Dowal School

Chemistry class

Fossil Fuels

Alejandra del Cid

Gnesis Meja

Nubia Molina

11A

Ms. Zelwa Castelln

May 5, 2017

1
 Index

Pg.

Introduction 3

Body content 4 -25

Genesiss analysis 19

Alejandras analysis 20

Nubias analysis 21

Conclusion 26

Bibliography 27

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 INTRODUCTION

Fossil Fuels, the first thing that comes to your mind are bones and something that
might give you energy. However, do you really want to know? Fossil fuels are
hydrocarbons, actually the accumulated remains of living organisms that were buried
millions of years ago. Coal, oil and natural gas are still essential for transportation,
electricity generation, heating, plant operations, and so much more. All of these fossil
fuels have played important roles in providing the energy that every man and woman
need. In this investigation, we are going to learn all what we need to know about
fossil fuels: what are fossil fuels, the products derived from it, the problems with fossil
fuels, how are they associated with hydrocarbons and fats. In addition, we know that
eating foods that contain saturated fats raises the level of cholesterol in your blood,
and eating food that contain unsaturated fats give us energy in the form of calories.
So here, we are going to explain about saturated fats, unsaturated fats and transition
fats. How having a good eating habit can help you to have a healthy life.

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 1. What is a fossil fuel?

Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons, primarily coal, fuel oil or

natural gas, formed from the remains of dead plants and
animals. In common dialogue, the term fossil fuel also
includes hydrocarbon-containing natural resources that are not derived from animal
or plant sources. These are sometimes known instead as mineral fuels. The
utilization of fossil fuels has enabled large-scale industrial development and largely
supplanted water-driven mills, as well as the combustion of wood or peat for heat.
Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic
materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to
crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by
exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust
over hundreds of millions of years.

The burning of fossil fuels by humans is the

largest source of emissions of carbon dioxide, which is one of the greenhouse gases
that allows radiative forcing and contributes to global warming. A small portion of
hydrocarbon-based fuels are biofuels derived from atmospheric carbon dioxide, and
thus do not increase the net amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

2. How are fossil fuels formed and

approximately how much time it takes to form?
Fossil fuels are the remains of organic material, such
as plants and animals, which lived millions of years
ago. During the millions of years that passed, the dead plants and animals slowly
decomposed into organic materials and formed fossil fuels. Different types of fossil
fuels were formed depending on what combination of animal and plant debris was
present, how long the material was buried, and what conditions of temperature and
pressure existed when they were decomposing.

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Carbon Cycle
When the fossil fuel burned the carbon as carbon dioxide, is returne to the
atmosphere of the earths environment. There it is absorbed by plant leaves and
used up in photosynthesis with the help of sunlight energy and green chlorophyll.
The plant material decays reforming carbon dioxide or is eaten by animals and used
in respiration to form carbon dioxide. Either way this complete the carbon cycle.
Humans influence the carbon cycle during the combustion of any type of fossil fuel,
which may include oil, coal, and natural gas.

3. Are fossil fuels renewable resources or not? Explain why.

Fossil fuels are sources of energy that have developed within the earth over
millions of years. However, we are consuming them faster than they are created.
Fossil fuels take so long to form also because we are consuming them faster than
they are created. They are considered nonrenewable. An interesting fact is that as
fossil fuels become more expensive and harder to find,
renewable energy will become cheaper as technology
improves and the equipment is made on a large scale. In 2011,
fossil fuels made up 83% of the worlds energy use. These are
resources found under the ground: coal, oil and gas. In 2020,
this is predicted to decrease to 76% as nuclear power, and
in particular, renewable energy use increase.

The other problem with fossil fuels is that they will soon run out - maybe that is
a good thing. Therefore, even if we do not agree with the idea of human induced
climate change or do not care, we still need to look for alternatives.
It is estimated that fossil fuels will last...
Oil - approximately 56 years
Gas: approximately 55 years
Coal: approximately 100 years

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 4. What is the actual current worlds problem with
fossil fuels?
Fossil fuels are the major energy source that are being
used in the world today. However, there over-consumption
can lead to serious environmental issues such as air pollution. Fossil fuels release
carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide etc. when burnt
that can have severe consequences on the habitats. They are non-renewable
sources of energy as they are derive from pre-historic fossils and will not be available
once they are fully used. Their sources are limited and they are depleting at a faster
rate.

1. Environmental Hazards: Environmental pollution is one of the major

disadvantage of fossil fuels. It is a known fact that carbon dioxide, gas released when
fossil fuels are burn, is one of the primary gas responsible for global warming. Rise
in temperature of earth has resulted in melting of polar ice caps, flooding of low-lying
areas and rise in sea levels.

2. Acid Rain: Sulfur dioxide is one of the pollutant that is release when fossil fuels
are burn and is a main cause of acid rain. Acid rain can lead to destruction of
monuments made up of brickwork or marbles. Even crops can affected due to
acidification of loams. Coal mining results in destruction of ecosystems and
endangers the lives of mineworkers.

3. Effect on Human Health: Pollution from vehicles and coal-

powered power plants can cause serious environmental
hazards. Pollution related diseases range from mild to severe
and can significantly affect ones quality of life. Air pollution can result in asthma,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder or COPD and lung cancer. Long-term
exposure may increase respiratory infections in general population. Children and the
elderly are most vulnerable to fine particulate matter and other airborne toxicants.

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4. Coal Mining: Extraction of coal from areas that have huge reserves is not only a
difficult and dangerous task but also poses a serious health
hazard to the lives of several workers who work there. The
coal mining destroys wide areas of land and results in
ecological imbalance.

5. Water Impact: When oil and gas are extracted, water that had been trapped in
the geologic formation is brought to the surface. This produced water can carry
with it naturally-occurring dissolved solids, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and
radioactive materials in concentrations that make it unsuitable for human
consumption and difficult to dispose of safely. Researchers could track only 353
chemicals from that larger list and found that 25 percent of those chemicals cause
cancer or other mutations, and about half could severely damage neurological,
cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems.

6. Surface Mining: Surface mining involves removing the overlaying soil to access
the coal below, devastating local environments. Mountaintop removal, a particularly
destructive form of surface mining, involves stripping all trees and other vegetation
from peaks and hilltops, and then blasting away hundreds of feet of the earth below
with explosives. Surface mining can also directly impact the health and safety of
surrounding communities. Mudslides, landslides, and flashfloods may become more
common and depending on the chemical makeup of the coal deposit, mines can
pollute local drinking water sources with toxic chemicals like
selenium, arsenic, manganese, lead, iron, and hydrogen
sulfide.

7. Oil and gas drilling: The environmental and health costs of onshore and offshore
oil and gas drilling are also significant, and often unseen. The impacts of
unconventional extraction methods, such as natural gas hydraulic fracturing
(commonly called fracking) have received much attention, but all methods of oil and
gas extraction carry hidden costs.

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 5. Describe the three main products derived from fossil fuels.

Coal

Coal formed millions of years ago when the earth was covered
with huge swampy forests where plants - giant ferns, reeds
and mosses - grew. As the plants grew, some died and fell
into the swamp waters. New plants grew up to take their
places and when these died still more grew. In time, there was
thick layer of dead plants rotting in the swamp. The surface of the earth changed and
water and dirt washed in, stopping to decaying process. More plants grew up, but they
too died and fell, forming separate layers. After millions of years many layers had
formed, one on top of the other. The weight of the top layers and the water and dirt
packed down the lower layers of plant matter. Heat and pressure produced chemical
and physical changes in the plant layers which forced out oxygen and left rich carbon
deposits. In time, material that had been plants became coal.

Coals are classified into three main ranks, or types: lignite, bituminous coal, and
anthracite. These classifications are based on the amount of carbon, oxygen, and
hydrogen present in the coal. Coal is defined as a readily combustible rock containing
more than 50% by weight of carbon. Coals other constituents include hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, ash, and sulfur. Some of the undesirable chemical constituents include chorine
and sodium. In the process of transformation (coalification), peat is altered to lignite,
lignite is altered to sub-bituminous, sub-bituminous coal is altered to bituminous coal,
and bituminous coal is altered to anthracite.

Lignite - is the lowest rank of coal - which means that it has the lowest heating value
and lowest carbon content. Although lignite is more solid than peat it crumbles when
shipped long distances. Lignite is used to generate electricity.

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Bituminous - is intermediate in rank and sometimes called soft coal. It appears smooth
when you first see it, but look closer and you will find it has many layers. It is the most
abundant kind of coal. It has a high heating value, but it also has a high sulfur content.

Anthracite - is the highest rank of coal, which means that it has the highest heating
value and highest carbon content. It is very hard, deep black, and looks almost metallic
because it is brilliantly glossy. Anthracite burns longer, with more heat and with less dust
and soot than other types of coal.

Petroleum

Petroleum is a complex chemical compound in which solid, liquid

and gaseous parts coexist. It is formed, on one hand, compounds
called hydrocarbons, formed by atoms of carbon and hydrogen
and, on the other hand, small proportions of nitrogen, sulfur,
oxygen and some metals. It occurs naturally in deposits of sedimentary rock and only in
places where there was sea. Its color is variable, between amber and black.

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Factors for training:
Absence of air
Remains of plants and animals (especially marine plankton)
Great pressure of the layers of earth
High temperatures
Action of bacteria

The organic theory that assumes that it originated by the decomposition of the
remains of animals and microscopic algae accumulated in the bottom of the lagoons and
in the lower course of the rivers. This organic matter was gradually covered with
increasingly thick layers of sediment, under which, under certain conditions of pressure,
temperature and time, it was slowly transformed into
hydrocarbons (compounds formed of coal and hydrogen), with
small amounts of sulfur , oxygen, nitrogen, and traces of metals
such as iron, chromium, nickel and vanadium, the mixture of
which constitutes crude oil. These conclusions are based on the
location of the oil mantles, since all are in sedimentary terrains. In addition, the
compounds that form the aforementioned elements are characteristic of living
organisms.

Environmental Pollution
Petroleum-derived contaminants constitute one of the most prevalent sources of
environmental degradation in the industrialized world. In large concentrations, the
hydrocarbon molecules that make up crude oil and petroleum products are highly toxic
to many organisms, including humans. Petroleum also contains trace amounts
of sulfur and nitrogen compounds, which are dangerous by themselves and can react
with the environment to produce secondary poisonous chemicals.

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The main countries with the largest petroleum reserves in the world are:

1. Venezuela 297,6
2. Arabia Saud 267,9
3. Canad 173,1
4. Irn 154,6
5. Iraq 141,4
6. Kuwait 104
7. Emiratos rabes Unidos 97,8
8. Rusia 80
9. Libia 48
10. Nigeria 37,2
11. Kazajstn 30
12. Qatar 25,380
13. Estados Unidos de Amrica 20,680
14. China 17,300
15. Brasil 13,150
16. Algeria 12,200
17. Angola 10,470
18. Mxico 10,260
19. Ecuador 8,240
20. Azerbayn 7

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 Natural Gas

Natural gas is one of the cleanest, safest, and most useful forms
of energy in our day-to-day lives.

Natural gas is a hydrocarbon, which means it is made up of

compounds of hydrogen and carbon. The simplest hydrocarbon is methane; it contains
one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.

Natural gas can be found by itself or in association with oil. It is both colorless and odorless
and is in fact a mixture of hydrocarbons. While mainly methane, the other hydrocarbons
include ethane, propane, and butane. Water, oil, sulfur, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and
other impurities may be mixed with the gas when it comes out of the ground. These
impurities are removed before the natural gas is delivered to our homes and businesses.
The fact that natural gas is combustible and burns more cleanly than some other energy
sources helps reinforce its position as one of the most highly used energy sources.

Users:

Residential:

We require energy on a constant basis to heat our water, cook our food, warm our homes,
and generate our electricity. Natural gas is one of the least expensive forms of energy
available to Alberta residential consumers. The most common use for natural gas around
the home is for furnaces and hot water tanks. Natural gas can also be used to operate
various household appliances, including stoves, clothes dryers, fireplaces, and
barbecues. With natural gas, we can be sure our homes are operating efficiently, safely
and economically.

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Commercial:

Schools, office buildings, hotels, restaurants and many other commercial enterprises use
natural gas. As with residences, these enterprises use the gas mainly for heating, cooling,
and cooking. Large commercial enterprises are also beginning to use natural gas for on-
site electricity generation as an economical alternative to purchasing electricity off-site.

Industrial:

About 52 per cent of the natural gas consumed is used by the industrial sector. It has
numerous uses in the petroleum refining, metal, chemical, plastic, food processing, glass
and paper industries. The ingredients for plastic, anti-freeze, fertilizer, and fabric products
are formed with natural gas by-products. The fact that
natural gas is one of the cleanest, cheapest, and most
efficient sources of energy makes it easy to see why it
is so commonly used.

Fossil Fuel Emission Levels

Pounds per Billion Btu of Energy Input
Pollutant Natural Gas Oil Coal
Carbon Dioxide 117,000 164,000 208,000
Carbon Monoxide 40 33 208
Nitrogen Oxides 92 448 457
Sulfur Dioxide 1 1,122 2,591
Particulates 7 84 2,744
Mercury 0.000 0.007 0.016

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 Natural gas can be used in the transportation sector to cut down on these high
levels of pollution from gasoline and diesel powered cars, trucks, and buses. Vehicles
operating on compressed natural gas have reductions in carbon monoxide emissions
of 90 to 97 percent, and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions of 25 percent. Nitrogen
oxide emissions can be reduced by 35 to 60 percent,
and other non-methane hydrocarbon emissions could
be reduced by as much as 50 to 75 percent. In
addition, because of the relatively simple makeup of
natural gas in comparison to traditional vehicle fuels, there are fewer toxic and
carcinogenic emissions from natural gas vehicles, and virtually no particulate
emissions. Thus, the environmentally friendly attributes of natural gas may be used in
the transportation sector to reduce air pollution.

6. Explain the differences between saturated and unsaturated

hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons, or molecules which contain hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms that
are bonded to each other and may or may not contain other atoms, are classified into
two distinct categories: saturated and unsaturated. These hydrocarbons, which make
up organic compounds, have distinct characteristics based on this further classification.
Unlike saturated hydrocarbons in which all hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms are
bonded together with single bonds, unsaturated hydrocarbons have double or even
triple bonds between the carbon atoms. This makes unsaturated hydrocarbons even
more reactive than saturated hydrocarbons, as well as have fewer hydrogen atoms
bonded to the carbon atoms than saturated hydrocarbons have.
1. Alkanes - Are saturated hydrocarbons that therefore contain only hydrogen and
carbon atoms bonded to each other, and typically follow the chemical formula C nH2n+2.
A common example is paraffin.
2. Alkenes - These unsaturated hydrocarbons are molecules that contain at least one
carbon-to-carbon double bond. With the chemical formula consisting of molecules of

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CnH2n, alkenes are very common in the petrochemical industry; the simplest alkene is
ethylene, or ethane.
3. Alkynes - This category of hydrocarbons are unsaturated, and contain at least one
carbon-to-carbon triple bond. The hydrophobic acetylenes are common examples of
alkynes.
4. Cycloalkanes - The saturated hydrocarbons not only form only carbon-to-hydrogen
bonds, rather than the carbon-to-carbon bonds that have to have added hydrogen
atoms. These alkanes have to prefix "cyclo" due to the configuration of rings of carbon
atoms in their structure.
5. Aromatic hydrocarbons - These unsaturated hydrocarbons have alternating carbon-
to-carbon single or double bonds in their molecules. The term aromatic was applied to
this category of hydrocarbons before the chemical nature of aromaticity was
discovered, and they were therefore called aromatic simply because these compounds
had a pleasant smell.

ALKYNE

ALKANE

ALKENE CYCLOALKANE

AROMATIC HYDROCARBON

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 7. FATS
Believe it or not, fat has an important role to play in any healthy diet, providing a
source of energy as well as essential fatty acids. However, there are different types
of fat present in our food often thought of as good fats and bad fats and bad
saturated fat has been linked to increased LDL-cholesterol, one of the risk factors in
the development of coronary heart disease.

TYPES OF FATS

Saturated fat contributes the most to elevating blood cholesterol levels, especially
LDL (the bad cholesterol). Typically saturated fat is found in animal fats and tropical
oils. They tend to be more solid at room temperature.

Unsaturated fats (poly and mono) have less of an effect on elevating blood
cholesterol levels. This, however, does not mean you can guzzle down the olive oil.
Fat is still fat and you want a low total fat intake as well. Unsaturated fats are typically
from plant sources and tend to be liquid at room temperature. Mono-unsaturated fats
may help increase HDL (the good cholesterol).

Trans-fatty acids occur during the chemical process called hydrogenation. This is
where a mostly unsaturated fat is "hydrogenated" to make it more saturated and thus
more solid at room temperature. Margarine and shortening are examples. Trans-fats
tend to have more of an effect on elevating blood cholesterol levels, especially LDL,
compared to unsaturated fats, but they have less of an effect compared to saturated
fat. It is important to lower the amounts of Trans fats you eat to help you stay healthy.

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 SATURATED FATS

To give a simple saturated fat definition: it is a bad fat found in relatively high
amounts in many meat and dairy products. Eating greater amounts of saturated fat
is linked with an increased risk of heart disease and high blood cholesterol levels.
These fats are usually solid at room temperature and are found in:

Animal-based products:

Dairy foods such as butter, cream, full fat milk and cheese

Meat such as fatty cuts of beef, pork and lamb and chicken (especially
chicken skin), processed meats like salami, Some plant-derived products:

Palm oil

Coconut

Coconut milk and cream

Cooking margarine

Many manufactured and packaged foods:

Fatty snack foods (such as potato chips, savoury crackers)

Deep fried and high fat take away foods (such as hot chips, pizza,
hamburgers)

Cakes and high fat muffins

Pastries and pies (including quiche, tarts, sausage rolls, pasties, croissants)

Sweet and savoury biscuits.

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 UNSATURATED FATS

Unsaturated fats, in particular, are considered a good fat, offering certain benefits
as a replacement for bad saturated fat. Unsaturated fats are an important part of a
healthy diet. These fats help reduce the risk of heart disease and lower cholesterol
levels (among other health benefits) when they replace saturated fats in the diet.

There are two main types of unsaturated fats:

Polyunsaturated fats:

Walnuts.
Sunflower seeds.
Flax seeds or flax oil.
Fish, such as salmon, mackerel, herring, albacore tuna, and trout.
Corn oil.
Soybean oil.

Monounsaturated fats:

Olive oil,
Canola oil,
Peanut oil,
Sesame oil.

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 ANALYSIS

Genesis
MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY

Fried eggs,
sausage,
Mozzarella Cheese and Cornflakes Pancakes with Cornflakes
BREAKFAST cheese, Nuggets
tortillas. sticks. ham sandwich. and milk. honey. and milk.

Tortilla
pork chop, Ground beef
chips and Chicken, rice, Burger and Shrimp
LUNCH rice, and and boiled Lasagna.
tomato and carrots. fries. pasta.
zucchini. potatoes.
sauce.
Fried
chicken, Banana Instant
DINNER Baleada Bowl of fruit. Granola bar. Sushi.
fires, smoothie. soup
coleslaw.

Unfortunately my diet is not balanced because I have an excessive intake of

unhealthy fats. Most of the food I eat daily is high in saturated fats and trans fat,
which are not the type of fats that should be dominant in your diet. These kinds of
fats are extremely dangerous for your health because they can increase cholesterol
levels in your blood and increasing risk for heart malfunctions. My diet consists of
breads, pastries, dairy products, and fried foods. I rarely eat vegetables and fruits.
And I need to change that quick because our health and wellbeing depend
completely on what we eat. There are a lot of ways on how to change our eating
habits for the better, by substituting most of our saturated fats by unsaturated fats
and consuming healthy sugars like fruits and organic foods.

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 Alejandra

MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY

Coffee with Banana Banana Cereal with

BREAKFAST Cereal and Oatmel Oatmel
milk toast pancakes pancakes milk

Shrimp
Pork and Salad with with rice Sea food
LUNCH Chicken soup Fried chicken Ceviche
rice croutons and soup
vegetables
Scramble Scramble
Banana Tortilla with
DINNER eggs with Fruit salad Cornflakes Beef with rice eggs with
smoothie cheese
jam jam

My daily diet is not the healthiest but I do not eat foods with saturated or trans-fats.
I am used to eating things with little seasonings, salt, and fats since my stomach is
a bit delicate and I get sick fast. From time to time, I like to eat fried chicken, pizza,
burgers etc. I prefer to eat chicken, pork or fish, since they are the healthier meats
compared to beef. I usually do not eat as many vegetables, however, fruits only like
watermelon, banana, grapes, or apple. We should all stop eating saturated fats since
that would cause cholesterol to increase and that brings consequences such as
diabetes, heart attacks, cancer, etc. I usually eat small portions at dinner so my
digestion works well before going to sleep.

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 Nubia

MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY SATURDAY SUNDAY

Sandwich Tortilla with Cornflakes

BREAKFAST Milkshake Orange juice Pancakes Fruits salad
and juice cheese with granola

Nubia Chicken
Chicken with Potatoes salad Chicken
LUNCH Pizza Spaghetti Pizza wings and
vegetables with fish soup
fries

Watermelo Strawberry
DINNER Baleada Egg and bacon Fruit salad Milkshake Baleada
n smoothie

This chart shows my eating habit in a normal week. Making an analysis of what I eat.
I think I have a balance diet, even though I consume more saturated then
unsaturated fats. Even though I can make this diet healthier by consuming more
unsaturated fats. Saturated fats like cheese, and meats in excess are bad but we
need them to control our energy, so having a healthier diet and some exercise my
life could be better every day

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8. SATURATED FATS VS. UNSATURATED FATS. GOOD OR BAD?

Eating too much of any kind of food is a bad idea, health-wise. The balanced diet
thats so vital for a healthy heart (among other things) involves eating a variety of
different foods in the right proportions. Balancing fruits and vegetables with starchy
foods, dairy, meat, and fat and getting enough good unsaturated fat is the basis
of any healthy diet. Not all fats are bad. A healthy balanced diet will include a certain
amount of fat, as it contributes towards plenty of important processes in the body.

But there are types of fat bad saturated fats and good unsaturated fats and it
is recommended that we eat more unsaturated fat than the saturated kind: according
to the British Dietetic Association, saturated fats should account for a maximum of
one third of our total fat intake, with unsaturated fat making up the rest. This is in
part because of the impact too much saturated fat has on cholesterol levels.
According to the American Heart Association, consuming saturated fat raises
cholesterol levels in your blood, increasing risk for cardiovascular problems and
Alzheimers disease. Setting aside saturated fat can also decrease your risk for
obesity, diabetes, and cancer. Saturated fat is even worse than cholesterol in foods.
It's particularly harmful because it stimulates the liver to manufacture even more
cholesterol. The term saturated simply means that the fat molecule is completely
covered with hydrogen atoms.

Unsaturated fats are also known as your good fats because they can have a
positive effect on your heart health. Although the mechanisms by which they affect
lipids is not fully known, studies have shown that unsaturated fats can modestly
lower your LDL cholesterol and increase your HDL cholesterol levels. Some
polyunsaturated fats, such as omega-3 fatty acids, can also help lower your
triglyceride levels.

Although there are many supplements containing unsaturated fats, such as cod liver
oil and fish oil, obtaining unsaturated fats from foods can also supply other heart-
healthy nutrients in your diet. Current dietary guidelines recommend that 25 to 35%

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of your daily caloric intake should come from fat, with unsaturated fats consisting
most of the fat consumed in your diet.

If you want to include unsaturated fats in your diet, you should make sure that these
foods replace other foods in your diet that are high in saturated fat rather than add
to them. Otherwise, you may risk gaining weight and increasing your lipid levels.

9. TRANS FATS

So what is trans-fat, exactly? Essentially, it is the type of fat thats created when
hydrogen is added to the chemical structure of a fat, typically vegetable oil. The
addition of hydrogen helps to make the fat (and therefore the food its used in) more
shelf-stable, preventing it from easily spoiling when left out unrefrigerated. Partial
hydrogenation (the process of adding hydrogen to fat) also creates a semi-solid fat,
which is necessary in order to prevent foods from melting at room temperature.
Partially hydrogenated oil is also much cheaper than butter, lard, or other semi-solid
fats like palm oil. Trans fats also take much longer to go rancid than traditional fats,
making partially-hydrogenated oil a favorite frying oil for restaurants.

Trans-fats, also known as trans fatty acids or TFA, are a type of fat found in small
amounts in a wide variety of foods. They are considered a bad fat because, like
saturated fats, they can increase levels of LDL-cholesterol in the blood. Trans fats
can also decrease the level of good HDL cholesterol, and may increase the level of
triglycerides, another type of fat in the blood.

Artificial trans fats can be formed when oil goes through a process called
hydrogenation, which makes the oil more solid (known as hardening). This type of
fat, known as hydrogenated fat, can be used for frying or as an ingredient in
processed foods.
Artificial trans fats can be found in some processed foods such as biscuits and cakes,
where they are sometimes used to help give products a longer shelf life. However,

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in recent years many food manufacturers have removed trans fats from their
products.
Trans fats can also be found naturally in some foods at low levels, such as those
from animals, including meat and dairy products.

BENEFICIAL OR HARMFUL?

Trans fat is considered by many doctors to be the worst type of fat you can eat.
Unlike other dietary fats, trans fat also called trans-fatty acids both raises your
LDL ("bad") cholesterol and lowers your HDL ("good") cholesterol.

A diet laden with trans fat increases your risk of heart disease, the leading killer of
men and women. Here's some information about trans fat and how to avoid it.

Trans fats actually occur naturally in animal fat and dairy, but at much smaller
concentrations than the amount used in processed foods. Trans fats also have no
nutritional value. While saturated fat (most commonly found in animal fat and
cheese) and trans fats increase levels of LDL (bad cholesterol), trans fats actually
decrease the level of HDL (good cholesterol) in the bloodstream, increasing the
risk of heart disease. While its impossible to completely avoid all trans fats due to
their presence in nature, the National Academy of Sciences advises cutting them out
of your diet as much as possible, and the best place to start is avoiding all foods with
the phrase partially hydrogenated anywhere in the ingredients list.

A diet high in trans fats can lead to high blood pressure, obesity, and heart disease.
Studies have also indicated that increased trans fat consumption may lead to
Alzheimers disease, prostate and breast cancer, Type 2 diabetes, liver dysfunction,
infertility, depression, and even aggression.

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Foods containing trans-fat include:

Cakes, pies and cookies

Biscuits

Breakfast sandwiches

Margarine

Crackers

Microwave popcorn

Doughnuts

Deep fried foods

Frosting

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 Conclusion

Fossil fuels are the major energy resource consumed by humankind. In the future,
the fossil fuels will not suffice, so alternative methods have to be utilized. The burning
of fossil fuels emits large quantities of CO2. The amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
is on the increase. This can be measured and is very well documented. The
consequences of this are a point of contention. However, the risk of doing nothing
or too little is alarming. Any means to reduce the use of fossil fuels as soon as
possible is extremely urgent. After energy generation, transportation is the second
biggest emitter of CO2 globally. To reduce their use of fossil fuels is also urgent. Not
only from the perspective that oil will probably be the first fossil fuel to pass the peak,
but also from the perspective of the immediate environmental impact of CO2
emissions. Trans fat is considered by many doctors to be the worst type of fat you
can eat. Unlike other dietary fats, trans fat also called trans-fatty acids both
raises your LDL ("bad") cholesterol and lowers your HDL ("good") cholesterol. If the
fatty deposits within your arteries tear or rupture, a blood clot may form and block
blood flow to a part of your heart, causing a heart attack, or to a part of your brain,
causing a stroke.

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 Bibliography

1. Science Daily Fossil Fuels

https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/fossil_fuel.htm
2. Young Peoples Trust For the Environment Renewable Energy

https://ypte.org.uk/factsheets/renewable-energy/fossil-fuels-non-renewable

3. U.S Department of Energy How Fossil Fuels were Formed

http://www.fe.doe.gov/education/energylessons/coal/gen_howformed.html

4. Union of Concerned Scientists The Hidden Costs of Fossil Fuels

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean-energy/coal-and-other-fossil-fuels/hidden-cost-of-
fossils#10

5. Pollution Issues Petroleum

http://www.pollutionissues.com/Na-Ph/Petroleum.html

6. Natural Gas and the Environment

http://naturalgas.org/environment/naturalgas/

7. Saturated Hydrocarbon

http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/organic-chemistry/saturated-hydrocarbon.html

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