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lower extremity)
Chest Tolerance and Standards
Epidemiology
Incidence of Injury to Each Torso Part
Torso Frontal Side
Part Impact impact
Sternum 14% 4%
Heart 10% 13%
Ribs 50% 63%
Aorta 9% 17%
Thoracic Spine 4% 8%
Other chest 39% 47%
Spleen 7% 23%
Liver 25% 34%
Other Abdomen 18% 31%
Thorax: Basic anatomy
Kent et al. STAPP 2001 From Huelke D. F. The anatomy of the human chest
Force from below to above on Injury to the heart and arteries: Neck
the right side can result in Hyperextension and chest
aortic tear just beyond left compression
sub-clavian artery
Upward motion of heart
Biomechanical response Biomechanical Response Technique
Method developed to improve chest deflection
measurements (12 accelerometers on the test subject)
Thoracic biomechanical response studies
Volunteers Accelerometer locations Direction
based on: Lobdell T. E. Impact response of the human thorax from: Kroell, C. K.: Thoracic response to blunt frontal loading
Mechanical Response of the Thorax
Dynamic data were obtained Frontal Thoracic Response to flat impactors
by Nahum et al and Kroell et al
using a 152-mm (6-inch)
impactor, weighing 227 N (51
lb) or 191 N (43 lb) shown in
figure.
Response corridors for impact
speeds of 4.9 m/s (11 mph)
and 7.2 m/s (16 mph)
The static stiffness of an
unembalmed thorax was
found to vary from 6.3 to 10.9
kN/m (36 to 62 lb/in
SI a dt 2.5
a= acceleration (g)
2.5=weighting factor based on the slope of the tolerance curve
t=time (sec)
(bad validation)
Thoracic Trauma Index (TTI)
TTI = 1.4 * AGE + 0.5 * (RIBY + T12Y) * MASS / Mstd
Where:
TTI = Thoracic Trauma Index (dimension: g)
AGE = age of the subject in years
RIBY = maximum absolute value of lateral acceleration in gs of the 4th and 8th rib on
struck side after signal filtering
T12Y = maximum absolute value of lateral acceleration in gs of 12th thoracic
vertebra after signal filtering
MASS = test subject mass in kg
Mstd = standard reference mass of 75 kg
d D(t ) D(t )
VC V (t ) * C (t ) *
dt D See: SAE J211
Viscous Criterion (VC) is a time function
formed by the product of the velocity of
deformation: V(t) and the instantaneous
compression function: C(t)
V(t) is calculated by differentiation of the deformation, and
C(t) is calculated in relation to initial torso thickness (D)
valid if 3 m/s < Vimpact < 30 m/s
VC: ranges of validity
based on Lau I.V., Viano, D. C. The Viscous Criterion: Bases and Applications of an Injury Severity Index for Soft Tissues
Viscous response
Serious injury to soft tissue and organs
occurs at the time of peak viscous response,
well before maximum deflection
Amax Dmax
CTI
Aint Dint
5% HII
Chest acceleration: 60 g
Thorax compression: 52 mm
Kapandji [1970], White and Panjabi [1978], Frankel and Nordin [1980]
Pelvic Injury Mechanisms
Common injuries to the pelvis
in frontal impacts result from
severe knee loading into the
dash
Separation of the pelvis from
the sacrum at the sacroiliac
joint can occur if the knee is
wedged between the front
seat back and the dash
In side impacts, the most
frequent injury in this case is
pubic rami fractures followed
by acetabular fractures
Injury mechanisms to lower
extremity in frontal impacts
Injury mechanisms of the knee
joint in pedestrian accidents
Damage mechanism of knee joint
Because of the variability in the data, The only dynamic data obtained by
the response curves for dorsiflexion Begeman et al for inversion/eversion
The data provided by Crandall et al were for
of the ankle are ill-defined quasi-static tests
Femur strength
Femur strength.
Male Female
Torque (N = m) 175 136
Range 141-222 78-207
Bending (kN) 3.92 2.58
Range 3.43-4.66 2.26-3.33
Average maximum moment (N 310 180
= m)
Long axis compression (kN) 7.72 7.11
Range 6.85-8.56 5.63-8.56
From Messerer, as reported in Naham and Melvin
Tibia and fibula strength
where:
F is the axial compressive force
T is the primary load pulse duration.
Tibia injury criterion
Tibia Index (TI)
TI=(M/Mc) + (F/Fc) < 1.0 and Fmax <8 kN
where:
Mc=225 Nm and Fc=35.9 kN