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N B / N A = ( g B / g A ) exp[( E A E B ) / kT ]
Or N 1 / N 2 = 0.1
On the other hand the ratio N 2 / N 1 for helium will be very low.
So at given temperature, the fraction of atoms in the second level
differs widely from element to element, depending on the
excitation potential. In this case absorption lines will be strong for
hydrogen and weak for helium.
The greater the electron density, the greater the probability that an
ion will capture an electron and become a neutral atom.
These two competing processes, ionization and recombination are
written as
X < > X + + e
A steady state condition of ionization equilibrium is achieved in
the gas when the rate of ionization equals the rate of
recombination.
A quantitative expression of this ionization equilibrium is given by
Sahas equation.
N + / N 0 = [ A(kT ) 3 / 2 / N e ] exp(0 / kT )
N + is the number density of ions, N 0 is the number density of
neutral atoms in the ground state, the constant A includes several
atomic constants and incorporates the probability of different
states of ionization,T is the absolute temperature, N e is the
electron density and 0 is the ionization potential(in eV) from the
ground state of the neutral atom.