Example 3.

1
For the beam of Fig. 3.29 and the materials of Table 3.13, proceed as follows:

(a) Perform the materials selection for minimum mass.

(b) Calculate the beam radius r that is required for each material. Assume
values of
P = 200 N, L = 100 mm, and X = 2.

Solution (a) To obtain the specic mathematical expression for Eq. 3.2, start by
expressing the mass as the product of the beam volume and the mass density:

m = ( r 2 L )
the the maximum stress in the beam is

= Mmax.C1
Iz

For a circular cross section, the distance c1 = r .

The area moment of inertia
and the maximum bending moment are;

r4
Iz = , Mmax = PL
4

Substituting for Mmax , c1 , and Iz in the equation for stress gives

( PL )(r )
= ( r 4 /4) = 4 PL
r3
The highest permissible stress is
the materials failure strength(c) divided by the safety factor(X):

=

Combining the two equations and solving for r then gives;
4 1/3
r =( )

Finally, substituting this expression for r into the equation for m gives

4
M= L( ) 2/3

M =[ f1 ][ f2 ]

4 2/3
=[ ( ) L5/3] [ 2 ]
3
Since all of quantities in f1have fixed value,the mass
will be minimized if the f2expression is minimized

F2 = 2
3
From the table below For example, for AISI 1020 steel,

Cm
Rank for Radius Rank for
2/3 2/3
Material Min. Mass r , mm Min. Cost
Structural steel 0.194 8 5.81 0.194 2
c c
Low-alloy steel 0.0740 6 3.59 0.222 3
Aluminum alloy 0.0447 5 4.77 0.268 4
Titanium alloy 0.0402 4 3.50 1.81 7
Polymer 0.0766 7 9.37 0.383 6
Wood 0.0258 2 8.33 0.0387 1
Glassepoxy 0.0381 3 5.12 0.381 5
Graphiteepoxy 0.0168 1 3.80 3.36 8
Notes: Units are g/cm3 for and MPa for c . The strength c is the yield strength for metals, and the ultimate

strength for wood, glass, and composites. Ranks are 1 = best, etc., for minimum mass or cost.

Proferties :E = 203 GPa, c = 930MPa, =7,99/cm3,cm=1

7,9 /3
F2 = 2 = 2 = 0,194
3 (260 ) 3
Table of Typical Materials for Selection Examples and Problems
Elastic Modulus Strength Density Relative
Material Type Example E , GPa c , MPa , g/cm3 Cost, Cm
Structural (mild) steel AISI 1020 steel 203 2601 7.9 1
1
Low alloy steel AISI 4340 steel 207 1103 7.9 3
High strength 7075-T6 Al 71 4691 2.7 6
aluminum alloy
Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V 117 11851 4.5 45
1
Engineering polymer Polycarbonate (PC) 2.4 62 1.2 5
2 2
Wood Loblolly pine 12.3 88 0.51 1.5
3
Economical composite Glass cloth in epoxy 21 380 2.0 10
(GFRP)
High-performance Graphite ber in epoxy 76 9303 1.6 200
composite laminate (CFRP)

Notes: 1 Yield strengths o in tension are listed for metals and polymers. 2 Elastic modulus and ultimate strength in
bending are given for loblolly pine. 3 Ultimate tensile strength u is provided for composites. Sources: Tables 4.2,
4.3, and 14.1; authors synthesis of miscellaneous data.