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS
A. PROJECT SITING
IS THE PROJECT AREA
DENSELY POPULATED?
HEAVY WITH DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES?
PROTECTED AREA
WETLAND
MANGROVE
ESTUARINE
BAY
ANNEX VIII:
Best Practices in Construction Phase
In any of the urban infrastructure projects, construction phase is supposed to be
the most environmentally disturbing phase. Thus the concerned authority should
take immense precautions to mitigate the adverse impact.
Best practices in the construction activities are typically covered in four major
areas such as
a. Energy: Reducing energy consumption, being more energy efficient and using
renewable energy and alternative technology
b. Materials: Choosing, using, re-using and recycling materials during design,
manufacture, construction and maintenance to reduce resource requirements
c. Waste: Producing less waste and recycling more
d. Pollution: Producing less toxicity, noise, water and spatial pollution
The major environmental issues associated with the construction sector include
potential impacts to biodiversity due to land conversions, emissions to air of
gaseous pollutants and particulates, noise generation, vibrations and air blast,
water use, wastewater discharge and generation of hazardous and non-
hazardous waste materials. Each of these issues along with the good practices
generally followed are mentioned in the subsequent paragraphs.
Land Conversion
Excavation activities at construction sites as well as raw materials extraction sites
often involve major topographical and land-cover changes to allow extraction
activities, often including clearing of pre-existing vegetation. Techniques to
minimize the land conversion impacts include
The general practices followed during demolition process are listed as follows. The
first phase of demolition is asbestos abatement and lead-based paint removal.
Depending on the extent of asbestos and lead-based paint, either the whole
building or portions of the building should be enclosed in plastic sheeting.
Specially trained workers with protective clothing and hand tools should be
entrusted with the work of removing the paints. The disposed material should be
sealed in bags and taken to licensed landfill sites. Dust emissions as well as noise
pollution are the major environmental issues associated with the demolition and
site clearance works
Dust
Dust is generated during all phases of exploitation and processing from fugitive
sources such as shovelling, ripping, drilling, blasting, transport, crushing,
grinding, screening and stockpiling. The main sources of dust emissions include
crushing-grinding, drilling, blasting and transport. For dust emissions, the
recommended pollution prevention and control techniques should take the
ecological and human toxicity of the dust into account and include the following:
Noise
Noise emissions are commonly associated with all the extraction activities
including construction material and stone quarrying. Noise is produced during all
phases of exploitation and processing (shovelling, ripping, drilling, blasting,
flame-jet cutting, piling, transport, crushing, grinding, sizing and stockpiling). The
main issues on site thus include noise during the night, noisy plants in sensitive
areas such as residences, schools or hospitals
12. Use of mufflers or silencers to reduce noise transmitted along pipes and
ducts; minimizing the drop height by a factor of 10 reduces the noise by
about 10 dB
13. Use rubber lining on the tippers in sensitive areas
14. Wherever possible fabricate off-site
15. Shut down plant when not in use or adopt a no idling policy
16. Adopt working hours to restrict the noise activity.
Vibrations
The most significant vibration emissions are usually associated with blasting
activities, whereas minor emissions are commonly associated with the use of rock
hammers. For blasting related emissions (vibrations, overpressure, fly rock), the
following control and minimization techniques are recommended