IAGC Marine Geophysical Safety Manual

Marine Geophysical

Safety Manual

Tenth Edition

International Association of Geophysical Contractors

www.iagc.org Tenth Edition


TableofContents
1 PREFACE................................................................................................................................................9

1.1 Purpose........................................................................................................................................9

1.2 Scope..........................................................................................................................................10

1.3 Definitions..................................................................................................................................10

1.4 References.................................................................................................................................10

1.5 Acknowledgments......................................................................................................................13

2 HSEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS............................................................................................................15

2.1 BasicHSETraining......................................................................................................................16

2.1.1 MinimumSafetyTraining......................................................................................................16

2.2 HSEMeetings.............................................................................................................................17

2.3 IncidentReporting.....................................................................................................................17

2.4 AuditingandImprovement........................................................................................................18

2.5 GeneralHSE...............................................................................................................................18

2.6 CommonKnots...........................................................................................................................20

2.6.1 CloveHitch.............................................................................................................................20

2.6.2 RoundTurnandTwoHalfHitches.........................................................................................20

2.6.3 Bowline..................................................................................................................................20

2.6.4 SheetShank/Bend.................................................................................................................21

2.6.5 FigureofEight........................................................................................................................22

3 HUMANFACTORS...............................................................................................................................24

3.1 ImprovingHSEPerformance......................................................................................................24

3.2 HSECulture................................................................................................................................26

3.3 WorkObservationPrograms.....................................................................................................30

3.4 EmployeeLedHSEPrograms.....................................................................................................30
4 HEALTH,HYGIENEANDINJURYPREVENTION....................................................................................32

4.1 HealthRiskAssessment(HRA)...................................................................................................32

4.2 Heatconditions..........................................................................................................................32

4.2.1 HeatRashes...........................................................................................................................32

4.2.2 HeatCramps..........................................................................................................................33

4.2.3 HeatFatigue...........................................................................................................................33

4.2.4 HeatCollapse(Fainting).....................................................................................................33

4.2.5 HeatExhaustion.....................................................................................................................33

4.2.6 HeatStroke............................................................................................................................33

4.2.7 TreatmentofHeatStress.......................................................................................................33

4.2.8 PreventionMeasures.............................................................................................................34

4.2.9 FluidReplacement.................................................................................................................34

4.3 ColdConditions..........................................................................................................................34

4.3.1 WindChill...............................................................................................................................35

4.3.2 PersonalProtection...............................................................................................................37

4.3.3 FoodsandLiquids..................................................................................................................38

4.3.4 Frostbite.................................................................................................................................38

4.3.5 TrenchFoot............................................................................................................................40

4.4 PersonalHygiene.......................................................................................................................40

4.5 Noise..........................................................................................................................................41

4.6 CompressedAir..........................................................................................................................42

4.7 Electrical.....................................................................................................................................42

4.8 Chemical.....................................................................................................................................42

4.9 Biological....................................................................................................................................43

4.9.1 Malaria...................................................................................................................................43

4.9.2 SexuallyTransmittedDiseases(STD).....................................................................................44
 4.9.3 BloodBornePathogens.........................................................................................................44

4.10 Ergonomic..................................................................................................................................45

4.10.1 Lifting.................................................................................................................................45

4.11 HoursofWork............................................................................................................................46

4.12 SubstanceAbuse........................................................................................................................46

4.13 UseofTools................................................................................................................................46

4.14 WorkingatHeights....................................................................................................................47

4.15 PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)........................................................................................47

4.15.1 General..............................................................................................................................47

4.15.2 PersonalFloatationDevices(PFDs)...................................................................................48

4.15.3 LifeJackets/WorkVests....................................................................................................48

4.15.4 InflatableLifeJackets........................................................................................................49

4.15.5 ENPFDClassifications.......................................................................................................50

4.15.6 USCoastGuardPFDClassifications...................................................................................52

4.16 SubcontractorsandVisitors.......................................................................................................53

5 SEISMICOPERATIONS.........................................................................................................................55

5.1 AirGunsandCompressors.........................................................................................................55

5.1.1 CompressedAirHazards........................................................................................................55

5.1.2 ExplosionHazards..................................................................................................................56

5.1.3 AirGunHandling....................................................................................................................57

5.1.4 CompressedAirInjuries.........................................................................................................60

5.2 TowedSeismicOperations.........................................................................................................60

5.2.1 DeploymentandRecoveryofInSeaEquipment...................................................................60

5.2.2 InSeaRepairsandMaintenance...........................................................................................62

5.2.3 Streamer................................................................................................................................64

5.2.4 HandlingofParavanes/deflectors.......................................................................................64
 5.2.5 WorkOnTailbuoys................................................................................................................66

5.3 HazardousMaterials(HAZMAT)................................................................................................66

5.3.1 CableOils...............................................................................................................................66

5.3.2 Batteries.................................................................................................................................67

5.3.3 StorageandHandlingofGasoline.........................................................................................70

5.3.4 Explosives..............................................................................................................................70

5.4 OceanBottomOperations.........................................................................................................71

5.4.1 DeploymentOperations........................................................................................................71

5.4.2 RecoveryOperations.............................................................................................................73

5.5 OceanBottomNodalSurveys....................................................................................................73

5.5.1 DeploymentOperations........................................................................................................74

5.5.2 RecoveryOperations.............................................................................................................75

5.5.3 ContingencyProcedures........................................................................................................75

5.6 ControlledSourceElectromagneticSurveyOperations............................................................76

5.7 GravityMeasurement................................................................................................................79

5.8 MagneticDataAcquisition.........................................................................................................79

5.9 TransitionZone/TelemetryOperations.....................................................................................79

6 VESSELOPERATIONS...........................................................................................................................81

6.1 General.......................................................................................................................................81

6.2 BoatTransfers............................................................................................................................82

6.2.1 BoattoBoat...........................................................................................................................82

6.2.2 ShoreLandings.......................................................................................................................83

6.2.3 PersonnelBasketTransfer.....................................................................................................84

6.3 SmallBoats(LaunchandRecovery)...........................................................................................85

6.4 EnvironmentalAwareness.........................................................................................................86

6.4.1 WasteManagement..............................................................................................................87
 6.4.2 HazardousMaterialSpills......................................................................................................87

6.4.3 AirEmissions..........................................................................................................................87

6.4.4 MarineMammalsandSeaLife..............................................................................................87

6.5 SecurityandISPSCode...............................................................................................................88

6.5.1 InPort....................................................................................................................................88

6.5.2 AtSea.....................................................................................................................................88

6.6 Bunkering...................................................................................................................................88

6.6.1 InPort....................................................................................................................................89

6.6.2 AtSea.....................................................................................................................................90

6.7 ElectricalEquipmentandWiring...............................................................................................90

6.8 Lockout/Tagout..........................................................................................................................91

6.9 Radio,RadarandNavigation......................................................................................................92

6.10 Galley.........................................................................................................................................92

6.11 EngineRoom..............................................................................................................................95

6.12 CranesandLiftingDevices.........................................................................................................97

6.12.1 SlingsandLiftingAppliances.............................................................................................98

6.12.2 WebbingStraps.................................................................................................................98

6.12.3 WireRopeSlings................................................................................................................99

6.12.4 SignsofDefectiveWireRopeSlings..................................................................................99

6.13 Welding,BurningandCutting....................................................................................................99

6.13.1 GeneralSafePractices.......................................................................................................99

6.13.2 Acetylene(Gas)WeldingandCuttingTools....................................................................100

6.13.3 ElectricWeldingandCuttingTools.................................................................................101

6.14 PortableLaddersandScaffolds................................................................................................101

6.15 ChippingandPainting..............................................................................................................102

7 EMERGENCYPROCEDURES...............................................................................................................105
7.1 SurvivalatSea..........................................................................................................................105

7.1.1 Survival................................................................................................................................105

7.1.2 Detection(Colour,Light,Sound,Movement).....................................................................105

7.1.3 FoodandWater...................................................................................................................106

7.1.4 EmergencyTreatment.........................................................................................................107

7.1.5 SurvivalSuits........................................................................................................................108

7.2 EmergencyDrills......................................................................................................................108

7.2.1 GeneralRules.......................................................................................................................108

7.2.2 AlarmSignals.......................................................................................................................109

7.2.3 FireDrills..............................................................................................................................109

7.2.4 ManningFireStations..........................................................................................................109

7.2.5 TestingtheFirePump..........................................................................................................109

7.2.6 ManOverboardDrills..........................................................................................................110

7.2.7 AbandonShipDrills..............................................................................................................110

7.3 MedicalEmergencyEvacuationPlan.......................................................................................111

7.4 AbandonShipProcedures........................................................................................................111

7.5 ManOverboardProcedures....................................................................................................112

7.6 MarineFireProtectionandFireProcedures............................................................................112

7.7 FireandEmergencyStations...................................................................................................112

7.8 FireandSafetyPlan.................................................................................................................112

7.9 FireExtinguishers.....................................................................................................................113

7.9.1 FoamExtinguishers..............................................................................................................114

7.9.2 ClassD(Lithium)extinguishers............................................................................................114

7.10 FixedFireFightingSystems(GasDelugeSystems)..................................................................114

7.10.1 HiFogExtinguishingSystems..........................................................................................115

7.10.2 CO2andotherextinguishingsystems.............................................................................115
 7.10.3 AFFFDelugeSystem........................................................................................................116

7.10.4 Halons..............................................................................................................................116

7.11 FixedDetectionSystem............................................................................................................117

7.12 DisablingofFireAlarms...........................................................................................................117

7.13 FireHoses.................................................................................................................................118

7.14 FireFighting.............................................................................................................................118

8 HELICOPTERS....................................................................................................................................121

8.1 General.....................................................................................................................................121

8.2 Training....................................................................................................................................121

8.3 PreFlightPreparation..............................................................................................................122

8.3.1 HelicopterOperatorprovidedinformation.........................................................................122

8.3.2 Vesseloperatorprovidedinformation................................................................................122

8.4 PriortoDeparturefromHelibase............................................................................................123

8.5 EnroutetoVessel.....................................................................................................................124

8.6 DeckCrew................................................................................................................................124

8.7 DeckEquipment.......................................................................................................................125

8.8 LandingonVessel.....................................................................................................................126

8.9 FuellingOperations..................................................................................................................127

8.10 PriortoTakeOfffromVessel..................................................................................................127

8.11 AfterTakeOff..........................................................................................................................127

8.12 EmergencyLanding..................................................................................................................127

9 FIRSTAID...........................................................................................................................................130


1.Preface

1 PREFACE
Everyoneinvolvedinthegeophysicalindustryisaccountabletothemselves,theirfamilies,theirfellow
workers,theiremployersandtheirclientstoworkinasafeandresponsiblemanner,followestablished
rules,complywithlocalregulatoryrequirementsandfollowtheircompanyspolicy.
AllpersonnelshouldchallengeandreportallunacceptableHSEsituations,incidents,(accidentsandnear
misses),wheneverorwherevertheyoccur,totheirsupervisor.
AlwaysRemember:CommonSenseIsNotSoCommon.
Donotexpectothersworkingwithandaroundyoutoalwaysseepotentialhazardsthesameway.All
geophysicalpersonnelshouldworktogetherandcommunicatetheirexperiencesandknowledgeto
ensurethereisasharedperceptionoftherisks.
Thequalityofthegeophysicalindustrysworkisdependentonourskilledandexperiencedpersonnel.
Accidentsdepletethisinvaluableresource.TheIAGChopesthattheuseofthismanualwillleadto
greaterHSEawarenessthroughouttheindustryandimproveperformanceforalloperators.
TheIAGCencouragesallemployeestoreadthismanualandtobecomefamiliarwithitscontent.

1.1 Purpose
Geophysicaloperationsarehazardous.Theobjectiveofthismanualistohighlightareasofconcernand
toprovideindustrybestpracticeguidancetomanagerisksintheworkplace.
Wehaveattemptedtomakethemanualasuserfriendlyandascompleteaspossible.However,itis
intendedasasupplementtoandnotareplacementfor,theinternalHSEpoliciesandproceduresused
bycompaniestocontrolandmitigateallhazardsatallworklocations.
Additionalguidanceonspecifictopicsmaybefoundinthematerialnotedinthereferencessectionof
thismanual.
Geophysicalcompaniesthroughouttheindustryareexpectedtocomplywithallapplicablelaws,
regulationsandpermitconditionswhileapplyingprudentoperatingpracticesandproceduresinthe
conductoftheirwork.
TheIAGCdoesnotrepresentthatthisoranyothereditionoftheIAGCMarineHSEManualisentirely
comprehensive,accurateorcoverseachandeveryHSEtopicorrisk,whichmaybeencounteredbythose
usingthismanualanddisclaimsallresponsibilityandliabilityforanysuchutilizationofthemanualbythe
usersthereof.ByreceiptoftheIAGCMarineGeophysicalHSEManual,therecipientoruseragreesto
release,indemnifyanddefendtheIAGCfromandagainstanyandallclaims,demandsandliabilitiesthat
mayarisefromtheutilizationofthemanualbysuchrecipientsorusers.
Additionalcopiesofthismanualcanbeobtainedfrom:www.iagc.org


1.2 Scope
Thismanualisdesignedasaguideforgeophysicalfieldoperations.Thecollectiveworldwideincident
experienceofmanygeophysicaloperatorsandtheirclientsprovidestheunderpinningofthecontent,
whichhasbeenorganizedinsuchawaythatindividualHSEsubjectscanbeaddressedatHSEmeetings
and/orHSEtrainingsessions.

1.3 Definitions
Throughoutthismanual,termsanddefinitionsareusedinaccordancewiththeOGPGlossaryofHSE
Terms.Ifyouareindoubtofthemeaningofawordorterminanypartofthismanual,askyour
supervisortoadviseyou.

1.4 References
InternationalAssociationofGeophysicalContractors(IAGC)

LandMarineOperationsSafetyManual,tenthEdition.

EnvironmentalManualForWorldwideGeophysicalOperations(MillenniumEdition)

GuidelinesontheuseofWorkboatsinMarineGeophysicalOperations

TheInternationalAssociationofOilandGasProducers(OGP)(formerlyE&PForum)

HSEaspectsinacontractingenvironmentforgeophysicaloperationsOGPreference432

M1 Guidelinesforthedevelopmentandapplicationofhealth,safetyandenvironmental
managementsystemsOGPreference6.36/210

M2 HSEManagement:guidelinesforworkingtogetherinacontractenvironmentOGP
reference6.64/423

M3 HSEcompetenceassessmentandtrainingguidelinesforthegeophysicalindustryOGP
reference6.78/292

M4 GuidelinesforHSEauditinginthegeophysicalindustryOGPreference6.53/245

H1 ManagingHealthForFieldOperationsInOil&GasActivitiesOGPreference343

H1 SubstanceAbuse:AGuideForManagersAndSupervisorsInTheOilAndGasIndustry
OGPreference445

H5 GuidelinesforthecontrolofHIV,HepatitisBandCintheworkplaceOGPreference
6.55/321

H6 HealthaspectsofworkinextremeclimatesOGPreference398
 S1 AircraftmanagementguidelinesOGPreference390

S2 Watercraft&wateringeophysicaloperationsaguidetooperationsand
managementOGPreference355

S3 LandtransportationsafetyrecommendedpracticeOGPreference365

S4 GuidelinesonpermittoworksystemsOGPreference6.29/189

E1 Environmentalmanagementinoil&gasexploration&productionOGPreference
2.72/254

E2 Oil&gasexploration&productionoperationsinmangroveareasguidelinesfor
environmentalprotectionOGPreference2.54/184

E3 OilindustryoperatingguidelinefortropicalrainforestsOGPreference2.49/170

E4 Oil&gasexploration&productioninarcticoffshoreregionsguidelinesfor
environmentalprotectionOGPreference329

E5 GuidelinesforWasteManagementOGPreference413

OGPHumanFactors

Oil&GasUK(formerlyUKOffshoreOperatorsAssociation,UKOOA):

GuideforNGOInterference.

StepChangeinSafety

TaskRiskassessmentGuidelines

GuidanceforHealthandSafetyManagementInterfacing

InternationalReferences

InternationalManagementOrganization(IMO)

InternationalSafetyManagementCode(ISM)

SOLAScondensedText1986of1974SOLASConvention,1978Protocolandthe1981,1983,1989
and1991Amendments.

MARPOLregulations.

ISO9000

ISO14000
 OHSAS18001ATA,FederalMotorCarrierSafetyRegulations,1988

UKDepartmentofTransport,CodeofSafeWorkingPracticesforMerchantSeamen,1990

BureauofAlcohol,TobaccoandFirearms(BATF),ExplosivesLawandRegulations

OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA),SafetyandHealthStandards,29CFR,
1926/1910

DepartmentofTransport(DOT),HazardousMaterialsRegulations,1983

U.S.CodeofFederalRegulations(CFR)

1.5 Acknowledgments
ThistentheditionoftheIAGCMarineSafetyManualforGeophysicalFieldOperationswouldnothave
beenpossiblewithoutthededicatedworkofnumerousgeophysicalindustryrepresentatives,including
bothoperatingmanagersandsafetyprofessionalsfromthroughouttheworld.

Theresultisacomprehensivesafetymanualthatshouldprovideinvaluableassistancetocompaniesand
individualswhowishtoensurethehighestdegreeofsafetyintheirfieldactivities.Wehopethemanual,
inconjunctionwiththeothersafetyinitiativesandprogramsofferedbyourassociation,willleadto
greatersafetyawarenessthroughouttheindustryandtoimprovedsafetyperformance.

Tothefollowingindividualsandcompanies,weofferoursincereappreciationandcommendationfora
jobwelldone:

BrianThorne PetroleumGeoServices
VickiHuebler IONGeophysical
RogerMcKellar Geokinetics
AllanMakenzie FugroGeoteam
ScottPlatz NeosGeosolutions
GrahamNicholls CGGVeritas
DanielChang BGP
PabloColman WesternGeco
MikeCovil TechnicalEditor

TheIAGCissadtosaygoodbyetoalongtimefriendandcolleagueMikeCovil.DuringhiscareerinSSL,
Mikeworkedasafieldtechnician,partychiefandlaterasaregionalmanager.Hethentookoverthe
chiefHSEroleinSSLforseveralyearsworkingglobally.Whenheretired,hebecamewhatsomewould
callthetheUKbasedarmofIAGCformanyyearsandcontributedsignificantlytomanyIAGCactivities,
includingvariousrevisionsofthismanualthroughitsdevelopmenttodate.Healsosharedhisknowledge
throughconsultingandtraining,notleastashortperiodinChinapresentingcourseswithmewherehe
washighlyrespectedforhisknowledge,experienceandneverendingenthusiasm.

JayFriberg(RPSEnergy)TechnicalEditor

Additionally,wethankthefollowingindividualsandcompaniesfortheirtimeandeffortinreviewingthe
workgroupsoutput.Theirfeedbackwasinvaluable.

WaltRosenbusch IAGC JeanMonerol CGGVeritas

ScottPlatz NeosGeosolutions CharlesJeffrey PetroleumGeoServices

PatrickLeghSmith WesternGeco SuePenty Fugro

BernardMarley WesternGeco

SpecialthankstoDr.AlexBarbey,SchlumbergerforprovidingtheFirstAidupdatematerials.

2.HSEManagement
Systems

2 HSEMANAGEMENTSYSTEMS
HSEmanagementsystemsarenowamajorpartoftheGeophysicalindustryseffortstoavoidincidents.
TypicallytheHSEmanagementsystemcomprisesofanoverallCompanysystem,incorporatingtheCrew
andProjectspecificHSEplanswhicharesometimescombined.

ThemajorelementsofanHSEManagementSystemare:

Leadership&Commitment
Topdowncommitmentandcompanyculture.

Policies&Objectives
Corporateintentions,principlesofactionandaspirationswithrespecttoHSE.

Organization,Resources,andDocumentation
Organizationofpeople,resourcesanddocumentationforsoundHSEperformance.

Riskmanagement
IdentificationandevaluationofHSErisks,foractivities,products,andservices,and
developmentofriskreductionmeasures.

Planning
planningtheconductofworkactivitiesincludingplanningforchangesandemergency
response.

Implementation&monitoring
Performanceandmonitoringofactivities,andhowcorrectiveactionistobetakenwhen
necessary.

Audit,ReviewandImprovement
Periodicassessmentsofsystemperformance,effectivenessandfundamentalsuitability.

VesseloperatorsarealsorequiredtocomplywiththeInternationalSafetyManagement(ISM)CodeThe
purposeofthisCodeistoprovideaninternationalstandardforthesafemanagementandoperationof
shipsandforpollutionprevention.TheISMcodeisessentiallyamaritimeHSEmanagementsystem,
whichincludestheaboveelementsinordertoimplementappropriateorganizationofmanagement,
ashoreandonboardtoensureadequatestandardsofsafetyandpollutionprevention.Themain
objectiveofISMcodeiscompliancewithmandatoryrulesandregulationsrelatedtothesafeoperation
ofshipsandprotectionoftheenvironmentemphasizingtheresponsibilityoftheMasterinrelationship
toonshoremanagement,theneedforemergencypreparednessandtheavoidanceofpollution.

TheAdministrationisresponsibleforverifyingcompliancewiththerequirementsoftheISMCodeand
forissuingDocumentsofCompliancetoCompaniesandSafetyManagementCertificatestoships.All
personnelshouldmakethemselvesfamiliarwiththeirownCompanysHSEmanagementsystem.

Thismanualhighlightssomeofthekeyaspects.

2.1 BasicHSETraining

2.1.1 MinimumSafetyTraining
Eachcompanyshallhaveadefinedminimumleveloftrainingforallpersonnel.Theemployeeshould
havecompletedthisminimumtrainingbeforetravelingoffshore.

ItisrecommendedthatallpersonstravelingorworkingoffshoreshallhaveattendedaBasicOffshore
SeaSurvival(BOSS)trainingcourse.Ifapossiblemeansoftravelto/fromthecrewutilizeshelicopter
transport,thenitisalsorecommendedthataHelicopterUnderwaterEscapeTraining(HUET)coursealso
beattended.

RefertoSTCW95forotherspecificminimumtrainingrequiredbymaritimepersonnel.

HSEInductionandOrientation

AllpersonsjoiningorvisitingageophysicalvesselshouldbetakenonanHSEinductiontourthroughthe
vessel.Thisshouldhappenwithin24hoursorbeforeavesselsailsfromportwhatevercomesfirstandas
aminimumshouldinclude:

1. Thelayoutofthevesselincludingthelocationandoperationofsafetyequipment,firstaidkits,
alarmpointsandmusterstations.

2. Explanationofemergencyalarms,proceduresandsafetyregulations.

3. Anexplanationoftheshipsmusterlist(stationbill)anditslocation.

4. Wherethelifejacketsandimmersion/survivalsuitsarestowedandwherepersonalescape
equipmentsuchassmokehood,torch,etc.arelocated.

5. Whichmusterstationtheyshouldreporttointheeventofanemergency.

6. Thewrittensafetyorientationsheet(giventoeachperson).

7. EnsurethateachpersonhasadequatePersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)andifvisitingthe
backorworkingdecksofthevessel,theybeissuedwithaPersonalFlotationDevice(PFD).

8. Asapartoftheinductionprocessonboard,eachcrewmembershallreadthefollowingtwo
vesselspecificmanualsthataremandatorytocarryonboardvessels:

a. SOLASTrainingManual

b. FireFightingTrainingManual
Forallpermanentemployeesjoiningthevessel,thisinductionshouldalsoinclude:

1. Chainofcommandandkeypersonnel.

2. Stationanddutiesincaseofemergency.

3. Jobandassociatedhazards.

4. Safetyrulesandreportingprocedures.

5. CompanyHSEpolicies.

6. Explanationofsecuritylevels(ISPS)andanysecuritydutiesifrequired

7. Sitespecifictrainingasrequired

8. Anextofkinandmedicalinformationsheetshouldalsobefilledin

Inductionrefreshertrainingisrecommendedforpermanentpersonnelaftermaximum2years.

Wheninport,temporaryvisitorsshouldbegivenanHSEbriefing.Theyshouldbeadvisedincaseofan
emergencyonboardtoleavetheshipimmediatelyandreporttothemusterareaonthequaywhere
everyonewillbeaccountedfor.Alltemporaryservicepersonnelandvisitorsshouldbeaccompaniedby
qualifiedshipspersonnel.

2.2 HSEMeetings
Toolboxmeetingsforworkunitsandskillpoolsshouldbeheldanytimethereisaquestionaboutthe
immediatetaskoratthestartofanyHSEcriticaloperation.Ariskassessmentshouldbeconductedwhen
necessary.

Themeetingsshouldbeshortandtothepoint.

Shortmeetingsof1520minutesdurationshouldbeconductedfrequentlytodiscussincidents,aswellas
unsafeactsorconditionsnotedbythecrew.

ActiveparticipationorroleplayingmayberequiredatHSEmeetingswherethereisademonstrationor
videoofsafetyequipment.

Longerregularlyscheduled,wellplannedmeetingsshouldbeheldtodiscussnewmaterialandsubjects
notadequatelycoveredattheshortermeetings.Areportofthesemeetings,withattendancerecords,
shouldbemaintained.

IAGChasextensiveHSEmaterialsthatwouldbehelpfultoyouinthesemeetings.PleaseseeURLfor
IAGChomepage:http://www.iagc.org/default.asp

2.3 IncidentReporting
Allaccidents,incidents,nearmisses,hazardoussituations,unsafeactsandconditionsshouldbereported
asperyourcompanyprocedures,clientorregulatoryrequirements.
Allreportsshouldbeanalyzedandactioned.Reportsreferringtoseriousaccidentsandreportsreferring
toincidentswithhighpotentialriskshallbeinvestigated,reviewed,andactionedinanefforttoprevent
futureoccurrenceofasimilarevent.

2.4 AuditingandImprovement
Crewsshouldbeauditedonaninternalbasistoensureadherencetoyourcompanysystems,policies,
standards,guidelines,workinstructions,andprocesses.Anydeficienciesornoncompliancesshouldbe
actionedandcorrectedaspartofaremedialworkprogram.

ClientsmayconductexternalauditstoensurecompliancewiththeirHSEManagementSystem
requirements.

Vesseloperatorswillbeauditedbyclassificationsocietiesonbehalfoftheflagstateinorderto
demonstratecompliancewithISMandISPScodesasrequired.

2.5 GeneralHSE
Marinegeophysicaloperationsmustbecarriedoutinasafemanner.Besuretorequestandreceivean
HSEbriefinguponjoiningavessel.YourIAGC,OGPorcompanyPersonalTrainingPassportshouldbe
submittedtotheMasterofthevesselforhisdatedsignatureuponcompletionofanHSEbriefing.

Themainpointstoobserveare:

1. ResponsibilityforthevesselandallpersonnelaboardisfirmlyvestedintheMaster.Forthepurpose
ofthismanual,theMasterandCaptainisthesameperson.

2. ResponsibilityforseismicequipmentandgeophysicaloperationslieswiththePartyChief,in
agreementwiththeMaster.

3. Eachindividualisresponsibleforthesafetyofhimselfandhisshipmates.

4. EstablishedHSEproceduresmustbefollowedbythegeophysicalpersonnelandvisitors,aswellasby
theshipscrew.Trainingandexperienceinfollowingtheseproceduresareoftheutmost
importance.

5. Onboardageophysicalvessel,thecreweatsworksandsleepsincloseproximitytomaterialssuchas
flammablegases,cableoilandpossiblyexplosives.Thus,thesafepracticesofeachindividual
directlyaffectthelivesofallothers.Thereisnomarginforerror.Safeproceduresmustbefollowed.

6. Thesafeproceduresforstoringandusinggasesandflammableliquidsmustbefollowed.Following
theseprocedureswithaconstantalertnesstounsafepracticescanprotectyourlifeandthoseof
yourshipmates.

7. LearnfromyourHSEorientationandtheEmergencydrillswheretogoinanemergencyandthe
procedurestofollow.

8. Drillstofamiliarizethecrewwiththesafetyequipmentanditsuseshallbeheld.Thesewillinclude
practiceusingequipmentandrehearsalofpossiblescenarios.
9. Incaseofanemergency,crewassignmentswillbeinaccordancewiththepostedmusterlist(station
bill).Thestationsandemergencydutiesofallpersonnelwillbepostedinconspicuouspublic
locationsaroundthevessel.Allcabinsshouldhaveemergencystations,emergencysignalsand
escaperoutespostedfortheoccupants.

10. Whendocked,asafegangwaywithahandrailonatleastonesideshouldbeused.Asafetynet
shouldbeplacedunderthegangway.Donotboardbyanyotherrouteotherthanthegangwayand
thenonlywhenthegangwayhasbeenfullyriggedandinstalledbytheshipscrew.

11. Personsorsuppliesshouldbetransferredfromoneshiptoanotheronlyunderwellcontrolled
conditionsandonlyontheauthorizationofbothMasters.

12. Whenworkinginthevicinityofrigsorplatforms,regularcommunicationsshouldbemaintained
betweenallpartiesconcerned.

13. Knowthecorrectproceduresforsecuringwatertightdoors.Keepthedoorandhatchgasketsclean
andfreeofpaintinordertomaintainwatertightintegrity.

14. Goodhousekeepingandpreventativemaintenanceareessentialforthepreventionofincidentsand
yourwellbeing.Keepallareasandequipmentcleanofdebris,dirtandlooseobjects.

15. Keepall,storesandequipmentproperlystowedandsecured.

16. Cleanupallspillsorleaksofoil,dieselfuel,cableoilorothermaterialsimmediatelyinan
environmentallyacceptedmanner.

17. Keepinboardofrailswhileaboardship.Donotsitongunwales,railsorplacehandsonrubbing
strakes.

18. Standclearofropes,linesorcablesundertensionwhichmightbreakandcauseseriousinjury.
Neverstandinthebight(loop)ofanyropelineorcable.

19. Ensurethatropes,lines,cablesandwiresareingoodorderandthatforceinexcessofapproved
limitsisnotapplied.Ropesmustberoutedaroundsuitablerollersandsheaves.

20. DonotworkwithoutappropriatePPE.Uselifeorsafetylineswhenappropriate.Onlypropersafety
footwear(oilresistantandsteeltoecapped)shouldbeworninbackdeck&heavyequipmentareas.
Sandalsorshowershoes(flipflops)shouldnotbewornoutsidetheaccommodationarea.

21. Donotgoondeckaloneinroughseaconditionsorinthedark.AlwaysemploytheBuddySystem
andtellotherpersonnelwhereyouaregoingandforhowlong.

22. Knowthelocationofallemergencygearandequipmentinyourarea,e.g.,firehoses,fire
extinguishers,fireaxes,lifejackets,liferings,liferafts,flashlightsandemergencylanterns,firstaid
kits,etc.,andbefamiliarwiththeiroperationanduse.ObserveallWARNINGSIGNSonthevessel.

23. DonotrunMindthestepsandholdhandrailsinstaircases.
 24. AlltypesofknivesarehazardousUseonlytherighttoolfortherighttask.

25.Fiveknotswhicheverybodyonboardshouldmaster.

2.6 CommonKnots

2.6.1 CloveHitch
1. Passtheendoftheropearoundaspar. 3. Passtheendunderitselfandbetween
theropeandspar
2. Thenpassitoveritselfandoverand
aroundthespar. 4. Tighten

2.6.2 RoundTurnandTwoHalfHitches
Thisreliableknotisquicklytiedandisthehitchmostoftenusedinsecuring,ifyoucompleteitproperlyit
willalwaysreleaseeasily.Totie:

1. Passendofropearoundpostorotherobjecttwice.

2. Wrapshortendofropeunderandoverlongpartofrope,pushingtheenddownthroughtheloop.This
isahalfhitch.

3. Repeatonlongropebelowfirsthalfhitchanddrawuptight.

2.6.3 Bowline
Thisknotisusedwhenaloopthatdoesn'tjamorslipisrequiredanditcanbeusedforrescue.
 1. Maketheoverhandloopwiththeendheldtowardyou,thenpassendthroughloop.

2. Nowpassendupbehindthestandingpart,thendownthroughtheloopagain.

3. Drawuptight.

2.6.4 SheetShank/Bend.
Thisknotisusedforjoiningropesofdifferentdiameters.

Passtheendofoneropethroughthebightofanother

Goaroundbothpartsoftheotherandunderitsownstandingparts

2.6.5 FigureofEight
Crosstheendoftheropeoverthetopoftheremainingropemakingaqshape.

Pinchthetopoftheloopandtwistitawayfromthetailofyourq.

Pulltheendoftheropeorthetailofthequpthroughtheupperloopfrombehind.

Pullbothendsoftheropetotightenformingafigureeight.


3.HUMANFACTORS

3 HUMANFACTORS
Humanfactorsisthetermusedtodescribetheinteractionoftheworkerswitheachother,withfacilitiesand
equipment,andwiththeHSEManagementSystem.Thisinteractionisinfluencedbyboththeworking
environmentandthecultureofthepeopleinvolved.Whatmaybeagoodsystemofworkinoneregionmaybe
foundtobelessthanidealinanareawhereculturallydrivenattitudestorisktakingmaybesignificantly
different.

ItisnowmoreimportantthanevertoconsiderHumanFactorsinallgeophysicaloperationsasthishelpsusto
betteridentify,control&mitigatethepotentialhazardsineachproject.Belowisadescriptionofhowwehave
progressedintheindustryinreducingincidents.

1. Thefirststageofincidentpreventionintheindustrywastoengineergooddesignintospecifictasks,(e.g.
theuseofautomatedsystemstoreducethenumberofindividualsrequiredtoaccomplishatask.)
2. ThesecondstagewastodevelopHSEManagementSystemstoreduceriskstoaslowasisreasonably
practical(ALARP).Thiswasachievedbyestablishingandimplementing,welldocumentedprocedures,
trainingprograms,conductingresourcereviews,anddevelopingeffectiveincidentreportingsystemsto
learnfromourmistakes.
3. ThethirdstagenowistoincorporateHumanFactorsandconsiderhumanbehavior.Fromanindividuals
standpointthethirdstageisthemostimportantbecauseitisherethatallpersonnelbecomemoreaware
oftheirinteractionswiththeHSEManagementSystems&takeresponsibilityfortheirownactionsandthe
actionsofothersaroundthem,inanefforttopromoteteamworkandasaferworkenvironment.Individual
behaviorturnstheHSEManagementSystemintoafunctionalreality.
Atthisthirdstagesituationalawarenessisthedrivingforceinpreventingincidents.

Itisimportanttonotethatthisdoesnotplaceallresponsibilityontheindividual.Managementstillhasa
responsibilitytoprovideasafeworkingenvironmentforthecrewatalltimes.

3.1 ImprovingHSEPerformance
Thegeophysicalindustryhasbeensuccessfulinreducingincidentfrequencybyadoptingimproved
engineeringsolutionsandHSEManagementSystemsbutHSEperformancehasreachedaplateauinmany
companies.

Thegraphbelowshowshowtherateofincidentsintheindustryhasbeenreducedovertimeasdescribedin
thethreestepslistedabove.

Figure1GraphfromOGPHumanFactors

Continuedprogresswillcomebytakingbetterandmoreexplicitaccountofthewayweinteractwithevery
aspectoftheworkplaceandhowtheseinteractionsmaycreatehazards.

Weneedtoconsiderhowweinteractwitheachother,facilities,equipment,andmanagementsystemsweare
workingwith.Allofthis,inturn,shouldalsobeunderstoodwithinthecontextofthelocalcultureand
environmentweareworkingin.

BelowisalistofissuesthatshouldbeconsideredwhenevaluatingHumanFactorsonacrew:

Areprocedures&writtenworkinstructionsbeingusedandreferencedoraretheyjustsittingonashelfina
binder?Arethesedocumentsusedfordiscussionforplanningworkactivities?Aresimplechecklistsavailableas
anaidememoire?

Doesthecrewhaveadequateknowledge,trainingandexperiencetooperatetheequipmenttheyareusing?Are
therecompetencychecksforoperatingsafetycriticalequipment?

Doriskassessmentsconductedpriortoworkactivitiesidentify?

hazardsthatexistinwithinthesystemthatisbeingworkedon
o i.e.storedenergy,motion,chemical,radiation,electrical,gravity,heat/cold,biological,
pressure
hazardsthatworkersintroduceintoaworkenvironment
o i.e.tools,equipment,untrainedpersonnel,fatigue
hazardsthatthesurroundingworkingenvironmentpresents
o i.e.simultaneousoperations,wind,weather,ambientlight
Arethereelementswithpeopleworkingtogether?.Aretherecommunicationissueswithcoworkers,
maybealanguageorculturalbarrierpreventingtheflowofimportantinformationsuchasashift
turnoverorinterpretinginstructions?Recognizingandthenactingoncommunicationissueswithothers
willhelppreventerrors.Again,awarenessisthekey
Thesetypesoffactors,unlessrecognized,havethepotentialtohaveanegativeoutcomeontheHSE
performanceofthecrew.

Educatingthecrewandcreatinganawarenessofhowthesefactorsinfluenceonesdecisionmakingprocessis
thefirststep.Puttingthistoolintothehandsofthecrewtopracticallyapplythisconceptwillreduceerrorsand
helppreventincidents.

Belowisadiagramthatshowstherelationshipofthethreeelementsthatshouldbeevaluated.

Figure2OGPHumanFactors

3.2 HSECulture
Culturecanbedefinedassharedsetofbeliefsofwhatisimportantandabeliefinhowthingsworkinthe
companyoronaspecificcrew.Thegoalforanygeophysicalcompanyistopromoteproactivebehavioral
norms(itsthewaywedothingsaroundhere 1 ).Managementcommitmentandleadershipistheprimary
driverbehindthis,generatingemployeeinvolvementwithsharedresponsibilitybasedonopenandhonest
communication.

1
OGP Human Factors.
HSECulturehasamajorimpactonpersonalbehaviors.Thechallengeforeachteamistorecognizeitsown
safetycultureandidentifyhowitmaybeimprovedovertime.

TheHSECultureLadderisoftenusedtohelp
identifyHumanFactorissuesanddetrmine
whatstepsshouldbetakentomovethe
groupasawholetoahigherlevel.

Oneextreme(pathological)displaysa
failureandlackofwillingnesstorecognise
and/oraddressissueswhichmayresultin
poorHSEperformance.

Attheotherextreme(generative)safe
workingpracticesareviewedasanecessary
anddesirablepartofanyoperation.

Onanygeophsicaloperationtheremaybea
rangeofdifferentbehaviourallevels
betweendifferentgroupsandteams,I.E
differentsubcontractors&different
positionlevelsoftheworkforce.

Thegoalistodeterminewhereeachgroup
Figure3OGPHSECulturalLadder sitsontheladderandtakestepstoimprove
HSECulturetothenextlevelforeach.

BelowisaguideonhowtopresentHSECulturalexpectationsatthecrewlevel
EVERYONE

Learnrelevantlocalstandards,rulesandprocedures.

Strictlyfollowrules,andalwaysusestherightprocedureforthejob.
FollowRules
DemonstrateexcellentpersonalHSSEbehavior.

Identifyimpracticalrulesandprocedures,andpromptlysuggests
improvementstoSupervisor.

Askquestionstogainclarificationandunderstanding;listentoothers
viewsandconcerns.

Promptlyreportincidents,nearmisses,unsafeconditionsanderror
sources.
SpeakUp
ExpressanyHSSEconcernstoSupervisor,includingwhenunfittowork
foranyreason.

Challengeanyunsafebehavioronthespot.

Ifindoubt,stopthejob,andwarnsthosewhomaybeindanger

Stayvigilant;maintaincontinualawarenessofhazards,surroundings
andadjacentwork.

Anticipatepossiblerisksandproblems;constantlyaskswhatcouldgo
BeMindful wrong?

Taketimetoplanandorganizenecessarystepsandresourcestodothe
jobsafely,andkeeptheworkplacetidy.

Avoidassumptions,verifyandcheckunderstandingwhenunsure.

Takecareofotherteammembers,andsupportteamHSSEstandards.

ContributetoteamHSSEdiscussionsandmeetings.
GetInvolved
ParticipateinlocalprogramsorinitiativestoimproveHSSE
performance

ShareownHSSEknowledgeandlearningwithothers.

SUPERVISORS

Visittheworksitefrequentlytoensurecompliance,anddiscussesHSSE
issueswithteam.

DeliverHSE ExplainstoteamthatHSSEexcellenceisexpectedofthem.
Excellence
Helpteamtoresolveproduction/HSSEconflicts.

Abletochallengeothers,andacceptchallenges.

Gettoknowthestrengthsandlimitationsofeachteammember.

SeekandlistentoteamHSSEsuggestions,concernsandideas.
Encouragethe
RecognizeandrewardgoodindividualandteamHSSEperformance,
Team
anddealfirmlyandfairlywithpoorperformance.

PromptlyactonHSSEconcerns,seekingmanagementsupportwhere
necessary.

Taketimetoplanworkwithteam,challenginganycomplacencyabout
routinework.

Usetheirexperiencetohelpteamtorecognizeandmanagehazards
andrisks.
PromoteRisk
Awareness Encouragetheteamtobewary,andstopthejobiftheyhaveHSSE
concerns.

Carefullyreassesshazardsandriskswhenchangesoccur.

Considerotherhazards,e.g.security,health,environment.

WorkwiththeteamtoensuretheyunderstandtheirHSSEgoalsand
responsibilities.

Involvethe RegularlyinitiateteamdiscussionsaboutHSSEperformance,and
Team shareslessonslearned.

Support,coachandinvolveteammembersinimplementingHSSE
improvements.

FormoreinformationonHumanFactorsseehttp://info.ogp.org.uk/hf/&
http://www.ogp.org.uk/pubs/368.pdf

Itisincreasinglyclearthatmanyworkplaceincidentsaretriggeredbyhumanbehavior.Therefore,itis
advisablethattheHSEManagementSystembepromotedbybehavioralbasedHSEprograms.Programs
whichfocusdirectlyandproactivelyonunsafebehaviororunsafeactscanproducepositiveresultsfor
boththeindividualandtheorganization.
BehavioralBasedHSEprogramsdevelopbothindividualresponsibilityandsharedvigilance.Individuals
learntoidentifyunsafebehaviorsandapplytheselearningstotheirownwork.Theidentificationof
unsafebehaviorsorunsafeactscanalsobeappliedtoateam,acreworanorganizationsothatthrough
asharedperceptionofrisk&sharedexperiencetheworkingenvironmentismadesafer.

Anumberofeffectiveprogramshavebeendevelopedtohelpindividualsandorganizationsdealwith
unsafebehavior.Someoftheseprogramsaredescribedbrieflybelowasastartingpointinbehavioral
safetyprogram.

Note:Itisveryimportantformanagementtounderstandthatbehavior

3.3 WorkObservationPrograms
WorkObservationProgramsrelyonfocusedobservationofpeopleworking,effectivetwoway
communicationandindividualgoalsettingforbetterperformance.Intheseprograms,linemanagersare
encouragedtoengageinpositiveHSErelatedinteractionswithworkers.

Throughobservationandopen,nonthreateningquestions,theobserverexaminesanyhazardspresent,
whattheoutcomesmightbe,andhowtoreducetherisk.Ifunsafebehaviorisobserved,theobserver
seeksagreement&commitmentfromthepersonbeingobservedtoimprovetheirbehaviorinthe
future.Theobserverwillalsonormallytrytocommittoassistingintheimprovementaswellsothe
agreementsarenotjustonesided.Afollowupinthefutureisthenalsooftenrequiredbythe
observertoensurethatthecommitmentswereheld.

3.4 EmployeeLedHSEPrograms
EmployeeledHSEprogramsaimtoimproveemployeeHSEbehaviorthroughpeerobservation,goal
settingandfeedback.Thistypeofprogramisownedandmanagedbyateamorcrew,withsupportfrom
localandseniormanagement.TheprogramdevelopsemployeeownershipandinvolvementinHSE.

Oncetheemployeesestablishtheprogram,goodandbadbehaviorsaredefinedbasedinpartona
reviewofpreviousincidents.Achecklistisestablishedforclearlyspecifiedgoodandbadbehaviors.
Participantssystematicallymonitortheircolleagues'HSEbehaviorinacollaborativeatmosphere.

Bothofthesesystemsprovideteammembersandlinemanagerswithamechanismtostopany
operationiftheyhaveHSEconcerns.A"timeoutforsafetyorstopthejob"iscalledandtheteamlistens
totheindividual'sconcerns,discussesthejob,andagreesonanyactionsthatarenecessarytoensure
thatthejobiscompletedsafely.

WorkgroupssettheirowncollectiveHSEimprovementtargets.Feedbackisprovidedtotheworkgroup
eachweektoallowthemtotracktheirprogressagainsttargets.

BehavioralHSEprogramscanleadtoimprovedHSEperformance;abetteracceptanceofresponsibility
forHSEandabetterunderstandingoftherelationshipbetweenbehaviorandincidents.

Note,however,thateachoftheseprogramsrequiresthoroughpreparationandadvancetraining.


4.HEALTH,HYGIENE&
INJURYPREVENTION

4 HEALTH,HYGIENEANDINJURYPREVENTION
Employeesneedtobephysicallyfitandhealthy.Amedicalcheckmayberequiredatpreemployment
andonascheduledbasis.PersonnelshouldadvisetheirMasterand/orMedicof:

conditionsthatmaypreventthemfromcompletingthejobinasafemanner.

anymedicationwhichareprescribedbytheirowndoctor.

anyotherselfmedication.

Prevailingconditionsmayrequireemployeestoparticipateinasupervisedprogramofmedicationand
inoculationsagainstdisease(i.e.antimalarialprophylactics).Fullparticipationisimportanttomaintain
healthandfitness.

Goodhealthdependsonabalanceofwork,rest,sensibleandregularmeals,adequatesleepandan
avoidanceofsubstanceabuse.

Onboardship,simpleinfectionscaneasilybespreadfromonepersontoothers.Preventivemeasures,
aswellaseasilyeffectivetreatment,areessential.

4.1 HealthRiskAssessment(HRA)
Itisimportantthatassessmentsaremadeofpotentialfactorsthatcouldadverselyaffectthehealthand
welfareofthecrew.Thefactorsoutlinedbelowrepresentsomeofthemoresignificantfactorsthat
shouldbeconsideredinaCompanyhealthriskassessment.

Belowaredescribedsomesymptoms,whichifyouexperienceanyofthem,youshouldseekonboard
medicaladvice.

4.2 Heatconditions
Age,weight,degreeofphysicalfitness,degreeofacclimatization,metabolism,useofalcoholordrugs
andavarietyofmedicalconditionssuchashypertensionallaffectapersonssensitivitytoheat.
However,eventhetypeofclothingwornshouldbeconsidered.Priorheatstresspredisposesan
individualtoadditionalstress.

Itisdifficulttopredictjustwhowillbeaffectedandwhen,becauseindividualsusceptibilityvaries.In
addition,environmentalfactorsincludemorethantheambientairtemperature.Radiantheat,air
movement,conductionandrelativehumidityallaffectanindividualsresponsetoheat.

Workersshouldnotbepermittedtoworkwhentheirdeepbodytemperatureexceeds38C(100.4F).

4.2.1 HeatRashes
Heatrashesarethemostcommonprobleminhotworkenvironments.Inmostcases,heatrasheswill
disappearwhentheaffectedindividualreturnstoacoolenvironment.
4.2.2 HeatCramps
Heatcrampsareusuallycausedbyperforminghardphysicalworkinahotenvironment.Thesecramps
havebeenattributedtoanelectrolyteimbalance,inthebody,causedbysweating.Itisimportantto
understandthatcrampscanbecausedbyeithertoomuchortoolittlesalt.

4.2.3 HeatFatigue
Thesignsandsymptomsofheatfatigueincludeimpairedperformanceofworkrequiringphysicaland
mentalcoordinationandvigilance.Thereisnotreatmentforheatfatigueexcepttoremovetheheat
stressbeforeamoreseriousheatrelatedconditiondevelops.

4.2.4 HeatCollapse(Fainting)
Inheatcollapse,thebraindoesnotreceiveenoughoxygenbecausebloodcollectsintheextremitiesand
bloodcirculationisrestricted.Asaresult,theexposedindividualmayloseconsciousness.Thisreactionis
similartothatofheatexhaustionbutdoesnotaffectthebodysheatbalance.However,theonsetof
heatcollapseisrapidandunpredictable.Topreventheatcollapse,theindividualshouldgradually
becomeacclimatizedtothehotenvironment.

4.2.5 HeatExhaustion
Thesignsandsymptomsofheatexhaustionarecool,moist,pale,orflushedskin,headache,nausea,
vertigo,weakness,thirstandgiddiness.Fortunately,thisconditionrespondsreadilytoprompt
treatment.

4.2.6 HeatStroke
Heatstrokeoccurswhenthebodyssystemoftemperatureregulationfailsandbodytemperaturerises
tocriticallevels.Thisconditioniscausedbyacombinationofhighlyvariable,factorsanditsoccurrenceis
difficulttopredict.Thesignalsofheatstrokeincludered,hot,dryskin;changesinconsciousness;rapid,
weakpulse;rapid,shallowbreathing.

Heatstrokeifuntreatedcanresultindeath.

4.2.7 TreatmentofHeatStress
Whenyourecognizeheatrelatedillnessinitsearlystages,youcanusuallyreverseit.Getthevictimout
oftheheatandintoairconditionedenvironment.Loosenanytightclothing.Applycool,wetcloths,such
astowelsorsheets.

Ifthevictimisconscious,givecoolwatertodrinkasdescribedunderFluidReplacement.Refusingwater,
vomitingandchangesinconsciousnessmeanthatthevictimsconditionisgettingworse.Initiatethe
crewsEmergencyResponsePlan(ERP)immediately.

Ifthevictimvomits,stopgivingfluidsandpositionthevictimonhis/herside.Watchforsignalsof
breathingproblems.Keepthevictimlyingdownandcontinuetocoolthebodyanywayyoucan.Ifyou
haveicepacksorcoldpacks,placethemoneachofthevictimswristsandankles,onthegroin,ineach
armpitandonthenecktocoolthelargebloodvessels.Donotapplyrubbing(isopropyl)alcohol.
4.2.8 PreventionMeasures
Ventilation,aircooling,fans,shieldingandinsulationarethefivemajortypesofengineeringcontrols
usedtoreduceheatstressinhotworkenvironments.

1) Reducethephysicaldemandsofthework

2) Useonlyindividualswhoareacclimatizedtotheconditions.

3) Monitorandrestrictworkhoursasnecessary

4)Providerecoveryareas,e.g.,ashaded,coolerarea.Insomecircumstancesitmaybepossibleto
provideairconditionedenclosuresandrooms.

5)Useintermittentrestperiodswithfrequentwaterbreaks.

4.2.9 FluidReplacement
Cool,5060F(1016C),wateroranycoolliquid(exceptalcoholicdrinks)shouldbemadeavailableto
workerstoencouragethemtodrinksmallamountsfrequently,e.g.,onecupevery20minutes.Ample
suppliesoffluidsshouldbeplacedclosetotheworkarea.Althoughsomecommercialreplacement
drinkscontainsalt,thisisnotnecessaryforacclimatizedindividualsbecausemostpeopleaddenough
salttotheirsummerdiets.

Commercialthirstdrinksmaysatisfyyourthirstbeforeyourbodyisproperlyrehydrated.

Dehydration
UrineColorChart Interpretation
Level
Clearurinemeansthatyouarehydrated.Youneedtocontinuedrinking
Level1
waterasnormal.
Level2 Thismeansyouarefineandmaybeyouneedtodrinkalittlemorewater.
Thisisamilddehydration symptom.Youneedtodrinkabottleofwateror
Level3
aboutlitersofwaterinanhourespeciallyifyouareoutsideorsweating.
Thisisaseveredehydrationsymptom.Youneedtodrinkaboutliterbottleof
Level4
waterimmediately.
Thisisthemostseveresignofdehydration.Youshouldbedrinkingliter
Level5
waterandseekmedicalhelpwithoutdelay.
Table1UrineColorChartforHydration

4.3 ColdConditions
Oneofthemostimportantlessonstobelearnedisthat,inallcases,extremecolddictatesthat
additionaltimeisrequiredtocompleteajobassignment.Suchadditionaltimeshouldalwaysbeallowed
intheplanningphase.

Climaticconditionsinarcticorcoldregionsareimportantandmustnotbeignored.Themostpersistent
andmostdangerousisthatofextremelylowtemperaturesorlowwindchill.

Theadverseeffectofcoldonmanistoproduceaconditioncalledhypothermia,whichistheloweringof
bodytemperatureduetolossofheatataratefasterthanthebodycanproduceit.Normally,body
temperatureis37C(98.6F).Whenthebodytemperaturefallsbelow34C,(93F),thepatientmay
becomedisorientedandlapseintoacoma.Heartfailureanddeathcanresultifbodytemperaturefalls
below31to32C(88to90F).

Frostbite(acoldinjurycausedbyfreezingofthebodytissuesorbodypart)canoccurwithout
hypothermiawhenextremitiesdonotreceivesufficientheatfromthecentralbodyduetorestricted
bloodcirculationorinadequateinsulation.Bothconditions(frostbiteandhypothermia)mayoccuratthe
sametimeifthebodyisexposedtosubfreezingtemperatures.Wheneverapatientistreatedtothaw
anyportionofthebody,caremustbeexercisedtopreventthepossibilityofrefreezing.

Hypothermiacanoccurfromexposuretotemperaturesabovefreezingininstancessuchasimmersionin
coldwater,exposuretowind(windchill),physicalexhaustionandinsufficientfood.

Drinkingalcoholinacoldenvironmentisextremelydangerous.Itcausesdilationofthebloodvessels,
permittingarapidlossofbodyheatandthus,increasingtheriskofhypothermia.

Relatedcoldinjuriesincludetrenchfoot(athermalinjuryresultingfromexposuretocold,shortof
freezing,inadamporwetenvironment),immersionfoot(aninjuryresemblingtrenchfootandcaused
byprolongedimmersionoftheextremitiesinwater)andtheeffectoftotalimmersioninnearfreezing
water.Inthislastcase,immersionforonlyafewminuteswillcausetotalbodycoolingwithamarked
dropininnerbodytemperatures.Exposuretoseveredrycoldwhileinadequatelydressedwillproduce
thesameeffect.

Ingeneral,thelengthoftimethatapersonmaybeexposedtocold,withoutdangerofinjury,varies
directlywiththetemperature,windvelocityandprotectiveclothing.Thelowerthetemperatureandthe
strongerthewind,thesoonerinjurywilloccur.

4.3.1 WindChill
Theprimaryproblemincoldweatherisexposuretolowertemperaturesrangingfrom5C(41F)above
zeroto45C(50F)below.Incalmair,4C(39F)abovezeromightnotseemverycold,butinarelatively
gentle16km(10mph)wind,theequivalentchilltemperaturedropsbelowfreezing.

Maximumwindspeedoccursduringperiodsofseasonaltransitionandchangingtemperatures.Winds
above160km/hr(100miles/hr)duringsuchperiodshavebeenrecorded.Forthefullimpactofwind
chill,youcannoteonthewindchillchartthata16km(10Mph)windwitha21C(6F)calmair
temperatureproducesanequivalentchillof32C(25F),atwhichexposedfleshmayfreezewithinone
minute.

Figure4USNWSWindChillChart(Imperial)

Metric WindChillChart

Temperature(degreesCelsius)
10C 5C 0C 5C 10C 15C 20C 25C 30C 35C 40C 45C 50C
10km/h 8.6 2.7 3.3 9.3 15.3 21.1 27.2 33.2 39.2 45.1 51.1 57.1 63.0
15km/h 7.9 1.7 4.4 10.6 16.7 22.9 29.1 35.2 41.4 47.6 53.7 59.9 66.1
20km/h 7.4 1.1 5.2 11.6 17.9 24.2 30.5 36.8 43.1 49.4 55.7 62.0 68.3
25km/h 6.9 0.5 5.9 12.3 18.8 25.2 31.6 38.0 44.5 50.9 57.3 63.7 70.2
Wind 30km/h 6.6 0.1 6.5 13.0 19.5 26.0 32.6 39.1 45.6 52.1 58.7 65.2 71.7
speed
35km/h 6.3 0.4 7.0 13.6 20.2 26.8 33.4 40.0 46.6 53.2 59.8 66.4 73.1

(kph) 40km/h 6.0 0.7 7.4 14.1 20.8 27.4 34.1 40.8 47.5 54.2 60.9 67.6 74.2
45km/h 5.7 1.0 7.8 14.5 21.3 28.0 34.8 41.5 48.3 55.1 61.8 68.6 75.3
50km/h 5.5 1.3 8.1 15.0 21.8 28.6 35.4 42.2 49.0 55.8 62.7 69.5 76.3
55km/h 5.3 1.6 8.5 15.3 22.2 29.1 36.0 42.8 49.7 56.6 63.4 70.3 77.2
60km/h 5.1 1.8 8.8 15.7 22.6 29.5 36.5 43.4 50.3 57.2 64.2 71.1 78.0

Figure5MetricWindChillChart

4.3.2 PersonalProtection
Apersoncanbeprotectedfromcoldbythefollowingmeans:

1) Thecorrectuseofspecializedcoldweatherclothing.

2) Theregularandfrequentconsumptionofessentialfoodsandliquids.

3) Auxiliarybodyheatingandcoolingdevicesshouldbeincludedforpreventionandfirstaid.

Theprinciplesgoverningclothingare:

1. Useonlyclothingdesignedforarcticorextremecoldconditions.Severallayers,insteadofvery
thickgarments,arepreferable.

2. Dressconsistentwiththeweather.Remember:itiseasiertoremoveexcessclothingthannot
havesufficientclothing.

3. Suitableclothingshouldbeavailableforallweatherconditionslikelytobeencountered.

4. Theefficientuseofclothingrequiresobservationofthefollowing:

a) Cleanclothing

b) Overheating,avoidsweating

c) Looseclothingandinlayers.

d) Dryclothing

RememberCOLDtokeepwarminwinter.

1) Cleanclothesnotonlyprovideforgoodbodyhygieneandcomfortbut,moreimportantly,they
provideefficientinsulation.

2) Whenthetemperaturerises:

a) Ifindoors,wearaminimumofclothinganddon'toverheattheshelter.

b) Ifoutdoorsorwhenhardworkisbeingperformed,adjustclothingaccordingly

c) Itisbettertobealittlecoldthantoowarminordertopromotemaximumeffectivenessofbody
heatproduction.

3) Duringseverewindchillconditions,wearacoldweathermaskorwoolscarf.Removeface
protectorsatintervalsinordertocheckforfrostbite.

4) COLDappliestohandandfootwear,justasitdoestoclothes.

5) Insulatedfootwearwithwool,notcotton,socksarepreferredtopreventfrostbite.

6) Nevertouchcoldmetalwithbarehands.
4.3.3 FoodsandLiquids
Balancedmealsandadequateliquidintakeareessentialtobodyheatproductionandthepreventionof
dehydration.

1) Eatanutritional,balanceddietforessentialbodyheatproduction.

2) Eatregularbalancedmealsasinstructed,particularlyinthemorningandeveningbeforeandaftera
harddayswork.Acarbohydratedietispreferabletoahighprotein,highsugar,orhighfatdiet.

3) Maintainnormalliquidintake.

a) Dehydration(lossordeprivationofwater)isasprevalentincoldregionsasitisinhotdryareas.

b) Dehydrationshouldbeavoidedatallcostsbyconsumingsufficientadditionalliquidstooffset
lossescausedbyadditionalexertioninordertoperformalltasksincoldweather.

c) Warmliquids(hotsouportea)arepreferablesincetheydonothavetobewarmedbythebody
afterconsumption.

d) Eatcoldfoodonlyasamatterofnecessity.Avoideatingsnowifatallpossible.Itwilldeplete
bodyheat.

4.3.4 Frostbite
Frostbiteischaracterizedby:

1) Sensationofcoldnessfollowedbynumbness.

2) Tingling,stinging,aching,oracrampingpain.

3) Initialrednessfollowedbypalegrayorwaxyskinappearance.

Toreviewpreventativemeasures:

1) Wearsufficientclothing,includingface,ear,eye,head,nose,hand,andfootprotection.

2) Avoidtightclothingandtighthandandfootwearthatcouldinterferewithbloodcirculation.

3) Exerciseface,fingersandtoesregularly.Massagetheearstokeepthemwarmandtodetectany
numborhardareas.

4) Usethebuddysystemtodetectsignsoffrostbite.

Frostbitemaybeeithersuperficial(involvingonlytheskin)ordeep(extendingbelowtheskin).Ifany
frostbiteissuspected,seekonboardmedicalattentionpromptly.

Figure6DegreesofFrostBite

4.3.5 TrenchFoot
Isaninjuryresultingfromexposuretocold,shortoffreezing,inadamporwetenvironment.Itissaidto
occurinthetemperaturerangebetweenzeroand10C(32and50F).Itisalmostidenticaltogradual
frostbitesincetheprimarycausesarethesameexceptfordifferencesinthedegreeofcold.
Causesinclude:
1) Immobilityofthelimbs(legsandfeetdownasinsittingorstanding).
2) Insufficientclothing.
3) Lackofbloodcirculationtothebodybyboots,socksandothergarmentsbeingtootight.
Toprevent:
1) Keepfeetdrybywearingwaterprooffootwearincludingwoolsocks.Exercisethefeettokeepthem
warm.
2) Changeintoclean,drysocksandbootsateveryopportunity,oratleastdaily.
3) Drythefeetassoonaspossibleaftergettingthemwet.Theymaybewarmedwiththehands.Foot
powdershouldbeappliedanddrysocksputon.
4) Ifwearingwetbootsandsocksisunavoidable,thefeetshouldbeexercisedcontinuallybywiggling
thetoesandbendingtheankles.
5) Neverweartightboots.
Treatment:
1) Feetshouldbehandledgently.Theyshouldnotberubbedormassaged.
2) Cleanfeetcarefullywithplainwhitesoapandwater,dry,elevateandexposetotheair.
3) Whileitisdesirabletowarmthepatient,thefeetshouldbekeptatroomtemperature20C(70F).
4) Afterfirstaid,treatmentbyqualifiedmedicalpersonnelisessential.Thepatientshouldbecarried
andnotpermittedtowalkoninjuredfeet.

4.4 PersonalHygiene
1) Batheasfrequentlyasconditionspermit,dailyisnormal.

2) Keephaircutandbeardshavedorclippedclose.Longhairorabeardaddverylittleinsulationvalue
andnaturalhairoilssoilclothing.Intheopen,abeardservesasabaseforicebuildupandwillmask
theappearanceoffrostbite.

3) Sinceshavingwithabladeandsoapremovesprotectivefaceoils,itshouldbedoneseveralhours
beforeexposuretocoldinordertoallowforreplacementofnaturaloilsthatreducethedangerof
frostbite.Shaveatnightafterworkratherthaninthemorning.

4) Electricrazorsarepreferablesincetheydonotremoveprotectiveoils.

5) Brushyourteethdaily.
4.5 Noise
Itiswellknownthatexposuretoloudnoisecan
causetemporaryorpermanenthearing
damage.Thisdamagecaninvolvelossof
hearingabilityandpeoplemayalsosuffera
permanentsensationofnoisesorringinginthe
ears,knownastinnitus.Hearinglosscaused
byexposuretonoiseatworkcontinuestobea
significantoccupationalinjury.Factorsthat
contributetohearingdamageare:

noiselevels[givenindecibelunitsdB(A)]

howlongpeopleareexposedtothenoise,dailyandoveranumberofyears

Typicalhighnoiseareasonamarinecrewinclude:

airgunsbeingfiredondeck

engineroom&machineryspaces,

compressorroom,

Allpersonsexposedtohighlevelsofnoiseshouldwearhearingprotectionsuitablefortheparticular
circumstances.Anoisesurveyshouldbeconductedofanyquestionablearea,andcontrolsputinplace
forareaswhichexceed85dB,orlowerifrequiredbylocallegislation

Noiseriskanalysisshouldbeconductedatdefinedregularintervalsinallareasofthevessel.Highnoise
areasshouldbeclearlyidentified.Thetablebelowshowexamplesofwhatexposurelimitsarepermitted.

NoiseExposureLimits=85dB(A)

3dB(A) MaximumPermittedDailyDuration(hours) 5dB(A)ExchangeRate

Exchange
Rate

Allowable AllowableLeveldB(A)
LeveldB(A)

85 8 85

88 4 90

91 2 95

94 1 100

97 0.5 105

100 0.25 110

4.6 CompressedAir
Airtools;evenlowpressuretoolscanblowdirtandotherforeignbodiesintotheskin.Airguns;high
pressureaircanteartheskinandflesh,andinflictseriousinjury.(seesection3.1ofthismanualfor
additionalinformation.)

4.7 Electrical
Electricalpowercanpresentphysicalhazardstopersonnelonboardthevessel.Careisrequiredaround
allhighvoltagesystems(e.g.Poweredstreamercables,

4.8 Chemical
Prolongedexposuretooilsmaycausedermatitisandotherskinconditions.Avoidcontactasmuchasis
possibleandwearappropriatelongsleevedandfulllegclothingassecondaryprotection.Alltracesofoil
shouldbethoroughlywashedfromtheskinandhydrocarbonsolventsshouldbeavoided.Contaminated
workclothesshouldbechangedimmediately&launderedfrequently.Oilsoakedragsshouldnotbe
placedinpockets.

Exposuretoorcontactwithtoxicchemicalsorotherharmfulsubstancesshouldbereportedimmediately
andtheappropriateremedialactiontaken.

Somedomesticsubstances,suchascausticsodaandbleachingpowdersorliquids,canburntheskin.
Theymayreactdangerouslywithothersubstancesandshouldnotbemixedindiscriminately.Always
consulttheMaterialSafetyDataSheet(MSDS)beforeusinganysuchsubstance.

YourvesselshouldhavearegisterofallhazardousmaterialsthatareonboardandsupportingMSDS.

Eyeinjuriescanbecausedfromeitherphysicalorchemicalfactorssuchas

a) Infraredrays(e.g.gaswelding)

b) Ultravioletrays(e.g.electricwelding)

c) Exposuretochemicals(e.g.batteryacid)

d) Exposuretoparticlesandforeignbodies(e.g.,fromhelicopters,wind,grindingand
cutting)

e) Strongsunlightorsnowblindness.

4.9 Biological
Manyseriousinfectionscanbeguardedagainstbyinoculationsandvaccination.Thesetreatments
shouldbekeptuptodateasnecessarytomeettherequirementsofthelocationorcircumstances.

4.9.1 Malaria
Mosquitoestransmitmalaria,encephalitis,yellowfever,westNilevirus,
chikungunya,elephantiasisanddenguefever.Malaria,especiallyfalciparum
malaria,isaseriousconditionthatcanresultindeathwithinafewdaysif
untreated.AMalariaManagementProgramshouldbeinplacewhererisks
requiresuchplans.Elementsoftheprogramshouldinclude,butnotbelimited
to:
AwarenessTrainingforpersonnel;
Bitepreventionmeasures(i.e.sprays,netting,longsleevesand
trousers);
ChemoprophylaxissuitablefortypeofMalaria(e.g.Malarone,
Doxycycline,Larium)
Earlydiagnosisofsymptomsandtreatment.

HowtoProtectYourself

Ifyouaretravellingtoanareaatriskofmalaria,youneedtoprotectyourselfbeforeyoutravel,while
travelling,andwhenyoureturnhome.

Beforetravel

Atleastonemonthbeforeyoutravel,speakwithatravelclinicnurseordoctor.Askabouttheriskof
malariaintheareayouplantovisit.Ifantimalariamedicationsarerecommended,youwillbegivena
prescription.Mostantimalariamedicationshouldbestartedatleastoneweekbeforetravelling.Make
sureyouareawareofthepossiblesideeffectsoftheprescribedantimalariamedicationandthatyou
knowhowtotakethemedicationcorrectlyandhowlongtotakeit.

Note:ItisNOTrecommendedforpreventivetreatmenttobeadministeredtoindigenousemployeesasa
routine,asitmaycompromisetheirnaturalimmunity.

Whiletravelling

Youcanreduceyourchanceofmalariainfectionbydoingthefollowing:

Preventmosquitobites.

Mosquitoesaremostactiveaftersunsetandbeforesunrise.Wearlightcoloredclothing,long
sleeveshirts,pants,andsocksduringthesetimes.Treatclothingwithaninsectrepellantpriorto
wearingthem.
 Whenyouareoutsidebetweenduskanddawn,useinsectrepellantonallexposedskin.The
mosteffectiverepellantscontaintheingredientDEET.CautionWhileDEETisthespecified
repellentforsomeareas,prolongedexposuremaycauseillness.

Burnpyrethroidmosquito/insectcoilsintheeveninginwellventilatedareas.

Sleepinplaceswithscreenedwindowsanddoors,orwithairconditioningifpossible.

Sleepunderasmallmeshmosquitonetthathasnoholesandhasbeensprayedwithan
insecticide.Tuckthemosquitonetunderthemattressbeforeitgetsdarkeachday,orfirstthing
inthemorning,topreventmosquitoesfromgettingintoyourbedding.Themosquitonetis
importantifyoucannotstopmosquitoesfromenteringyourroom.

Applyinsecticidalsprayorfoggingintheliving&sleepingquarters.

Usenonperfumedtoiletries,antiperspirants&soaps.Mosquitoesareattractedtoscented
products.

Whenyoureturnhome

Antimalariamedicationdoesnotpreventmosquitobites,orparasitesfromgettingintoyourbody.Once
insideyourblood,theparasitesmultiply.Themedicationstopstheparasitesfrommultiplying.

Youmustcontinuetotakeyourantimalariamedicationasprescribedbyyourmedicaladvisorordoctor
afterleavingtheareaatriskofmalariaandreturninghome.Ifthemedicationisnottakenforthe
recommendedlengthoftime,theparasitesmaystarttomultiplyinyourbloodandmakeyousick.

Evenwhentakingantimalariamedication,thereisasmallchanceofdevelopingtheillness,sometimes
monthslater.Ifyoudevelopafeverwithinayearofyourreturnhome,orothersymptomssuchas
persistentheadaches,muscularachesandweakness,vomitingordiarrhea,speakwithyourdoctorand
tellhim\heraboutyourtravels.Mostcompanieswillprovideemployeeswithaformthatcanbegivento
thedoctortoaidinthisprocess.Earlydiagnosiscanpreventseriouscomplications.

4.9.2 SexuallyTransmittedDiseases(STD)
Sexuallytransmitteddiseasesmustbeconsideredamajorandpotentiallyfatalhealthproblem.
Condomscansignificantlyreducetheriskofcontractingsexuallytransmitteddiseasesbutabstinenceis
theonlyguarantee.

4.9.3 BloodBornePathogens
HIVandallstrainsofhepatitisareclassifiedasbloodbornepathogens.Theremaybetimeswhendueto
anaccidentorpersonalinjuryyoumaybeaskedtorenderfirstaidtotheinjured.Universalprecautions
mustbetakentopreventcomingintocontactwithanybloodorbodyfluids.Universalprecautionsmust
alsobetakenwhenrenderingfirstaidtoavoidanycontamination.

1) Allbloodsamplesandbodyfluidsshouldbehandledandtreatedasiftheyareinfectious.
2) Iftheareaiscontaminatedwithblood,provisionsforathoroughcleansingofthesitemustbe
followed.

3) PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)mustbeworntoprotectfromcontactwithbloodandbody
fluids,includinglatexgloves,fluidshieldmasksandadisposableapron.

Properdisposalmethodsforallcontaminatedmaterialsmustbeenforced.

4.10 Ergonomic
ComputeruseandRepetitivestraininjury(RSI)

SomeComputeruserscansufferhealthproblemsasaresultoftheirworkbutthiscangenerallybe
avoidedbygoodworkplaceandjobdesign,andbytrainingusers.Healthriskscaninclude:

Upperlimbdisorders(ofteninaccuratelycalledrepetitivestraininjuryor"RSI"),typicallydisplayed
as:Achesandpainsinthehands,wrist,arm,neckorshoulder.Inseverecasesifnoactionistaken,
thesedisorderscanbecomepersistentorevendisabling.

Stress:frompaceofworkanddeadlines,orthroughfrustrationoranxiety.

Eyestrain:LongspellsofComputerworkcanleadtotiredeyes,discomfortorheadaches(andcan
makeusersmoreawareofeyedefectssuchasshortsight).Howeverthereisnoevidencethat
Computerworkcancausediseaseorpermanentdamagetoeyes.

EmployersandComputeruserscantakevariouspracticalstepsincluding:

Setupequipmentandworkstationsforthemostcomfortableworkingposition,makingfulluseof
adjustablechairs,etc;

Makesurethereisenoughworkspacetotakewhateverdocumentsandotherequipmentare
needed,inconvenientpositions;

Arrangethescreen,deskandlightingtoavoidglareorbrightreflectionsonthescreen;

Usersshouldavoidsittinginthesamepositionforlongperiods.Itisbesttochangepostureasoften
aspracticable,andtakefrequentbreaks(eitherasrestbreaks,orchangestoadifferentkindofwork.

4.10.1 Lifting
Mostbackinjuriesarecausedbynegligenceorviolationofbasicsafeliftingrules.Youcanpreventa
painfulbackinjuryifyoufirstassumeasquattingposition.Keeptheobjectclosetoyourbodyandraise
theobjectbystraighteninglegs.Gethelpwhenneeded.

1) Besureyourfootingissecure.

2) Keepyourbodyerect.Alwaysliftwithyourlegsandnotyourback.
3) Assesstheweightbeforelifting.Iftheobjectistooheavy,toolarge,orawkwardinshapeorsize,get
help.Toavoidtheloadononepersonwhenliftingwithothers,pickuporlaydowntheobjectona
givensignal.

4) Takeadvantageofskids,hoist,bars,cranes,jacks,blocking,rollersorhandtruckswhenmoving
heavymaterial.

5) Neverpickuporputdownanobjectwhileinatwistedposition.

6) Neverplaceyourselfunderaheavyobjectwhenitisbeinglifted.

7) Usethecorrectliftingproceduresforlightweightobjectsasyouwouldforheavyweight.Failureto
dosomayresultinneedlessinjury.

4.11 HoursofWork
Itiswellacceptedthatfatiguewilladverselyaffectyourjudgmentinevensimpleandfamiliaractivities.
Tokeepgoingwhentiredisnotasignofstrengthbutpotentiallyadangertoyourselfandothers.
Sometimesitisdifficulttorecognizefatigueinyourselfanditisimportantthatmanagementpractices
andsystemscontrolactivitiessoastosafeguardagainstithappening.

Thenumberofhoursthatapersonmayworkwithoutabreakismandatedbylawinsomecountriesand
formaritimecrewdesignatedforwatchkeepingbySTCW95convention.Carefulconsiderationshould
bemadeofallapplicableregulationsconcerningworkhoursandrestperiods.

Haste,stressandfatigueareoftencontributingfactorstomanyaccidents.Intheabsenceofregulatory
requirements,appropriateworkandrestschedulesshouldbeconsidered.

4.12 SubstanceAbuse
Theuseofalcoholanddrugsincreasestheriskofincidents.Employeesmustbeawareofcompany,
clientandcontractorpoliciesondrugsandalcohol.Possessionand/oruseofalcoholandillicitdrugsor
beingundertheinfluenceofthesecanbecausefordismissal.

4.13 UseofTools
Theimproperuseofhandtoolsisthemajorcauseofmanyminorbutpainfulinjuries.

1) Useatoolonlyforitsdesignatedpurpose

2) Replacewornpartssuchasratchetcogs,dies,handlesandshields.Keepchisels,screwdriversand
punchesproperlydressed.Disposeofdefectivetoolsthatcannotberepaired.Useeyeprotectionas
required.

3) Donotusecheatersonwrenchesthataretooshort.

4) Allelectrichandtoolsmustbeeithergroundedordoubleinsulated.Threewirecordsmustbeused
withgroundedtools.
5) GroundFaultCurrentInterrupters(GFCIs)orResidualCurrentCircuitBreakers(RCCBs)shallbe
utilizedfortoolsoperatedinwetareas.Thesecircuitbreakersshouldbeperiodicallyand
systematicallytested.

6) Additionally,inwetareas,batteryorairoperatedtoolsarepreferred,orconsiderationshouldbe
givenforuseof110volttoolsoperatedthroughanisolatingtransformer.

7) Sometoolsaredesignedwithprotectiveguards.Iftheguardhasbeenremovedordoesnotwork
properly,donotusethetooluntiltheguardhasbeenrepairedorreplaced.

8) Anymodificationstohandtoolsshouldbeavoidedandifneededtheymustbedonebyqualified
personnel.

4.14 WorkingatHeights
APermittoWork(PTW)shouldbeobtainedforunguardedheightsovertwometers,orasrecognizedby
ariskassessment.

Nobodyshouldworkatheightsiftheyhaveafearofheightsorfeelunwell.

Asafetylineorharnessshouldbeworn,andattachedtoproperlydesignedringsorwires.

4.15 PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)

4.15.1 General
Appropriateclothingforthetaskandworkareamustbeworn.

Workclothesshouldbeclosefittingwithnolooseflaps,
bulgingpockets.Injuriesmayresultfromclothingbeing
caughtupbymovingpartsofmachinery,obstructionsor
projections.Clothingworningalleys,etc,wherethereisa
riskofburningorscaldingshouldadequatelycoverthe
bodytominimizetheriskandbeamaterialoflow
flammability.

Shirtsorcoverallsprovidebetterprotectioniftheyhave
longsleeves.

Scarves,sweatragsandotherneckwear,looseclothing,necklaces,bracelets,rings,earringsandother
bodypiercingsarehazardouswhenworkingwithmachineryandshouldnotbeworn.Longhairshould
becovered.

Glovesshouldbewornforspecifiedjobs.

Hardhatsandprotectivefootwearmustbewornasrequiredbycompanypolicy,crewproceduresand
bypostedinstructions.
Whenselectingeyeandcombinedeyeandfaceprotectors,carefulconsiderationshouldbegiventothe
kindanddegreeofthehazardandthedegreeofprotectionandcomfortafforded.Ordinaryprescription
glassesdonotaffordprotection.Eyeprotectionisavailableinawidevarietyofstylesandapplications.
Prescriptioneyeprotectionisalsoavailable.Eyeprotectionmustneverhamperyourvision.Ifitdoes
thenstopworkandrectifyimmediately.

4.15.2 PersonalFloatationDevices(PFDs)
PersonalFloatationDevices(PFD)arerequiredtobewornbyallpersonnel,(regardlessofwhetherthey
canswim),whooperatingin,over,throughoronwater,wherethereisadangerofdrowning.

Allpersonnelmustwearalifejacketwheninasmallboat.

AllpersonnelmustwearaPFDwhenonopendeckinheavyseas.

PersonnelworkingonthesternmustwearaPFDatalltimes.Personnelpositionednearthe
sternshouldwearasafetyharnessandattachedlifelinewhenworkingclosetoslipwaysand
otherareasopentothesea.

PFDsmustbeworncorrectlyandadjustedsecurelyatalltimeswheninuse.Particularattentionisdrawn
topoint3below.AloosePFDwillnotoperateasdesigned.

PersonalFlotationDevices(PFDs)musthave:

1. Abuoyancycollartoholdtheheadoutofthewater.
2. Buoyancyoverthechesttoturntheindividualsfaceupinthewater.
3. Asecuringbeltaroundthewaistand/orchesttostopthePersonalFlotationDevice(PFD)from
movingupovertheindividualshead.
4. Ahooporloopatthebackofthecollarbywhichtheindividualcanbepulledthroughandout
ofthewater.

4.15.3 LifeJackets/WorkVests
Thereisanextensivechoiceoflifesavingequipment
available,andthefirstdecisioniswhethertouseawork
vestoralifejacketforaparticulartypeofoperation.
Themaindifferenceisoneofdegreeratherthanfunction.
Workvestswill,attheirbest,assistaconsciouspersonto
stayafloatinthewater.Alifejacketisdesignedtoturnan
unconsciousorexhaustedpersonfaceupward,withthe
headheldclearofthewater.
Pointsworthyofnoteduringanyassessmentofpersonal
flotationdevices(PFDs)orworkvestsareasfollows:
1) Equipmentshouldbeapprovedbyarecognizedindependentbody.
2) Inordertomaintaina60faceupposition,backwardfromtheverticalposition,itisnecessaryto
haveclosedcellfoampaddingallthewaydownthefrontandhalfwayorlessdowntheback.
 Considerationshouldalsobegiventowearandtearthatcausesfoamtoshiftabout,affectingthe
distributionofbuoyancy.
3) Ifzippersareusedonthedevices,theyshouldbeofgoodquality,preferablywithtiestrapsatthe
topandbottom.
4) Abeltorstrapshouldbeprovidedtoassistinretrievingthevictimfromthewater.
5) Considerationshouldbegiventocomfortandvision.Thosedeviceswithoutcrotchstrapscanresult
inthevictimdroppingdowninsidethedeviceuntiltheshoulderseamsareonalevelwiththetopof
thehead.Aflotationcollarthatgivesadditionalheadsupportisalsopreferable.
6) AwhistleshouldbeprovidedontheTypeIPFDthatishousedinalooporsmallpocketaswellasa
lightthatisactivatedonimmersioninwater.Thecolormustbeorangeoryellowforgoodvisibility
andreflectivestripsontheshouldersorcollarareanaddedadvantage.
Thethreemaintypesoflifejacketsare:
1) Aninherentlybuoyantlifejacket,wellpaddedwithclosedcellfoam.
2) Manualgasinflatablelifejacketswithapulltagtoactivatethecarbondioxidecylinderwithoral
inflationtube.
3) Automaticgasinflatablelifejacketsinwhichthecarbondioxidecylinderisactivatedwhenimmersed
inwater,withbothoralinflationandmanualpulltagoverride.
Coldwatercanbeyourworstenemybecausesuddenimmersioninducesshort,gaspingbreathsand
panic.Anovicewillflounder,findingitdifficulttograbatapulltagorinflateajacketorally.Thisis
anotherargumentinfavorofinherentbuoyancyorautomaticgasinflation.

Evenifalifejacketisdoingitsjob,inshallowseaconditions,nearseawalls,thesidesofboats,orin
estuaries,wavesbreakingovertheheadmaycausedrowning.Splashguardsarenotastandarditembut
anumberofmanufacturerscansupplythemandtheyshouldbeconsidered.

Lifejacketsshouldbecapableofbeingdonnedandadjustedwithin30seconds.Theyshouldhavea
conspicuous,centrallypositionedliftingbracket(astrongwebbedloopwithwhichtopullthewearer
fromthewater).Theyshouldturnanexhaustedorunconsciouspersonfaceupward(withinfiveseconds
withinherentbuoyancyandtensecondswithautoormanualgasinflation)andholdthebodyinclined
backwardbetween30and60fromtheverticalwiththemouthclearofthewater.Thelifejackets
shouldbeeitheryellowororangeforgoodvisibility.

4.15.4 InflatableLifeJackets
ManualandautomaticgasinflatableTypeIlifejacketscanbewornflatandfoldedagainstthebodybut
neitherbecomesalifejacketuntilinflated.Ifyoufallintothewaterunconscious,ajacketrequiring
manualinflationwillbeoflittleuse.Undernocircumstancesshouldanautomaticallyinflatableor
inherentlybuoyantlifejacketbewornwhileinahelicoptersince,intheeventofditching,itwillinflate
andtrapthewearerinsidetheemergencyexits.
Manualandautomaticgasinflationmodelsneedmoreservicingthanajacketwithinherentbuoyancy.
Thecylindersshouldbeweighedatregularintervalstoensurethecarbondioxidehasnotleaked.
Accordingtomanufacturersinstructions,companyproceduresandlocalregulatingagencies,athorough
inspectionprogramshouldbedevised.Inflatablelifevestsshouldnotbewornbynonswimmers.
Dualchamber/dualcartridgevestsarepreferredoversinglechamberedvestsastheywillprovide
addedprotectionintheeventthatoneofthechambersonthevestispunctured.

4.15.5 ENPFDClassifications
50NBuoyancyAidsEN393(11lbs/5.5kgofbuoyancy)

Theseproductsaredesignedforcompetentswimmers,andaresuitableforusein
shelteredwaters.Theywillonlyprovidesupporttoaconsciouspersonwhocannormally
helpthemselves.

100NewtonLifejacketEN395(23lbs/11kgofbuoyancy)

Theselifejacketsaredesignedforbothswimmersandnonswimmersandaresuitablefor
usearoundinshoreandcoastalwaters.Theygiveareasonableassuranceofsafetyfrom
drowninginrelativelycalmwaters.

TheseproductsareNOTguaranteedtoselfrightanunconsciouspersonwearing
waterproofclothingandshouldnotbeexpectedtoprotecttheairwayofanunconsciouspersoninrough
water.

UnderEUregulations,theselifejacketsmustbeconstructedoutofabrightcoloredfabricwith100cm2
ofSOLASreflectivetapestitchedtothefrontandprovidedwithawhistleforattractingattention.

Theyaremostcommonlyusedoninlandwaterwaysandlakesoronthecoastbycraftoperating
reasonablyclosetoshoreinfairweatherandfairseaconditions.

Thesejacketsareoftenconstructedinafoamwaistcoatstyle,makingthemsimpletofitandrelatively
maintenancefree.

150NLifejacketEN396(33lbs/16kgofbuoyancy)

Theselifejacketsaresuitableforbothswimmersandnonswimmers,andaredesignedfor
useininshoreaswellasoffshoreandinallbutthemostsevereconditions.

Theygivereasonableassuranceofsafetyfromdrowning,toapersonnotfullycapableofhelping
themselves(i.e.someoneunconscious).

Howevertheymaynotimmediatelyselfrightanunconsciouspersonwearingheavywaterproofclothing
thatmighttrapairthatcouldcounteractthenormalrightingmomentofthelifejacketsbuoyancy.
Theselifejacketscanbeconstructedoutoffoam(lookingverysimilartotheorangefoamlifejacketsseen
onferries),ortheycanbeofalowprofilegasinflationdesign.

UnderEUregulations,thesejacketsmustbeconstructedoutofabrightcoloredfabric(wheninflated)
with300cm2ofSOLASreflectivetapestucktothefrontandprovidedwithawhistleforattracting
attention.

TheEN396150NgasinflationmodellifejacketisthemostpopulartypesoldintheUK,particularlyfor
leisurecraftsuchasyachtsandmotorcruiserswheretheirlowerprofiledesignisvaluedforbeing
unobtrusiveandeasytowear.

Theycanbesuppliedinbothmanualactivation(inflatedbypullingatoggle)andautomaticwater
activatedmodelswhichinflatewhentheyaresubmersedinwater.

275NewtonLifejacketEN399(62lbs/28kgofbuoyancy)

Theselifejacketsaresuitableforbothswimmersandnonswimmersandaredesignedto
provideahighperformancedeviceforoffshoreandsevereconditions,whenmaximum
protectionisrequiredorwhereheavywaterproofclothingiswornthatcantrapair.

Theseproductsgiveimprovedassuranceofsafetyfromdrowning,topeoplewhoarenotabletohelp
themselves(i.e.unconscious).

Whiletheycannotbeguaranteedtoimmediatelyselfrightanunconsciouspersonwearingheavy
waterproofsthatmighttrapair,thebuoyancythattheyprovideshouldensurethattheywilldosointhe
majorityofcases.

UnderEUregulations,theseproductsmustbeconstructedoutofabrightlycoloredfabric(when
inflated)with300cm2ofSOLASreflectivetapestucktothefrontandprovidedwithawhistlefor
attractingattention.

The275Ngasinflationmodellifejacketispopularonleisurevesselsthattravelfurtheroffshoreoron
oceanpassagesinchallengingconditionsandalsobysmallercommercialoperatorsthatdonotneedto
complywithfullSOLASlifejacketregulationsbutwanttheassurancethattheimprovedperformance
offers.

Thelowprofiledesignisalsovaluedforbeingunobtrusive.

Thesejacketsarenormallysuppliedinautomaticwateractivatedmodelswhichinflatewhentheyare
submersedinwater.

Reference:ISO12402LifejacketStandard

4.15.6 USCoastGuardPFDClassifications
Classification Use Advantages Disadvantages

TypeI Bestusedforopen,roughorremote Floatsyouthebest Bulky

Offshorelife waterswherethepossibilityofrescue
jacket maytakesometime. Turnsmostunconscious Notcomfortableforextended
wearersfaceupinwater wear
MinimumBuoyancyRatings:
22lbs.

TypeII Intendedforcalminlandwatersorwhere Turnsomeunconscious Willnotturnsomeunconscious
Nearshore thereisagoodchanceofarelativelyquickpersonstoafaceupposition. wearersfaceup
buoyancyvest rescue. Lessbulkyandmore
Examplesofthesevestswouldthebasic comfortabletowearthana Notforlonghoursinroughwater
orangevestsmostboatershaveonboard. Type1

MinimumBuoyancyRatings:
15.5lbs.
Idealforcalm,inlandwaterorwhere Theyarelightweightand Willnotturnanunconscious
TypeIII
thereisagoodchanceforquickrescue. comfortableforcontinuous wearertoafaceupposition.
FlotationAid
wear. Wearermayhavetotiltheadback
Mostcommonjacketusedforrecreational toavoidgoingfacedown.
purposes. Comeinmanysizesandstyles.
Notintendedforsurvivalinrough
MinimumBuoyancyRatings: waterortheopensea.
15.5lbs.
Designedtobethrowntoapersoninthe Goodbackuptowearable Notforanunconsciousperson.
TypeIV water,graspedandheldbytheuseruntil flotationdevices.
Throwable rescued.Itisintendedforcalminland Notintendedfornonswimmersor
Device waterswithheavyboattraffic,wherehelpCanbethrowntoanyoneinthe children.
isalwayspresent. waterneedingassistance.
Notintendedforsurvivalinrough
OneTypeIVthrowabledevice,which waterortheopensea.
shouldbeimmediatelyavailable,is
requiredoneveryboat16feetorlarger.

MinimumBuoyancyRatings:18lbs.
Designedandapprovedforspecific Moreconvenientorusefulfor Lesssafethanothertypesifnot
activitiesaslistedonitslabel. specificactivities. usedaccordingtolabel
TypeV instructions.
SpecialUse Examplesincludeworkvests,boardsailing Continuouswearprevents
Device vests,andcommercialwhitewaterrafting beingcaughtwithout SomeTypeV'sareapprovedonly
andkayakingvests. protection. whenworn.Ifmarkedthisway,
theyarerequiredtobeworntobe
MinimumBuoyancyRatings: SomeTypeVdevicesprovide countedasaregulationPFD.
15.522lbs. hypothermiaprotection,such
asdecksuits.ATypeVHybrid
InflatablePFDistheleastbulky.


4.16 SubcontractorsandVisitors
1) Itistheresponsibilityofeachperson,includingsubcontractorsandvisitors,toreportanyunsafe
actionsorconditionstothelocallinemanager.

2) Personneljoiningamarineoperationshouldbeingoodhealth.Individualswhomaybeundergoing
treatmentortakingmedicationorallergictoparticulardrugs,shouldmakethisknown,in
confidence,tothelocallinemanagement.

3) Personnelworkingorvisitingoffshoreshouldhavecompletedappropriateoffshoreemergencyand
survivaltrainingcourses,aspercompanyprocedures.

4) Allpersonnelwhomayvisitanoffshoreoperationonlyoccasionallyarerequiredtocompletea
recognizedoffshoresurvivalcourse,suchasOPITO,OLFetc.

5) Allsafetytrainingrecords,medicalexaminationdates,medicationusageandotherpertinent
informationshouldbeavailableandpresentedtothelocallinemanageruponboarding.

6) ItismandatorytowearappropriatePersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)whererequiredunderlaw,
postedorifinstructedtodoso

7) Uponjoiningamarineoperation,visitorsshouldsubmitemergencyphonenumbers.

8) Uponjoiningamarineoperations,subcontractorsandvisitorsshouldreceivealocationspecific
induction


5.SEISMIC
OPERATIONS

5 SEISMICOPERATIONS

5.1 AirGunsandCompressors

5.1.1 CompressedAirHazards
Airgunsaredevicesthatrapidlyreleasecompressedairintothewatercreatinganenergypulse.To
providesufficientenergyforgeophysicalsurveys,compressorscapableofgeneratingextremelyhigh
pressuresarerequired.Seismicsourcesshouldnotbeoperatedinthevicinityofdivingoperations.

Thetypicaloperatingairpressuresusedinmostairgunsystemsare70timesgreaterthanthoseusedin
acartire.Anyreleaseofairatthesepressuresisextremelydangerousandcantearthefleshandforce
dust,airorevenoilparticlesthroughtheskinandintothebloodstream.

Tominimizerisksassociatedwithcompressedair,allvesselspecificproceduresandworkinstructions
shouldbefollowed,butataminimumobservethefollowing:

Allnonessentialpersonnelshouldbeclearofthearea.

Neverputyourhandsinfrontofthejetofairoranypressurizeddischargeport.Aircan
penetrateintoyourbloodvesselscausinganembolism,whichcanbefatal.Aposterwarningof
thehazardsassociatedwithcompressedairshouldbeprominentlyposted.

Onlyqualifiedpersonsshouldoperatetheairguns,thehandlingequipmentandtheair
compressors.Allotherpersonnelshouldstayclearofequipment,lines,riggingandboomswhile
deploying,retrievingandworkingonairgunsystems

Allpersonnelinareaswherethereisariskofthesuddenreleaseofairshouldwearearandeye
protectionwhilethesystemisoperating.

Aneyewashstationshouldbelocatedintheairgunarea.

Thestoragetanks,pipes,linesandfittingsusedtocarryandcontrolthishighpressureare
specializedequipmentandmustreceivespecialattention.Neverhandle,tightenorloosenbolts
orfittingsorhammeranypartofahighpressuresystemwhilepressureisapplied.

Pressurerelievingvalvesandothersafetydevicesshouldneverberemovedormodified,except
forrepairoradjustmentbyqualifiedpersonnelandusingappropriateproceduresincludingPTW
andLOTO

Anyblockvalvesinstalledupstreamordownstreamofareliefvalveshouldbelockedintheopen
position.

Whenopeningvalves(excludingballvalves),alwaysclosethevalveonehalfturnafterreaching
themaximumopenposition.
 Useofsubstandardreplacementpartsisdangerous.

Ensurethatallairhosesarerestrained,guarded,andingoodcondition.

Itisrecommendedthathighpressuremanifoldsandallassociatedassembliesarehoused
behindaprotectivescreenorcageinasecurespaceandnotintheguncontrolroom

Theseproceduresshouldalsobeappliedtoshipsserviceairthatnormallyrunsatgreater
than100psi(approximately7bar).

Intheeventofahighpressureairleakondeck,donotattempttofindthelocationoftheleak
priortothepressurebeingreduced.Thisshouldbedonebyamethodwhichavoidsthenecessity
togoontothegundeck.

5.1.2 ExplosionHazards
Anotherdangerofcompressedairisthepossibilityofexplosion.Whenhighpressureairreactswith
combustiblefluidsinthepipingorothersystemcomponents,explosionscanoccur.Explosionscanalso
occurwhenhightemperaturesarecreatedbysuddencompressioninthedeadend(compression
ignition)orwhenagaugevalveisopenedtoaventedgaugecontainingoil.Evenathinfilmoflubricating
orhydraulicoilinthesystempipingmayexplode.

Onceignitionoccurs,propagationofshockwavemaycausethepipestoberupturedatmanylocations.

Tominimizerisks:

1) Openallvalvesslowly.

2) Keepallcompressedairandairpipingfreeofcombustibleoilandcontaminants.

3) Neverassembleanypneumaticequipmentusinghydrocarbonoilsorgrease.Useonlyvegetableor
syntheticoils(asusedincompressors)orsilicongrease.
4) Ensurethecompressedairaftercoolerisoperatingtospecificationstopreventoilignitiondueto
hightemperature.

5) Preventignitionfromothercauses,suchaselectrostaticdischarge,compressionofoilfoamina
pump,externalshockandexternalfire.

6) Ondeck,repairsmustbeperformedwithcare.Keepopenflamesandotherheatsourcesawayfrom
theairlinesandelectricalcable.Duringinclementweather,repairsmustbeperformedunder
temporarycover.Usetheproperhandtoolstopreventslippageandinjurytorepairmenandthe
burringofhardware,whichcancausefurtherinjury.(Anyburrsonhardwaremustbefileddownor
thehardwarereplaced).

7) Pipesandhosesmustbesecuredatfrequentandsufficientintervalsalongtheirlengthsothat,inthe
caseoffracture,theendsdonotwhip.

8) Neverruncompressedairlinesinelectricalcabletraysoralongsideothercriticalcablesandpipe
work.

5.1.3 AirGunHandling

Theairgunisthesystemcomponentthatrequiresthemosthandlingandmaintenanceand,
consequently,presentsthegreatestdangertopersonnel.
Whentheairgunsarebeinghandled,themainswitchesfordisabling/enabling,triggeringandpressure
controlmustbecontrolledandoperatedfromthedeckbythecrewworkingontheguns,notfroma
remotelocation.

Thefollowingmustbeobserved:

Neverputfingersintothegunchamberwhilethegunisconnectedtoeithertheairorthe
electricalfiringsystem.Wherepossible,thefiringsystemshouldbepartofthelockouttagout
procedure.

Ifapersonisexposedtotheriskoffallingoverboardduringthedeploymentorretrievalofguns,
itisrecommendedthatanattachedsafetyharnessbeworn.APersonalFlotationDevice(PFD)
MUSTbeworn.

Whenretrieving,deployingorworkingonairguns,personnelshouldwearheadprotection,
safetyshoes,andeyeandearprotection.

Airgunoperationinvolveshighpressureairhoses,electricallinesandtowingcables.Care
shouldbetakentopreventpersonnelfrombecomingentangledinortrippingoverlines.Handle
thehighpressurehoseandelectricalcablescarefullytopreventexcessivebending,abrasion,or
unduestrainonthecovering.


Alwaysminimizethepressureinthegunsbeforebringingthemonboard,andwhenonboard
ventthemcompletely.

Aflashingwarninglightandaudiblealarmwilloperatewheneveranypressureisappliedtothe
systemwhenthegunsareondeck.Suchwarningequipmentshouldbeprovidedateach
entrancetothegundeckaccompaniedbyasignexplainingthepurposeofthewarning.

Alockouttagoutprocedureshouldbeusedtoprevent
accidentalrepressurizationofthesystem.

Ensurethatallpressureisreleasedbeforetouchingor
workingonagun.

Avoidtestfiringairgunsondeckwhenpossible.Ifsuchtests
mustbeperformed,donottestfiretheairgunondeckorinopenairuntiltheareahasbeen
clearedasafedistanceandsafetymeasuresimplemented.Intestfiring,airpressuremust
alwaysbebelow500psiandallpersonsmustbeatleast8m(25ft.)fromthegun.Neverhandle
thegunduringtestingandalwayswearprotectiveequipment.

5.1.4 CompressedAirInjuries
Intheeventofaccidentalexposuretocompressedairnomatterhowslight,itmustbetreatedasa
seriousinjury.Ifthereisanyswelling,painorunusualdiscolorationofthearea,itmustbeassumedthat
thepersonhasbeeninjectedandcasualtyimmediatelyreferredformedicaltreatment.

5.2 TowedSeismicOperations

Towed Steamer Diagram

TAILBUOYS DILT FLOATS

GUN

DEFLECTOR

5.2.1 DeploymentandRecoveryofInSeaEquipment
ThedifferenttypesofInSeaequipmentbeingtowedbyseismicvesselsarecontinuallyevolving.The
deploymentandrecoveryproceduresofinseaequipmentfortowedseismicoperationsshouldbe
documentedandregularlyreviewed.

1) ChecktheoperationandconditionofallcomponentsoftheInSeaequipmentsystembeforestarting
work,e.g.,reels,brakes,highandlowpressureair,hydraulicpower,hoses,paravanesystemand
cables,tailbuoys(lightsandGPSsystems),batteries,radarreflectors,etc.

2) AllconcernedmustunderstandtheprocedurebeforedeployingorrecoveringInSeaequipment.
Priortodeployingorretrievinganytrailinggear,theshipsbridgeofficersmustbeinformedofthe
typeofequipmenttobedeployedorretrieved.Duringdeploymentandrecovery,theremustbe
closecooperationbetweenthemarineandgeophysicalcrews.

3) Atoolboxmeetingshouldbeconductedtodiscussactivitiespriordeployinggear.

4) Acheckontheexpectedweatherconditions,waterdepthandvesseltrafficshouldbemadebefore
commencinganymarineorgeophysicaloperation.
5) Theoperationofcommunicationsandvideoequipmentbetweenthebackdeckandthebridge
shouldbechecked.Neverbegindeployment/retrievalwithoutadequatecommunicationsbetween
backdeckpersonnelandtheBridge.

6) AllInSeahandlingequipmentshouldbeoperatedonlybyorunderclosesupervisionof,aproperly
trainedperson.

7) Allwinchandreeloperatorsshouldhaveaclear,unobstructedviewofallequipmentbeingdeployed
orrecovered.Ifaclearviewisnotpossibleduetodesignconfigurationsasecondpersonutilizinga
propersetofhandsignalsshouldused.(Foroperationsutilizingradioremotesystemsfullycharged
sparebatteriesshouldbeimmediatelyavailable).

8) Winchandreeloperatorsshouldnotmultitaskwhileoperatingcontrols

9) NooneshouldworkclosetotheInSeaequipmentreelswhiletheyareturning.Streamerreels
shouldbeguardedfromgangwaysandaccesswaysbyrailings.

10) Aprovisionshouldbemadetosecuretheinseaequipmentreelswithasubstantialboltorchainif
required

11) Allhandlingequipmentusedtodeployandrecoverinseaequipmentshouldbecertifiedfortheload
plustheexpectedshockload.

12) Beforewalkingorattemptingtoworkunderanyhangingequipment,theequipmentshouldbe
properlysecured.Additionally,athoroughinspectionofallliftingequipmentmustbedoneand
extrasafetylinesattachedasneeded.

13) Whendeployingorrecoveringinseaequipment,allpersonsnotinvolvedmustkeepwellclearofthe
workareainaprotectedposition.

14) Personnelshouldbeawareofthepotentialdangerthatropesorwiresundertensioncanpose,when
positioningthemselves.

15) Thewatchofficermustmonitorallvesseltrafficintheareaandwarnthebackdeckpersonnelofany
situationthatmightinvolveacoursechangeorotherevasivemaneuver.

16) Safetyharnessesandanchorpointsmustbeprovidedonthesternofavessel.Harnessesandlife
jacketsshouldbewornasmandatedbyvesselprocedures,orwhereconditionsdictate,oratthe
directionofthepersonincharge.

17) Correctpersonalprotectiveequipmentshouldbewornincludinghardhat,safetyglasses,lifejacket,
coveralls,andsafetyfootwearoranyothersafetyequipmentthatmaybenecessary.

18) Careshouldbetakenwhenstoppingthecabletoattachormaintaindepthcontrollersorsimilar
attachments.

19) NooneshouldbeallowedbetweenInSeaequipmentandtheopensternoftheshipduring
launchingactivities.
20) EdgeprotectivechainsorrailingsshouldbeputbackinplaceoncetheInSeaequipmenthasbeen
deployedorrecovered.Alltoolsandequipmentutilizedduringtheoperationshouldbestowed
properly.

21) Whencableguidingdevices/headsareused,personnelshouldbeawarethattheymaymovedueto
thestressappliedbytheseismiccable.Theyshouldbeproperlyclosedsothattheseismiccable
cannotcomeoutviolentlyandhitnearbypersonnel.Thecablesandropesshouldberegularly
monitoredforexcessivetensionorstress.

22) Allinseaequipmentmustbesecurelylasheddownwhennotinuse.

23) Theshipswatchofficermustbeinformedthatthebackdeckisclearandthatalltrailinggearis
secured.

24) Ahighvoltagehazardexistsonsomestreamercables.Whenthistypeofstreamerisbeinghandled,
thereshouldbevisibleindicationwhetherpowerisonoroff.

25) Allstreamer/gunreels,tuggerwinches,towingblocksetc.shouldbehydraulically/electrically
isolatedwhennotinuse.

5.2.2 InSeaRepairsandMaintenance
Priortothecommencementofanyoperationsinvolvinginsearepairs,severalpointsmustbe
considered:

1) Theoperationmustbecarefullyplannedandallpersonnelinvolvedfullybriefedduringthetoolbox
meeting.

2) Clearemergencyproceduresmustbeestablishedandunderstoodbyallpersonnelinvolvedinthe
operation.

3) ThedocumentedManOverboardBoat(MOB)/Workboatproceduresincludinglaunchandrecovery
instructionsshouldberead,understoodandadheredtobypersonnelparticipatingintheoperations.
Wherepossible,theMOBshouldbeinthelaunchpositionandnotstoredonthedavit.

4) Personnelselectedmusthavesufficientexperienceandtrainingtosafelyperformthework.There
shouldbeatleasttwopeopleintheboatinadditiontotheCoxswain,oneofwhichisexperiencedin
thesafehandlingandoperationoftheboat.

5) Protectiveclothingmustbewornbypersonnelandinspectedforsuitableconditionpriorto
commencingoperations.Immersion/worksuitsforcolderlatitudesandlongsleeved,longtrouser
clothingandhatshouldbeworninhotterlatitudes.Personalprotectiveequipmentshouldbeworn,
includingPersonalFlotationDevices(PFDs),nonslipsafetyfootwear,glovesoranyothernecessary
equipment.

6) Theweathermustbefairandstable,withagoodforecastandsuitedtotheplannedoperation.No
operationsshouldcommenceifitcannotbecompletedbeforedarkness.TheCaptain,PartyChief
andCoxswainmustallagreeontheweatherssuitabilityforthelaunchandoperation.

7) TheManOverboardBoat(MOB)/Workboatmustbefullyoperationalandsuitablyequipped.For
operationswheretheworkboatistobedeployedforlongerperiods,itshouldbeproperlystocked
withextradrinkingwaterandsunblock.

8) Radios(twominimum)tobeusedduringtheoperationmustbecheckedandbefullyserviceableand
aworkingchannelagreedupon.Aradiocheckscheduleshouldbeestablished.

9) Whenavailable,theguardboatshouldbepresentandstationedclosetothepointofoperations,
anditscrewshouldbeawareoftheirduties,Ifaguardboatisunavailablethenabackupcraft
shouldbeprepared,checkedandreadytogo

10) Alltoolsandsparesshouldbecheckedandloaded.

11) Theworkboatmustbekeptwellasternofthegunsandasfarawayfromtheshipspropellerwashas
possible.Steeringandmaneuverabilityarereducedintheshipswake.(Althoughthismightnot
applywithvesselsofexceptionalbeamatthestern.)

12) Tyingmovinginseaequipmentdirectlytotheworkboatinanuncontrolledmannerorwith
equipmentnotdesignedforpurposeisextremelyhazardousbecausethereisadangerofcapsizing
theboat.AnyoperationwheretheWorkBoatisconnectedtotheinseaequipmentmustberisk
assessedandstrictlycontrolled.Dedicatedandspecializedequipmentmaybeusedtoensurethese
operationsareeffectivelycontrolledtheseincludededicatedquickreleasesforsternclamps,bow
towrope

13) Allsmallboatsshouldbewareoffloatingropesthatmaygetsuckedinthejetsorpropellers.

14) Forvesselsdeployingwidearrays,extracareshouldbetakenwhenclearingtheparavanesandall
associatedtowingropes.

15) Anynonswimmersshouldbeidentifiedpriortolaunch

5.2.3 Streamer
Knowthegenerallocationofthestreamerwhererepairsareneeded.Afterdepartingthevesseland
givingalltowedequipmentawideberth,headtowardtheareaofthestreamerrepair.Keepageneral
bearingonthemothervesselandlocatethetailbuoysquickly.Ifbearingscanbekeptonbothobjects,it
iseasiertokeepasaferangeonanystreamerswhichwillbesurfacingpriortorepairs.Ifavailable,the
workboatshouldbeequippedwithaRGPSsystemtoallowforefficientlocationofstreamers.

5.2.4 HandlingofParavanes/deflectors
Atoolboxmeetingshouldbeheldbeforeanyhandlingofparavanes/deflectors.

ParavanesasusedonmodernMultistreamervesselsare
capableofgeneratingextremelyhighforces.Excessive
dynamicloadingofthewidetowsystemcanoccurin
somesituationsduetothecombinationofseaconditions
andvesselmovementinextremeweatherconditions.

Allcomponentsshouldhavevalidtestcertificates;loadtestingshouldhavebeencarriedoutina
mannerequivalenttothedirectionofforcesthatwillactuallybeapplied.Allcomponentsofthesystem
mustbeoperational,andingoodconditionbeforeanyhandlingoperationsareundertaken.

Sheaves/blocksusedonthesystemshouldbeofadiametersuitablefortheropesbeingused.Winches
mustbesizedaccordingtothesizeandtypeofparavanesbeingused.

Systemsthatdonothaveenergyabsorptionsystemsfittedshouldbetreatedwithextremecaution
duringperiodsofheavyweather,orwhentheparavanesarebeinghandledand/orareclosetothe
vessel.

Vesselspecificparavanehandlingproceduresshouldbereviewedanddiscussedbeforeanyoperations
begin.Onlyproperlytrainedandexperiencedpersonnelshouldhandletheparavanesandallassociated
deploymentandretrievalgear.Onlythecrewrequiredforhandlingprocessshouldbeinvolved,andin
thelocality.ProperPPEshallbewornatalltimes.Thepersoncontrollingthewinchesmustbelocated
inapositionwherehecanclearlyseetheparavane,andcriticalcomponentsofthesystem.Ifaradio
remoteisbeingused,thenasparebatteryshouldbecarried.IntheeventofaRadioremotefailurethen
themanualcontrolshouldbeestablishedimmediately.

CommunicationbetweenBridgeandoperatormustbekeptopenduringdeployment/recoveryof
paravanesastheforcesgeneratedbytheprocesscanhaveasignificantandimmediateeffectonvessel
heading.

Paravanesshouldnotbehandled(launchorrecovery)ifweatherforecastisunsuitable,itisnormallythe
responsibilityofthePartyChiefincoordinationwiththeGunChiefandwithconsentfromtheMaster,to
decidewhenconditionsaresuitabletolaunch.

Bridgeshouldmaintainthecorrectspeedforhandling,andholdasteadypreagreedcourse.

Launchtheparavaneanddeploysufficientdistancetoallowittoachievelift,donotdeploysomuchthat
ineventofastallthevanecangounderthevessel,orcreateotherproblems.

Whentheparavaneisflyingcontinuedeployment,whilemaintainingagoodwatchonthebehaviorand
attitudeoftheparavane.

Highstrengthsynthetictowropesarecommonlyusedonmodern3Dvessels,theseropeshavealow
meltingpoint,strengthofropetypicallybecomes5%ofMBLatapprox60centigrade,thereforeextra
precautionsneedtobetakentoavoidoverheating.Overheatingcanhappenaroundsheavesiftherope
issubjecttofluctuatingload.Therearemanyotherreasonsfortowropestopart,andallcrewwho
workaroundthesystemshouldbeawareoftheconsequencesofapartingtowrope,andavoidputting
themselvesintoareasthatcouldbeconsidereddangerous.

Splicingofropesshouldonlybecarriedoutbytrainedpersonnel.

Ifstandingtowropesareused,thenextraprecautionsshouldbetakenintheeventofafailureofthe
standingtow.

1) Neverworkontheslackpartofthemaintowrope

2) Ensuretheconnectionpointsareproperlymaintained,andnoabrasionisoccurring.

Intheeventofparavanesnotbeingrecoveredinsufficienttimetoavoidextremeweather,thenthis
shouldbeconsideredanemergencysituation.

Extraprecautionsshouldbetaken,andthesewouldincludethefollowing

1) Ensureturncirclesareatmaximumpossibleforlocality

2) Minimizevesselspeed

3) IfItisconsideredunsafetoattempttorecover,thendeploytofullextents,thisistogiveadditional
dampingtominimizedynamicforces
4) Keepagoodwatchonthesystem

5) Keepwellclearofallcomponents.

Afterperiodsofextremeweathertheparavaneshouldberecoveredatthefirstopportunitytocarryout
visualchecks.

Intheeventofproblemsoccurringwithparavanes,thencarefulplanningisrequiredtoensurethe
situationisdealtwithsafelyandefficiently.

5.2.5 WorkOnTailbuoys
Donotboardorattempttoboardatailbuoythatisnotdesignedforthatpurpose.

Sometailbuoysusedinthegeophysicalindustryofferastableandsecureworkingplatform.Theyare
designedsimilartoasmalldinghystylevesselforeaseofboardingformaintenanceatsea.However,as
withanysmallboat,theycanbesubjecttorapidandpossibleviolentmovementattimes.Thisshould
alwaysbeaprimeconsideration.

Transferringfromtheboattothetailbuoyisbetteraccomplishedincalmwater.Theboatismaneuvered
alongsidethebuoythenpushedslightlyupagainstthesideofthebuoy.Theframeormaststaysonthe
topofthebuoycanthenbesecurelygrippedandthebuoymountedinasinglestep(nostride/jump
shouldberequired).Reversaloftheprocedureisaccomplishedbypushingtheboatagainstthebuoy,
thehandleonthesideofthecockpitgrippedandtheboatmountedinasinglestep.

5.3 HazardousMaterials(HAZMAT)
VesselscarryproductsknownasHazardousMaterial,orHAZMAT,rangingfromcableoilstopaintsand
solvents,andcleaningagents.EachHazardousMaterial(HAZMAT)productisgenerallysafetouseifthe
manufacturersinstructionsarecarefullyfollowed.Mixingorcombiningproductsorchemicalscanoften
resultindangeroussituationswhichmaycauseharmfulvapors,explosionorseriouseyeandskin
injuries.

AllonboardHazardousMaterial(HAZMAT)productsshouldberecordedonaHazardousMaterials
inventorysupportedbyMaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS).MSDSlistscriticalinformationonaspecific
productorchemical,suchascomposition,explosion/flammabilityrates,safehandlingprocedures,
spill/cleanupinformation,appropriatePersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)requiredandfirstaid
measures.

MaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS)shouldbepostednearthechemicalstorageareaandatanypointof
regularuse.Theyshouldbefullyreviewedpriortousingtheproduct.Acompleteinventorymustbe
maintainedandarchivedatanaccessiblepubliclocation(e.g.thecrewlounge,AdministratororParty
Chief'soffice)asa'RightToKnowStation'.

5.3.1 CableOils
Cableoilishighlyflammable.

1) ClearlymarkdecktanksorcontainersofcableoilFlammable.
2) Smoking,weldingoropenflamesarenotallowedatornearthecablereelorcableworkareas.

3) Cleanthedeckthoroughlyaftereachdeployment/retrievalofcablesoranycablework.

4) DONOTWASHOILSOVERBOARD.

5) Washskinorclothingthatcomesincontactwithcableoilimmediatelywithlargeamountsofwater
ascableoilevaporatesrapidlyandcancauseseriousburns.

5.3.2 Batteries
Batteriesonboardmarinevesselscanbeextremelyhazardousifnotcaredforproperly.Differenttypes
ofbatteriesrequiredifferentproceduresforhandling,charging,connectinganddisposal

5.3.2.1 Lithiumbatteries
Thefollowingshouldbeconductedtoensurelithiumbatteryrisksareminimized:

Regularinspection&routinemaintenancemustbesetupandfollowedtoensureinseaunitsare
notcorrodedtoallowwateringress.Watertightintegritychecksshouldbeconducted.

Oringsshouldbechangedeverytimebatteriesarereplacedoninseaunits.

Replacestainlesssteelbodiestoplastic/polycarbonateorequivalentthatarecorrosionresistant.

Batterystorageareas,boxesandchargingspacesmustbewellventilatedandkeptfreeof
flammableproducts,explosivegases,openflames,electricalsparkhazards,metalobjectsand
portablepowertoolsorlamps.

Batterystorageareasshouldnotbeusedasstoreroomsforanymaterialorproductsandno
unauthorizedmodificationsoradditionsshouldbemadetoanycompartmentelectrical
equipmentorfixturesinthestoragearea.

AppropriatePersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)shouldbewornatalltimeswhenhandlingor
transportingbatteries(rubbergloves,rubberapron,faceshieldorgoggles).Aneyewashstation
shouldbelocatednearthebatterycompartmentforimmediateuseincaseofanaccident.

Jewellery,watches,rings,etc.,shouldberemovedwhenworkingonbatteries.Ashortcircuit
throughanyoftheseitemswillheatthemetalobjectrapidlyandcausesevereburns.Ifrings
cannotberemoved,theyshouldbetapedwithinsulatingmaterial.

Allbatteryconnectionsshouldbekeptcleanandtighttoavoidsparkingandoverheating.
Insulationand/orguardingofallbatterycablesshouldbemaintainedingoodcondition.Never
shortcircuitabattery.

Allcircuitsfedbythebatteryshouldbeswitchedoffwhentheleadsarebeingconnectedor
disconnected.Ifabatteryisinsections,itmaybepossibletoreducethevoltagebetweencells
intheworkareaand,hence,theseverityofanaccidentalshortcircuitorelectricshockby
removingthejumperleadsbetweensectionsbeforetheworkisbegun.
 Batterycellventplugsorcapsshouldbetightlysecured,exceptduringchargingwhenthey
shouldbeloose.Theventilationtubesofbatteryboxesshouldbeexaminedregularlytoensure
thattheyarefreefromobstruction.

Storageandhandlingmethodsoflithiumbatteriesshouldbeinspectedfrequentlyincross
inspections

LithiumBatterySafeHandlingandStoragemethodsshouldbeincludedindepartmentspecific
orientations.DistributeLithiumbatteriesproceduresandworkinstructionsassoonas
practicableandensureallthoseinvolvedwiththeirusearecompetentintheirdutieshandling&
storingbatteries

LithiumBatterySafeHandlingandStoragemethodsshouldbeincludedinsafetymeeting
discussions

CrewmembersneedtobemadeawareoftheMSDSsforlithiumbatteries

Ensureproceduresforhandlingacellanomalyareunderstoodandpracticedbyemergency
teams

Lithiumbatteryemergencyresponseandsafehandlingtrainingshouldbeprovidedtoallcrew
involvedinhandlinglithiumbatteriesanddevisesusinglithiumbatteries.

Newtechnologyanddevelopmentinstoredenergydevices(batteries)offerdifferentalternativesto
manyonboardsystemsbeingusedonvessels.Eachbatteryisconstructeddifferentlyandrequires
specialhandlingandsafeguardprocedures.Knowthetypeofbatteryyouareusingandconsultthe
manufacturerssafetyandhandlinginstructionsbeforeinstalling,chargingorplacinginservice.

Lithiumbatteriesarenotdesignedtoberecharged.LithiumIonbatteriesaredesignedtobe
recharged.Makesureyouknowwhichtypeyouareusing.

1) Manufacturersinstructionsshouldbestrictlyadheredtowithregardstochargingoflithium
batteries.Beawarethatsomelithiumbatteriesarenotdesignedforrecharge.

2) Nevershortcircuitalithiumbattery.

3) ThefollowingPPEshouldbeavailablewhenworkingwithLithiumBatteries:

4) Faceshield,butylrubbergloves,acidgasvapormask,rubberapron,andclassDfireextinguisher.

5) Lithiumbatteriesaretransportedandstoredunderregulatedandusuallyrestrictedconditions.
Consultthebatterymanufacturerororiginalshippingcontainersforexactstorageanduse/care
instructions.

6) ItisimportanttofollowinstructionsaspostedonthebatterymanufacturersMSDSforfirefighting
measures
7) Donotexposelithiumbatteriestomoisture,exceptwhenrequiredtoinordertokeepcoolincaseof
fire.Protectindividualbatteriesfromcontactinganymetalsource(includingotherlithiumbatteries)
duringstorage.

8) Usedlithiumbatteriescanbeunstableanddangerous.Theyshouldbeasmuchaspossiblestored
awayfromnormalworkareasorpassagewaysinadesignatedandpurposeddesignedcontainer.
Packusedbatteriessothattheyareinsulatedfromeachotherandputthemashoreatthefirst
opportunity.Lithiumbatteriesmustbeprocessedthroughanapproveddisposalagency.

9) Ensuresupportvesselhasequipmentandknowledgeofhowtohandlelithiumbatteriesintransit
andhowtohandleanyemergency.

10) Ifacableincidentshouldoccurcausingbirdstoreachdepthsinexcessof300m(1000ft.),itshould
beassumedthatahazardousconditionmayexistsduetothepossibilityoflithiumreactionsfrom
damagedbatteries.Inthisevent,greatcareshouldbetakenwhenretrievingtheaffectedbirds.In
theeventofastrongsuspicionthatalithiumbatteryinacabledevicealreadyonboardisdangerous
itshouldbedisposedofoverboardimmediately,ifitissafetodoso.

5.3.2.2 LithiumFires
Ifbatterycontentsburn,acausticsmoke,containinglithiumoxidewillform.Avoidskincontactand
inhalation.Wearfullprotectiveclothingincludingahelmet;apositivepressure,selfcontainedbreathing
apparatus(SCBA);abunkercoatandpants;afacemask;andaprotectivecoveringforexposedareasof
thehead.

Watermaybeusedtoextinguishpackagingfiresifbatterieshavenotruptured;waterisnotaneffective
extinguishingagentforalithiumbatteryfire.

Forsmallfiresinvolvingthebattery[extinguishing]mediasuchasLithXorcopperpowdermaybeused,
butshouldbeappliedwithalonghandledtool.DonotuseCO2orHalondirectlyonabatteryfireasthe
exposedsurfaceofthecontainedlithiummayreactwiththesematerials.

Forlargerfiresinvolvinglithiumbatteries,copiousamountsofwatermaybeapplied,fromasafe
distance,toboundarycool&controlthefireandprotectadjacentmaterialsandfacilities.

5.3.2.3 LeadAcidBatteries
1) Acidelectrolytesarehighlycorrosive.Immediateremedialactionshouldbetakentowashoffany
accidentalsplashonthepersonoronequipment.Handsandclothesshouldalwaysbewashedas
soonastheworkiscompleted.

2) Toneutralizeacidonskinorclothes,amplequantitiesofwatershouldbeused.

3) Goggles,rubberglovesandaprotectiveapronshouldbewornwhenacidishandled.

5.3.3 StorageandHandlingofGasoline
1) Containersstoringortransportinggasolineandotherflammableliquidsmustbeclearlymarked,
allowingforidentificationofthecontents.

2) Areaswheregasolineandotherflammableliquidsarebeingstoredortransportedshouldbeclearly
markedanddesignatedasNOSMOKING.

3) Fumesfromemptyorpartiallyemptystorageortransportcontainerscanbehighlyflammableand
shouldbehandledaccordingly.

4) Accidentalmixtureofflammableliquidsshouldbeprevented.Gasolinemixedwithfueloilmay
changetheflashpointsufficientlytomakethefueloilhazardousinordinaryuse.

5) Gasolineandotherflammableliquidsshouldbestoredinopenorwellventilatedareas,awayfrom
sourcesofignitionorheat(includingsunlight),withquickaccesstooverboarddisposalincaseof
emergency.Extinguishingagentsshouldbeplacedcloseathandforfirefightingsituations.

6) Incaseofaspill,appropriatemeansofspillcontainmentshouldbeavailable.

5.3.4 Explosives
Intheeventthataspecificmarineoperationrequirestheuseofexplosives,pleaserefertotheIAGCLand
HSEManualforpropertransport,handling,storage,anddetonatingguidelines.

5.4 OceanBottomOperations
Asaminimumvesseltovesselcommunications,emergencyresponse(includingMOB,fastrecovery
systems,andmedivac)shouldbereviewedtoensuretheyareinplaceandfunctional.Additionally,
projectspecifichazardsshouldbeassessedandmitigationmeasuresputinplacetoensuresafe
operations.

5.4.1 DeploymentOperations
ThefollowingpointsmaybeusedasaguideinthedesignandassessmentofsafeOBCdeployment
operations.

1) Priortodeploymentorrecoveryofanyequipmentatoolboxmeetingshouldbeheldwithall
personnelinvolved,viaradioifitisnotpossibletocollectallpersonnelinoneplace
2) Checktheoperationandconditionofallcomponentsofthecabledeploymentsystembefore
beginningwork.Thechecklistforthisprocedureshouldincludeties,axles,cabletrays,hydraulic
powerandhoses,togetherwithanyvesselspecificequipmentnotmentioned.Ahighvoltagehazard
existsonsomebottomcables.

3) Operationofcommunicationsandvideoequipmentbetweenthebackdeck,instrumentroomand
bridgemustbechecked.Deploymentshouldnotbeginwithoutadequatecommunications,
preferablyahandsfreesystem.

4) Thehydraulicsteeringanddeploymentequipmentshouldbeoperatedbyorunderclosesupervision
of,aproperlytrainedperson.Theoperatorshouldhavegoodlineofsighttotheworkingdeckand
otherdeploymentcrewatalltimesduringtheoperation.

5) Acheckonexpectedweatherconditions,waterdepth,obstructionsandvesseltrafficshouldbe
madebeforecommencinganymarinegeophysicaloperation.

6) Thewatchofficermustmonitorallvesseltrafficinthearea.Instrumentroomandbackdeck
personnelshouldbewarnedofanysituationthatmightinvolveacoursechange,procedurechange
orotherevasivemaneuver.

7) Individualcompanyspecificproceduresshouldbeusedwhenloadingcables,etc.,intoany
deploymentdevice.

8) Correctpersonalprotectiveequipmentshouldbeworn,includingalifejacket,nonslipsafety
footwear,wetweathergear,safetyglassesandhardhatsandgloves.

9) Allpersonnelnotinvolvedinthedeploymentoperationshouldbeclearoftheworkingdeck.

10) Personnelshouldnotpositionthemselvesinthepathoforinthebightofthedeployingcableasitis
fedoffthedeck.

11) Whenlaunchingbuoys,personnelshouldkeepclearofcoiledropeondeck.Personnelmustnot
standinabightofrope.

12) Wherepossible,edgeprotectivechainsorrailingsshouldbeinplacewhencrewisworkingon
exposedcabledecks.

13) Safetyharnessesandanchorpointsshouldbeprovidedatallpositionswherepersonnelwilldeploy
orrecoverequipment.Harnessesshouldbewornwhereconditionsdictate.

14) Allcables,modules,ropesandbuoysshouldbesecurelyconnectedbeforecommencingdeployment.

15) Workingdecksshouldbekeptclearofdebrisandwasheddownafterdeployment.

16) Meansofseveringthecableinanemergencyshouldbeprovidedatthepointofdeployment.

17) Aprocedureshouldbeinplaceforaquickstopincasethecablegetsstuck/snagsduring
deployment.
5.4.2 RecoveryOperations
1) Allpersonnelmustunderstandtheproceduresbeforerecoveryofanyequipment.Checkexpected
weatherconditions,waterdepth,obstructionsandvesseltrafficbeforecommencinganymarine
geophysicaloperation.

2) Recoveryequipment,hydraulicsandcommunicationequipmentshouldbecheckedbefore
commencingoperations.ExcellentlinesofcommunicationshouldexistbetweentheHelmsman,the
backdeckcrewandanexperiencedgeophysicalcrewmemberwhoshouldbestationedonthebow
oratthepositionthecablecomesonboard.

3) Thewatchofficermustmonitorallvesseltrafficinthearea.Heshouldbefullyawareofhowmuch
equipmentisbeingrecoveredandtheexpectedduration.

4) Ropesandcablesundertensionarepotentiallydangerous.Allpersonnelshouldstandinaprotected
position.Whenrecoveringequipment,caremustbetakenregardingthetensionofcablesand
ropes.

5) Thebridgeshouldbeinformedwhenrecoveryiscomplete.

6) Whenworkingondeckafterrecovery,personnelshouldnotstandonbuiltupcoilsofcableincaseof
collapse.

7) Whenworkiscomplete,alltoolsandequipmentshouldbestowedandsecured.

5.5 OceanBottomNodalSurveys
ManyaspectsofOceanBottomNode(OBN)aresimilartoOceanBottomCable(OBC)operations.Node
operationsusuallyinvolveseveralvessels,e.g.nodedeploymentandrecoveryvessel(s),sourcevessel,
andsupportvessels.ThereareseveralmethodsofdeployingnodestotheseabedandtheyincludeROV,
plantingframes,ROAVandstraightdrop.Asnodetechnologyisrelativelynew,theproceduresand
methodsareconstantlyevolvingforbetterandsaferperformance.

Thestandardpracticeofgoodcommunicationbetweenvesselsandstructuresisparamount.Emergency
responseproceduresinthesameformatasforOBCshouldbedocumentedandpracticedonaregular
basis.Theadditionalriskoftransitingaroundsurfaceandsubseastructureswithdescendingcablesfor
thedeploymentdeviceandROVshouldbeaddressedandmitigatingmeasuresputinplacetoreducethe
riskofentanglementordamagetothestructuresorthevesselsequipment.

5.5.1 DeploymentOperations
ThesamepointsusedforOBCcanbeincorporatedintoOBNsurveyworkwhendesigningandassessing
forsafeoperations,withtheadditionofthefollowingpoints:

1) Closeliaisonmustbeestablishedwith
anysurfaceassetsinthearea,asoncethe
deploymentequipmentandROVare
deployedthemanoeuvringabilityofthe
vesselisstrictlylimited.AfieldspecificPTW
fromtheOIMisoftenrequired.

2) Fullandconcisechecksshouldbe
madeofallassetsenteringthewatersoasto
reducethepossibilityofoilleakageatdepth
causinganenvironmentalimpactonthearea.

3) Closecommunicationbetween
Seismicandmaritimeisneededatalltimesto
ensurecorrectspeed,courseanddepth.Thiswillbeconstantlychangingtoallowoptimumuse
oftheassets.
 4) DavitorcraneoperationsshouldbepartofthePTWsystemifusingthesetodeploythe
equipment.

5) Allhydraulicsshouldbeservicedandpersonnelmadeawareofthedangersofworkinginclose
proximitytohydraulicequipment.

6) Nooneistostandunderorbehindasuspensioncableundertension.

5.5.2 RecoveryOperations
Thesamestandardsandproceduresfordeploymentare
usedforrecoverywiththeadditionofthefollowing:

1. Assetsrecoveredfromdepthmaybeunder
extremepressure,caremustbetakenwhenapproaching
andworkingonthenodesandROVinthefirstinstance.
2. Alloilsusedinthedeploymentandrecoveryof
nodesshouldifpossiblebeenvironmentallyfriendlyoratthe
leastbiodegradablesoastominimiseanyimpactinthe
eventofaleakinwater.

5.5.3 ContingencyProcedures
1. Proceduresmustbeinplaceandpracticedforthesafeanduneventfulrecoveryoftheassetsin
anemergency,orunplannedrepairs,includingnecessarycontrolsfornighttimeevents.

2. MarineanimalswiththeabilitytostingorbitemaybeencounteredonthenodesandROV.
Trainingandprocedureforsafelydisentanglingfloraandfaunashouldbeinplace.

3. Thereisapossibilityofdroppinganodewhilstdeployingorrecovering.Agooddroppedobject
policyandcommunicationwiththeOIMisessentialtopreventanypossibilityofdamageto
subseaassets.

4. Inwaterassetsneedtobereadilyidentifiabletothecompanyandinhighvisibilitycolours.

5.6 ControlledSourceElectromagneticSurveyOperations
Electromagnetic(EM)Operations:

MarineEMreducesexplorationriskandincreasesthelikelihoodoffindingoffshorehydrocarbons.The
productsandservicesareusedbyarangeofexplorationandproductioncompaniesandgovernment
agenciesforavarietyofpurposesincluding:

Provisionofearlyindicationsofhydrocarbonprospectively
infrontierareas
Findingbypassedandsatellitefieldsinmatureareas
Testingandrankingseismicprospects
Prioritizingdrillinglocations
Improvingdelineationofreservoirs

AnEMsurveyisageophysicaltoolformappingelectricalresistivityingeologicalstructuresbeneaththe
seafloor.ThemostcommonmethodintheindustrytodayisControlledSourceElectroMagnetic(CSEM)
whichinvolvestransmittingasignalwithatowed,highpower,lowfrequencyEMtransmitter(source)
closetotheseabedandmeasuringtheresultantsignalswithanarrayofpreviouslydeployed
autonomousoceanbottomreceivers.Thismethodcanbeemployedinwaterdepthsupto5km.

Magnetotelluricdataiscommonlycollectedbythesameinstrumentbeforeandafterthecontrolled
sourceisapplied.

Figure1SchematicCSEMsurveywithanHEDsource.Thesourceistowedclosetotheseafloorand
transmitsalowfrequencyEMsignaltoanarrayofseafloorreceivers.Bystudyingthereceivedsignalas
thesourceistowedoverthearray,theresistivitycharacteristicsoftheseafloorcanbedetermined.


Hazards

Deploymentandrecoveryofseabottomnodesinvolvingcraneoperations.
DeploymentandrecoveryofSubseatransmitterinvolvingcraneoperations.
Highvoltageusedtopowerthesubseatransmitter.

 Figure2Oceanbottomnode
deployment

EMSourceSpread
Figure3 Oceanbottomnoderecovery

Figure4EMhighpoweredsource
spread

Schematicviewofacontrolledsourceelectromagnetic(CSEM)survey.Ahorizontalelectricdipole(HED)
istowedabovereceiversthataredeployedontheseafloor.TheHEDemitsacontinuousEMsignalwhich
isrecordedbythereceivers.Yellowarrowsindicatethedirectwavethatdominatesontheveryshort
offset,whiletheredarrowindicatestheenergythathaspenetratedthesubsurface.Thegreenarrow
showstheairwave,whichwilldominatedshort,mediumorlongoffsets,greenarrowshowstheairwave.

5.7 GravityMeasurement
Gravitysurveysrecordthechangesinthegravitationalaccelerationastheshippassesovertheearths
surface.Gravitysurveysareveryoftenundertakenaspartofanothersurveyoperationsuchas2Dor3D
seismicsurveys.Thegravitysensorsthemselvesdonotposeanyunusualhazardsandarelocated
onboardthevessel.Howevertheadditionofanewcrewmemberandequipmentcancauseunsafe
conditionstoemerge.

a) Ensurethatthegravityoperatorcanassesstheequipmentsafelyatalltimes.Ifthereareaccess
restrictionstheseshouldbeexplainedduringtheoperatorssafetyinduction.

b) Gravityequipmentisheavywithindividualinstrumentsweight100kg:Giveconsiderationto
avoidanceofmanualhandlingwhenselectinganappropriatesiteforthegravitymeter.

c) Thegravitymeterrequiresanelectricalconnectionandthisshouldbeconsideredwhenselecting
anappropriatesiteforthegravityaccelerometer

5.8 MagneticDataAcquisition
Magneticsurveysrecordtheearthsmagneticfieldastheshippassesovertheearthssurface.Magnetic
surveysareveryoftenundertakenaspartofanothersurveyoperationsuchas2Dor3Dseismicsurveys.
Themagneticeffectofthevesselmeansthatthesensormustbedeployedintothesea,ideallyata
distanceofthreetimesthelengthofthevessel.Asmagneticsurveysareacquiredfromnondedicated
vesselitisimportanttoensurethattheproceduresaredevelopedspecifictothevessel.Theprocedures
willhavesimilaritieswithTowedSeismicbutinparticularthefollowingshouldbeconsidered:

a) Howandwhowilldeployandrecoverthetowfish,themagneticoperatorshouldnotbeallowed
todothisaloneorwithouttraininginshipspecificequipment

b) Whatarethehazardsassociatedwiththeotherinseaequipmentandwhatproceduresareneed
toavoidentanglement

c) Allequipmentusedtodeployandrecoverthetowfishissuitableforthetask;manualhandling
shouldbeavoidedbutwhererequireasuitablenumberofcrewshouldbeinvolvedappropriate
totheweight.

5.9 TransitionZone/TelemetryOperations
PleaseseetheIAGCLandHSEManualforguidanceonthesetypesofoperations.

6.VESSELOPERATIONS

6 VESSELOPERATIONS

6.1 General
Safetyondeckofageophysicalresearchvesselistheresponsibilityofall
personnelworkingonortraversingthrough,thedeckarea.

Designatedsymbolsandcolorsshouldbedisplayedinallappropriate
hazardousareas.Thisincludesthenosmokingarea,fireextinguisher
typesandareaswhereear,eyeandfootprotectionisrequired.

Itisuptoeachcompanytodefinetheirownsmokingpolicy.Careless
smokinghabitsareamajorcauseoffires.

Itisrecommendedthatsmokingareasaredesignatedandthatallother
areasarethereforeacknowledgedtobeNoSmokingareas.

Placardsmustbeprominentlydisplayedinallareasthatrequirehardhats,
lifelinesorothertypesofprotection.Safetyzonesshouldbeclearlymarked.

Luminescentarrowsshouldbeplacedatcloseintervalsalongthedecktoindicatetheroutetothe
nearestexit.

Crewmembersandvisitorsmusttreatdeckareasashazardousandadheretotheminimumguidelines
listedbelow.

1) Approachestoladdersandstairsshouldbeatleast400mm(16in.)wide,unobstructedandtreated
withnonskidmaterial.

2) Fixedladders,landingsandcages,etc.,shouldbeinspectedfrequentlyandproperlymaintained.
Thoseinholdsshouldbeexaminedfordamageimmediatelyafterthedischargeofcargo.Adequate
illuminationshouldbemaintained.

3) Allwatertightdoorsshouldbeclosedandlatchedwhileatseaandopenedonlyforthepassageof
personnel.Doorandhatchgasketsshouldbekeptcleaninordertomaintainwatertightintegrity.

4) Sandorothersuitablesubstancesshouldbespreadoverareasmadeslipperybysnow,iceorrain.
Theutmostcaremustbetakenincrossingsuchareasandparticularlyinusinggangways,stairsand
laddersundersuchconditions.Spillageofoil,grease,etc.,shouldbecleanedupimmediately.

5) Whenroughweatherisexpected,lifelinesshouldberiggedacrossopendecks.

6) Permanentfittingsthatmaybetriphazards,suchaseyepadsondeck,lashingpointsand
projectionsshouldbepaintedaconspicuouscolorincontrasttothebackgroundsothattheyare
 moreeasilyseen.Itmaybeusefultopadasharpprojection.Goodilluminationshouldbe
maintained.

7) Machineryguardsmustbekeptinplaceandingoodcondition.

8) Cranes,winchesandhydraulicequipmentshouldonlybeoperatedbyorunderthesupervisionof
trainedpersonnel.

9) Alllooseobjectsshouldbesecuredimmediatelyaftertheyarereceivedonboard,nomatterwhat
typeofweathermaybeexpected.

10) Preventivemaintenanceonequipment,asrecommendedbymanufacturer,shouldbepracticedto
ensurethattheequipmentisworkingasintended.

11) Guardrailsorfencingshouldbeofadequatestrength,goodconstruction,freefromsharpedgesand
properlymaintained.

12) Atoolshouldnotbeplacedwhereitcanbeaccidentallyknockedofftofallonsomeonebelownor
shouldtoolsbecarriedinpocketsfromwhichtheymayeasilyfall.Abeltdesignedtohold
frequentlyusedtoolssecurelyinloopsisrecommended.

13) Toolsshouldbehandledwithextracarewhenhandsarecoldorgreasyandwherethetools
themselvesaregreasy.

14) Ropesshouldbekeptfreeofcontaminationbychemicals(rustremoversandpaintstrippersmaybe
particularlydamaging)andnotstowedclosetoanysourceofheatandoutofdirectsunlight.Any
accidentalcontaminationshouldbereportedimmediatelyforcleansingorreplacement.

15) Personswhoareworkingaloftorinanyotherareawherethereisariskoffallingmorethan2m
(6ft.),shouldwearasafetyharnesswithshockabsorberattachedtoalifelineofsuitablelength.If
theworkisoutboardoftherails,PersonalFlotationDevices(PFDs)shouldbewornalongwiththe
safetyharness,thelifelineshouldalwaysbeattacheddirectlytothevesselandnottoscaffoldingor
othertemporarystructures.Alifebuoywithsufficientlineattachedshouldbekeptreadyfor
immediateuse.PermittoWorkrequirementsshouldbereviewedpriortocommencingwork.A
workingatheightprocedureshouldincludetheuseofawatchmanandarescuesysteminplace.
Theareaundertheworkshouldbecordonedoffwhenappropriate.

16) Amanworkingatanextremeheightcannotgivehisfullattentiontothejoband,atthesametime,
guardhimselfagainstfalling.Arrangementsshouldbesuchthathecanbecertainthatheisworking
fromasecureplatformandisprotectedfromfalling.Similarly,arrangementsshouldbesuchthat
equipmentortoolscannotfall.

6.2 BoatTransfers

6.2.1 BoattoBoat
Areminderthatifapersonfeelsthatanactionisunsafethentheyshouldreportit,andhavetheaction
reviewedwithinariskassessment.
Thetypeandsizeofcraft,togetherwithcompanyorvesselprocedures,willdeterminewhichmethods
areused.Themethodusedshouldbepartofadocumentedanddetailedplanthatisreviewedand
discussedbeforeanytransferoperationsareundertaken.Astheexchangecraftcomesalongside,
practicalproblemscanariseduetothegapcreatedbyfendersbetweenthevessels.Theseshouldbe
consideredinyourvesselspecificprocedures.

Whilethepreferredmethodofpersonneltransferisbysmallboat,ifitisnecessarytocarryout
personneltransfersatseausingastandbyorcrewboatthefollowingpointsshouldbetakeninto
consideration:

1) Beforeanyexchangecraftcomesalongside,adequatecommunicationlinesmustbeopenbetween
bothbridges.Clearanceshouldbeobtainedfrombothvessels'Mastersbeforethetransfer
commences.

2) Clearbothpointsoftransferofalllooseitemsandobstructions.

3) Surfacesforthetransferareasonthevesselsshouldbenonslip.

4) Sufficientpersonnelshouldbeavailabletogiveassistancetothecrewmemberstransferring.Poor
ornonswimmersshouldbeidentifiedandtreatedappropriately.

5) Whenvesselshaveasignificantheightdifference,aPilotsladdershouldbeused.

6) Whenvesseltransferlocationsaresimilarinheight,aswingropesystemcouldbeused.

7) Whenusingaswingrope,itshouldbeknottedandcheckedaspartofavessel'sregularmaintenance
program.Personnelusingtheropemustholdonwithbothhands.

8) Regardlessofthemethodused,secondarylifelinesshouldbeinplace.

9) Instructpersonnelontransferprocedures.Onepersonatatimeshouldbetransferred.

10) Alltransferringpersonnelmustwearlifejackets,properfootwearandappropriateclothing.If
necessary,useimmersionsuits.PersonalLocatorBeacons(PLBs)shouldbeconsideredandusedif
available.

11) Itisrecommendedthattransfersshouldbemadeduringdaylightwithgoodvisibility.

12) Transfersshouldtakeplaceontheleewardsideofthemothervesselifpossible.

13) Nopersonshouldbeaccompaniedbyluggagewhencrossingover.

14) Personnelaretocleartransferpointsasdirectedbythereceptionpersonnel.

6.2.2 ShoreLandings
Insomeoperatingareas,shorelandingswillberequiredusingtheFastRescueCraft(FRC)orworkboat
forthetransferofequipmentorpersonnel.Whenshorelandingsareplanned,thefollowingshouldbe
considered:
1) Scoutthelandingarea,bothvisuallyandusinglocalchartstakingnoteofthecoastlineandpossible
hazards,suchasrocks,jetties,sandbarsandanyothertypeofoutcropping.

2) Secureallequipmentandbriefpassengersintheoperationtotakeplace.

Beachlandingsshouldonlybeconsideredifitisanoperationalrequirementandnootherpractical
alternativeisavailable.Ariskassessmentshouldbemade.

3) Afterreachingtheshore,theboatshouldbesecuredbeforeoffloading.

4) Intheeventofalandingwheretheboatcannotreachtheshoreandpersonnelarerequiredtoenter
thewaterandwadeashorethefollowingpointsshouldbeconsidered:

a. Waterdepth(sufficientlyshallowsuchthatitdoesnotrequirepersonneltoswim)

b. Stableandshallowingwaterbottom

c. Properattire,includingshoes

d. Watertemperature

e. Cautionshouldbeusedwhenworkinginareacontainingdangerousmarinelife,suchassharks,
seasnakes,stonefish,stingrays,jellyfishorcoral.

6.2.3 PersonnelBasketTransfer
Industrybestpracticedoesnotrecommendthistypeoftransfer,however,ifitbecomesnecessaryto
transferbymeansofapersonnelbasket,thefollowingprecautionsshouldbeobserved:

1) Thecraneandtheoperatorshouldbecertifiedandshouldfulfillallrequirementsforpersonnel
baskettransfer.

2) Asurvivalsuitistobewornincoldwaterregions.

3) APersonalFlotationDevice(PFD)istobeworn.

4) Deckcrewpreferablytwomustbeavailabletoassistonboththevesselandtherig.

5) Luggageshouldbestowedinthebasketcentertoensurethatbothhandsarefree.

6) Personneltransferringshouldbeevenlydistributedaroundthebaseboardtoensuremaximum
stability.

7) Personnelshouldstandoutsidethebasketwithfeetapartontheboardandthebasketsecurely
grippedwithbotharmsloopedthroughtheropes.

8) Ampletaglinesshouldbeusedtominimizetheswingofthepersonnelbasket.

9) Atalltimesandespeciallywhenthepersonnelbasketisnotvisibletothecraneoperator,a
designatedsignalmanshoulddirecttheoperatortocompletionofthelift.
10) Whentheofficerinchargeissatisfiedthatallisreadyand,attheappropriatemomentwithregard
tothemovementoftheshipinaseaway,thebasketshouldbeliftedclearofthevesselandthen
swungupandoutasquicklyaspossiblebeforebeingcarefullyhoisteduptotherig.

11) Arescueboatshouldbereadyonstation.

6.3 SmallBoats(LaunchandRecovery)

Akillcordshouldbeattachedtothecoxswainimmediatelyaftertheboatisclearofcriticaloperations.A
sparekillcordshouldbeavailableoranalternativeoverridesystem.PLBSshouldbeusedifavailable.

1) Smallboatisintendedtoincludeallworkboats,MOBs,andFRCs.

2) SmallboatsmaybedeployedonlywiththepermissionoftheCaptain.Itisrecommendedthata
minimumofaCoxswainandtwoadditionalpersonsshouldbeusedtooperatesmallboats.The
Coxswainshouldbequalifiedforsmallboatoperationsandasecondpersonshouldbecapableof
handlingtheboat.

3) Anothersuitablevesselshouldstandbyasasafetyvessel.Thisvesselmaybeahighspeedrescue
boat,aplatformstandbyboat,aguardboatoranyotherstandbyboat.Ifthevesselisahighspeed
rescueboatitsdeploymentandresponsetimeshouldbeinaccordancewithSOLASStandards.
4) Lifeboatsarespecificallyexcludedfrombeingassignedasroutinestandbyrescueboats.

5) PersonnelshouldnotbepermittedtoleavethesmallboattoenterthewaterwithouttheCaptain's
permission.

6) Lifejacketsmustbedonnedpriortoboardingtheboatandmustnotberemoveduntilbackon
boardthemothervesseloronshore.Immersionsuitsmustbewornasappropriate.Head
protectionshouldbewornduringlaunchingandrecovery

7) Intowedseismicoperations,smallboatdeploymentafterdarkorinlimitedvisibilityshouldonlybe
permittedinanemergencyandonlyiftheboatisequippedwiththeappropriatelightsand
navigationequipment.

8) Thesmallboatandlaunchpointshouldhaveradiocommunicationwiththebridge.Aregular
communicationplanshouldbeagreedtowithinitialcommunicationsbeingestablishedassoonas
thesmallboatisembarked.

9) Thebridgeshouldmonitorsmallboatoperationsatalltimes.

10) Dieselenginesarepreferredovergasolineengines.

11) Donotexceedthemaximumallowablecapacityofanyboat.Seaconditionsandweathermust
alwaysbeconsidered.

12) Toolboxmeetingsshouldbecarriedoutpriortoanysmallboatlaunchandrecovery

13) Enginekillcords(deadmanscords)shouldbeusedaccordingtocompanyprocedures.

14) Aprelaunchchecklistcovering,butnotlimitedtothefollowing,shouldbeused:

a. Launchprocedures

b. Equipmentrequiredwhileunderway

c. Backupplanifproblemsarise

d. Recoveryprocedures.

15) Anappropriateequipmentinspectionchecklistshouldbecompletedpriortolaunch:

16) Crewshouldnotboarduntilengine,enginecontrols,radioincludingbackupradioandequipment
havebeencheckedandareserviceable.

6.4 EnvironmentalAwareness
Itistheresponsibilityofallindividualsonthecrewtoconductthemselvesinsuchamannersoasto
mitigateharmtotheenvironmentinwhichtheyoperate.
Geophysicalresearchcrewsshouldbeoperatedinamannerthatisconsistentwithcompanyorvessel
specificproceduresandinaccordancewithallinternationalorlocalregulatoryrequirementspertaining
toenvironmentalcompliance.

6.4.1 WasteManagement
Eachvesselhasawastemanagementplanforsegregation,processing,storinganddisposalofwaste.
EachvesselcomplieswithMARPOL(MaritimePollutionRegulations.Aspartofthesegregationplan,
labeledwastecontainersareavailableandshouldbeused.

6.4.2 HazardousMaterialSpills
Ifsuchaspilliscausedorobserved,itshouldbeimmediatelyreportedtotheMasterandChiefEngineer,
inaccordancewiththevesselspecificprocedures.

Vesselswillhavedocumentedprocedurestomitigateanypossiblespillsonboardthevessel.Inthe
eventthataspillshouldoccur,propercleanupandcontainmentmaterialswillbeavailabletopreventit
fromescapingtothesea.

AnyoverthesidespillswillbereportedbytheMasterinaccordancewithcompany,vessel,international,
orlocalregulatoryrequirements.

6.4.3 AirEmissions
Operatingplans,proceduresshouldconsidertheoutputfromcertainsystemswithregardstooverallair
emissions.Inparticularemissionsfromenginesandpowerplantsshouldbemonitoredforcontentand
volumeandshouldbeinaccordancewithcompany,vessel,international,orlocalregulatory
requirements.

6.4.4 MarineMammalsandSeaLife
Regulationsinvolvingseismicactivityinthevicinityof
marinemammalsandotherformsofmarinelifevaryfrom
countrytocountry.Eachvesselshouldbeawareofthe
specificcompliancerequirementsfortheareainwhichthey
areoperating.

Somecommonpracticeswheremarinemammalsare
knowntobepresentincludeuseofthefollowing:

softstartsfortheairguns

trainedMarineMammalObservers

passiveacousticmonitoringsystems

6.5 SecurityandISPSCode
MostvesselsandportsmustcomplywiththerequirementsoftheISPSCode(InternationalShipandPort
FacilitySecurityCode).

ThevesselhasasecurityplanasrequiredbytheISPSCodeandwhichmustbecompliedwith.Each
vesselshouldconductsecuritydrills.

6.5.1 InPort
Whileinport,thecontrolofpersonnelenteringandleavingavesselisextremelyimportant:

1) Intheeventofafireorothermajorincident

2) Topreventlossduetotheft

3) Tomountanappropriateresponsetomissingpersons,ifany

4) Toprohibitunauthorizedpersonsfromboardingthevessel.

Agangwaywatchmustbepostedandthegangwayneverleftunguarded.

6.5.2 AtSea

6.5.2.1 Piracyatsea
VesselsaretohavepiracyproceduresinplaceaspertheISPSCode.

6.5.2.2 InterferencebySpecialInterestGroups
Companyorvesselspecificproceduresshouldbeinplacetodealwiththeeventofinterferencefrom
specialinterestgroups.Theseproceduresshouldbereviewedanddiscussedifsuchinterferenceis
suspectedoranticipated.

Generally,apassivedefensiveapproachshouldbetakensoastoavoiddirectconfrontationwiththese
groups.Theinterferenceshouldbedocumentedandrecorded(stillorvideo)foranysubsequentlegal
actionthatcouldariseatalaterdate.

6.6 Bunkering
1) Equipmentutilizedshouldbevisuallyinspectedpriortocommencinganybunkeringoperationsto
ensureitisinproperworkingorder.

2) Completeasafebunkeringchecklist.

3) Coordinatepositionandexpectedweatherconditionswithrefuelingvessel.

4) Establishandmaintaincommunicationbetweenallparties.

5) Ensurethatonlynecessarypeopleareinthevicinityofthebunkeringoperations.

6) Securerefuelingvesseltovesseltoberefueled.
7) Adequatemooringropesandfenderingtobeattendedbybothvesselsforthedurationofthe
operation.

8) Hoistredwarningsignalsonbothvessels.

9) Post"SmokingandNakedLightsProhibited"signsandinformcrewbyintercomthatsmokingand
hotworkisprohibitedondeck.

10) Ensureplugsarefittedinthefuelcontainmenttraysunderthebunkeringpointandtankairvents.

11) Haveabsorbents/spillkitavailableatbunkeringpoint.

12) Connectrefuelinghosetoreceivingvesselcorrectly.

13) Monitorrefuelingprocesssothattherearenohoseleaksorspillage.

14) Disconnectfuelhosescarefullywhencompleteandfithoseendcaps.

15) Transfertherefuelinghosebacktotherefuelingship.

6.6.1 InPort
Duringbunkeringoperationsthecompanysproceduresshouldbecompliedwithandtheyshould
includethefollowingasaminimum:

1) Completeasafebunkeringchecklist.

2) Post"SmokingandNakedLightsProhibited"signsandinformcrewbyintercomthatsmokingand
hotworkisprohibitedondeck.

3) Postredwarningsignals(redflagbydayorredlightatnight).

4) Ensurethatplugsarefittedinthefuelcontainmenttraysunderthebunkeringpointhose
connections,andtankairvents.

5) Haveabsorbents/spillkitavailableatbunkeringstation.

6) Checkcommunicationsbetweenengineroom,bridgeandbunkeringpoint.

7) Openallvalvesontankstobefilled.

8) Connectallhoses.

9) Checkmeter.

10) Ensurethatthereisalwayssomeoneondeckcheckingforhoseleaksandoverflowfromtanks.

11) Commenceloading.

12) Complywithalllocalregulatingagencies,contractorsandMARPOL73/78requirements.
6.6.2 AtSea
Bunkeringatseashouldpreferablybecarriedoutduringdaylighthours.Breakawayvalvesshouldbe
usedwhenbunkeringoffshore.

6.7 ElectricalEquipmentandWiring
Goodworkmanshipandpropermaterialsshouldbeusedandallwiringwillbeinstalledaccordingtothe
classificationsocietyregulations.Onlyqualifiedandapprovedpersonnelshouldworkwithelectrical
equipmentandwiring.

1. Everycircuitshouldbeprotectedagainstovercurrentbyautomatictrippingdevices.

2. Electricaljointsandconnectionsshouldbeofproperconstructionwithrespecttoconductorsize,
insulationandmechanicalstrengthandprotection.

3. Electricalequipmentcabinetsandmetalhousingscouldcausedanger.Electricaldistribution
cabinetsshouldonlybeopenedbyauthorizedpersonnel.

4. Effectivemeans,suitablyplacedforimmediateoperation,shouldbeprovidedsothatallvoltage
maybecutofffromeveryinstallationandcircuittoremoveandpreventdanger.

5. Foreveryelectricmotor,anefficientmeansofdisconnectionshouldbereadilyaccessible,easily
operatedandplacedtopreventdanger.

6. Everypieceofequipmentthatrequiresoperationorattentionbyapersoninnormaluseshould
beinstalledsothatadequateandsafemeansofaccessandworkingspaceareprovided.

7. Noadditionsoralterationstemporaryorpermanentshouldbemadetoanexistinginstallation,
exceptbyanauthorizedandcompetentperson.

8. Allunsafeappliances,wiresandelectricalapparatusshouldbereportedimmediatelytothe
electricianorsupervisorandberemovedfromservice.

9. Treatallwiresaslivewires.Donottouchhangingorbrokenwires.Placeawarningsignand
notifyasupervisororelectricianimmediately.

10. Usehandheldportablebatterylightswhenworkingindampareasorinmetallictanks.Ground
FaultCurrentInterrupt(GFCI)protectionmustbeusedinwetareas.

11. Deenergizeandtagorlockoutallcircuitsbeforeworkingonlines.Undercertainconditions,
lowvoltagecankill.

12. Anyelectricaldistributionboxwhichrevealsliveterminalswhenopenedshallbesecurely
fastenedclosedtopreventaccess.Allsuchboxesshallcarryelectricalhazardsigns.

13. PersonnelshouldbeawarethatUninterruptablePowerSupplies(UPS)systemsstorelarge
amountsofenergyandcanbedangerousevenintheeventofablackout.
6.8 Lockout/Tagout
Lockoutistheprocessofblockingtheflowofenergy(electrical,
pneumatic,hydraulic,gravitational,energystoredinsprings,etc.)to
apieceofequipmentandkeepingitblockedout.Alockoutdeviceis
alock,blockorchainthatkeepsaswitch,valveorleverintheoff
position.

Tagsareusedtosupportthelockoutandarepartofthecomplete
process.Thetagrecordswhomadetheenergyisolation(lockout)
andwhen.Thetagactsasawarningnottorestoreenergytoor
restartthepieceofequipmentunderlockout.Tagsmustclearlystate:DONOTOPERATEanditmustbe
appliedbyhand.

Whenmaintenanceisneededonanyelectricalpoweredline,motor,equipmentorfuelpowered
engines,youshouldprotectyourselfandothersfromaccidentalturnon.Accidentsanddeathscan
occurwhensomeone"thought"themachineorelectricitywassafelyturnedOFF.

Therearetenstepstofollow:

1) Thepersoninchargeshouldidentifyallpartsthataretobeshutdownandwhichswitches,
equipmentandpeoplewillbeinvolvedinmaintenance,repairsorinstallation.Atthistime,the
restartingproceduresareplannedwithdetailswrittendownforwhostartsit,whenithappensand
howitiscarriedout.

2) Adviseeveryoneinvolvedthatalockout/tagoutprocedurewilltakeplace.

3) Identifyallpowersourcesfortheproject.Whatmakesitwork?Thisincludesidentifyingall
hydraulicandpneumaticsystems,spring,compressedair,gravitysystemsandallelectricalcircuits.

4) Everypowersourcehasitsownproceduresforlockoutwhichmaybeaccomplishedbypullinga
plug,openingadisconnectswitch,removingafuse,closingavalve,bleedingthelineorplacinga
blockintheequipment.

5) Eachworkerinvolvedshouldhavehisownlockkeyeddifferentlyfromanyoneelse'slock.Itshould
beidentifiedwiththeowner'sname,anassignednumberorcolorcodeandthenameoftheir
departmentorcompany.Clips,chainsandlockoutboxes,whichareavailablefromlocksmiths,
electricalsupplycompaniesorthroughyourcompanyHealth,SafetyandEnvironment(HSE)or
PurchasingDepartmentmayalsobeused.Theselockoutdevicesmayonlyberemovedbythe
individualplacingthelock.

6) Tagoutallthepowersourcesandmachines.Tagsshouldindicatethatthemachineorcircuitisout
oforder,thereasonsforthelockout,timeanddateoflockout,yourname,Taggingshouldbedone
bythepersoninchargeandremovedonlyaftereveryone'slockhasbeenremoved,thesystem
testedandrestartapproved.
7) Whenlocksandtagsareinplace,andbeforeanyworktakesplace,verifythatthereisanabsenceof
energyinthesystem(zeroenergystate).

8) Thepersoninchargeshouldclearthearea.Doublecheckallthestepslistedabove.Removelocks,
turnonpowersourcesandoperateanyvalvestopreparetotestthesystem.Withallworkerssafe
andtheequipmentready,removethe"outoforder"tabbeforeturningthepoweron.

9) Supervisorsorpersonsinchargeshouldhavereceived"PermittoWork"trainingandpeople
workingforthemhavereceivedadequateinstructioninthesystem.

10) Adequatetimeshouldbeallowedduringshiftchangestoensureeffectivetransferofinformationon
outstandingpermits.

6.9 Radio,RadarandNavigation
PermittoWorkrequirementsshouldbereviewedpriortoanyworkcommencing.

1) Contactandexposuretoradioandradarradiationfromanantennacanresultinsevereburnsand
tissuedamage.Informthevessel'sMasterbeforeinstallingnavigationantennasoranyothertime
personnelaregoingaloft.LockoutTagoutalltransmitterswhenpersonnelarealoft.

2) Onlyauthorizedpersonnel(exceptinemergency)willuseradio,radarandnavigationequipment.

6.10 Galley
Thegeneralhealthofthecrewrequirestheprovisionofawellbalanceddiet,includingadequate
suppliesofdrinkingwater.Itisimportantthatcertainstandardsbemaintainedinthegalleyforthe
preparationandservingofmeals.

1) Personsemployedinthepreparation,cookingorservingoffoodordrinkorinthehandlingof
eating/drinkingutensilsmusthaveundergoneamedicalexaminationandfulfilledthenecessary
healthrequirements.Followedupwithperiodicexams.

2) Allpersonsengagedinthehandlingoffood,drinkoreating/drinkingutensilsareto:

Maintainahighstandardofpersonalandcommunalhygiene.

Beawareofthedangerofdiseasesspreadbycontaminatedfood.

Reportsickwhensufferingfromthroatinfections,stomachdisorders,skinconditionsor
potentiallycontagiousdiseases.

3) Awashhandbasinwithanadequatesupplyofhotandcoldwaterwithbrush,antifungalsoapand
cleantowelistobeprovided."WashyourHands"noticesshouldbedisplayedprominentlyintoilet
areas.

4) Smokingisprohibitedinallareaswherefoodidprepared,handledorstored.

5) Cleanprotectiveclothing,e.g.,longsleevesandhaircoveringandsuitablefootwear,istobewornby
allfoodhandlers.
6) Foodstocksshouldbeinventoriedandrotatedtoensurethatusedbydatesarenotexceeded.Once
opened,foodcontainersshouldbeproperlysealed.

7) Foodstocksshouldbeinspectedondelivery,anysuspectorsubstandarditemsshouldnotbe
acceptedonboardandshouldbereturnedtosupplier.

8) Nowastefoodorrefuseshouldbedepositedorallowedtoaccumulatewithinanyfoodroomand
anyspillageofliquidsorsolidsshouldbecleanedupimmediately.

9) Kitchenutensils,sinks,cookingequipmentandfoodpreparationsurfacesaretobethoroughly
cleanedandsanitizedafteruse.

10) Thefloorsofallkitchens,annexes,foodstoresandancillaryareasaretobekeptcleananddry.Any
evidenceofrodentorinsectpestinfestationistobereportedimmediatelytotheheadcookand
Captainandappropriateactionshouldbetakentocontrolandcontaintheinfestation.

11) Allkitchenanddiningareasshouldbecompletelysanitizedeachweek.Thisincludesstoves,
freezers,refrigerators,rangehoods,fans,tables,floorsandnonrefrigeratedfoodstorageareas.

12) Thoroughlywashallfruitsandvegetableswithcleanwaterbeforeeatingraworbeforecooking.

13) Decksandgratingsshouldbekeptfreeofgrease,rubbish,ice,etc.,inordertominimizeslippingthat
mayresultinseriousinjuries,especiallywhenhotliquidsorglassandcrockeryarebeingcarried.
Anyspillageshouldbecleanedupimmediately.

14) Cateringstaffshouldnotattempttorepairelectricrangesandappliances.Defectsshouldalwaysbe
reportedsothatproperrepairscanbemade.Theequipmentshouldbetakenoutofuseuntilitis
repaired.

15) Useofwaterinhosingdownandwashingequipmentinthegalleycanbeverydangerous,
particularlywherethereareelectricalinstallations.Wheneverthegalleydeckiswasheddown,
powertoanelectricrangeandallelectricequipmentshouldbeswitchedoffandisolatedfromthe
supplyandwaterkeptfrommakingcontactwiththeelectricalequipment.

16) Rangeguardrailsshouldbeusedinroughweather.Potsandpansshouldneverbefilledtothe
extentthatthecontentscanslopoverwhentheshiprollsorturns.

17) Thesteamsupplytopressurecookers,steamersandboilersshouldbeturnedoffandthepressure
carefullyreleasedbeforetheirlidsareopened.

18) Fatsshouldnotbecookeddowninovens.Itmayoverheatandcatchfire.Athermostatically
controlledfryermaybeusedforthispurpose.

19) Thereshouldbecoversfordeepfatfryersthatcanbedroppedincaseofafire.

20) Forotherfatorgreasefiresafireblanketcanbeused.Ifafireblanketisnotavailable,afire
extinguishershouldonlybeusedwithEXTREMEcaution.DONOTUSEAWATERFIREEXTINGUISHER.
Donotattempttoremovethecontaineruntilithascooleddowntolessthan35C(90F).
21) Thepowersourceforthegalleyarea,includingtheventilationsystemshouldbeeasilyaccessible
andwellmarkedforquickshutdownintheeventoffire.

22) Anymachineorequipmentthatisdefectiveinitsparts,guardsorsafetydevicesshouldbereported
andtakenoutofservice.

23) Whenapoweroperatedmachinehastobecleanedorablockageremoved,switchoffandisolateit
fromthepowersupply.Careshouldbetakentoseethemachinehascompletelystoppedbefore
thecleaningisbegun.

24) Appropriateimplements,notfingers,shouldbeusedtofeedfoodintoprocessingmachines.

25) Electricalequipmentshouldnotbeoperatedwithwethands.

26) Sharpinstrumentsshouldbehandledwithcareandnotbeleftunattended.Theyshouldnotbe
mixedinwithotheritemsforwashingbutcleanedindividuallyandstoredinasafeplace.

27) Thehandlesofknives,saws,choppers,etc.,shouldbesecurelyfixedandkeptcleanandfreefrom
grease.Thecuttingedgesshouldbekeptcleanandsharp.

28) Propercanopenersshouldbeusedtoopencans;improvisationsaredangerousandmayleave
jaggededgesonthecan.

29) Useofcolorcodedknivesandchoppingboardsisrecommendedtopreventthepossibilityofcross
contamination.

30) Choppingmeatrequiresundividedattention.Thechoppingblockmustbefirm,thecuttingareaof
themeatwellontheblockandthehandsandbodyclearofthelineofstrike.Theremustbe
adequateroomformovementandnoobstructionsinthecuttingstrokepath.Particularcareis
requiredwhenthevesselisunderwayorinroughseas.UseofMetalprotectionglovesis
recommendedwhenchoppingmeat.

31) Afallingknifeshouldbelefttofall,notgrabbed.Quicklybackawaytoprotectyourfeet.

32) Refrigeratedroomdoorsshouldbefittedwithbothameansofopeningthedoorandofsoundingan
alarmfrominside.Aroutinetestingofthealarmbellandcheckingofthedoorclaspsandinside
releaseshouldbecarriedoutweekly.

33) Refrigeratedroomdoorsshouldbesecuredopenwhilestoresarebeinghandled.Refrigeratorand
freezertemperaturesshouldbemonitoredandloggedtwicedaily.

34) Coldstoresorrefrigeratedroomsshouldnotbeenteredifitissuspectedthattherehasbeena
leakageofrefrigerant.Awarningnoticetothiseffectshouldbepostedoutsidethedoors.

35) Allstoresandcratesshouldbestowedsecurelysothattheydonotshiftormovewhilethevesselis
underway.
36) Goodventilationshouldbemaintainedtoreduceheatandhumidityinthegalleyandfoodservice
areas.

37) Plasticglovesshouldbewornasmuchaspossiblewhilehandlingfoodproducts.

6.11 EngineRoom
Goodhousekeepingintheengineroomandmachineryspacesiscriticalfortheproperoperationand
maintenanceofessentialequipment,andtomitigatethepotentialforfire.

1. Allexhaustpipesandfittingswhichbytheirlocationandtemperaturepresentahazardmustbe
adequatelyshieldedorinsulated.Theinsulationofheatedsurfacesshouldbeproperly
maintained,particularlyinthevicinityofoilsystems.

2. Wherehighnoiselevelsinamachineryspaceorthewearingofhearingprotectorsmaymaskan
audiblealarm,avisualalarmofsuitableintensityshouldbeprovidedtoattractattentionand
indicatethatanaudiblealarmissounding.Thisshouldtaketheformofalightorlightswith
rotatingreflectors.

3. Alarmsystemsshouldbetestedonaregularbasis.Specificengineroomalarmsshouldbetested
aspertheplannedmaintenancesystem.However,itisrecommendedthatthemainshipalarms
(fire/MOB)betestedbiweekly.

4. Thesourceofanyoilleakageshouldbelocatedandrepairedassoonaspractical.

5. Wasteoilshouldnotbeallowedtoaccumulateinthebilges.Anyaccumulationshouldbe
disposedofinaccordancewithoilpollutionregulationsattheearliestopportunity.Bilges
should,whereverpracticable,bepaintedalightcolorandkeptcleanandwellilluminatedinthe
vicinityofpressureoilpipessothatleaksmaybereadilylocated.

6. Engineroombilgesshouldatalltimesbekeptclearofrubbishandothersubstancessothat
mudboxesarenotblockedandthebilgesmaybereadilyandeasilypumped.

7. Greatcautionisrequiredwhenfillinganysettlingtanktopreventoverflow.

Remotecontrols,firevalvesforstoppingmachinerypumpsorforoperatingoilsettlingtankquick
closingvalvesshouldbetestedregularly.

8. Inexperiencedpersonnelshouldnotenterorremaininanunmannedmachineryspacewithout
permissionfromtheengineerincharge.

9. Noticesofsafetyprecautionstobeobservedbypersonsworkinginunmannedmachineryspaces
shouldbeclearlydisplayedatallentrancestothespace.Awarningshouldbepostedthat
machinerymaysuddenlystart.

10. Unmannedmachineryspacesshouldbeadequatelyilluminatedatalltimes.
11. Whenmachineryisunderbridgecontrol,thebridgeshouldalwaysbeadvisedwhenachangein
machinerysettingiscontemplatedbytheengineroomstaffandbeforerevertingtoengine
roomcontrolofthemachinery.

12. Thecompartmentinwhichrefrigerationmachineryisfittedshouldbeadequatelyventilatedand
illuminated.Boththesupplyandexhaustfansshouldbekeptrunningatalltimes.

13. Theatmosphereinanyenclosedspacesnotcontinuouslyoradequatelyventilatedmaycontain
toxicorflammablegasesorbedeficientofoxygentotheextentofbeingincapableofsupporting
humanlife."PermittoWork"requirementsshouldbereviewedpriortocommencingwork.

14. Ifcarbondioxideoranyotherfiresmotheringgashasbeendischargedtoextinguishorpreventa
fire,nobodyshouldreentertheareauntilauthorizedtodoso.

15. Theseriousnessoffireinmachineryspacescannotbeoverstressed.Allpersonnelshouldbefully
awareoftheprecautionsnecessaryforfireprevention.Suchprecautionsshouldinclude
maintainingcleanconditions,thepreventingofoilleakageandtheremovingofallcombustible
materialsfromvulnerablepositions.

16. Suitablecoveredmetalcontainersshouldbeprovidedforthestorageofwaste,cleaningragsor
similarmaterialsafteruse.Suchcontainersshouldbeemptiedatfrequentintervalsandthe
contentssafelydisposedof.

17. Wood,paintsandspiritsshouldnotbekeptinengineroomsormachineryspaces.

18. Allelectricwiringshouldbewellmaintainedandkeptcleananddry.Theratedloadcapacityof
thewiresandfusesshouldneverbeexceeded.Insulatingmatsshallbeplacedinfrontof
switchgearpanels.

19. Personnelusinghydraulicandpneumaticequipmentshouldbefullyconversantwiththeproper
proceduresforitssafeoperation.Operatinginstructionsshouldbefollowedatalltimes.

20. Operatorsshouldensurethatthesystemoperatingpressureshownonthepressuregaugeisat
therecommendedlevel.

21. Priortoahydraulicsystemactivationordeactivation,checksshouldbemadetoensurethat
thereisnoairtrappedinthesystemandthattherearenoexternalleaks.Trappedaircauses
erraticactionthatcanleadtoinjuryordamagetotheinstallationsorequipment.

22. Onlythecorrectgradeofhydraulicfluidshouldbeusedfortoppingupahydraulicsystem.The
correctgradeshouldbeclearlyposted.

23. Anyspillageofhydraulicfluidshouldbecleanedupimmediately.Somefluidshaveamineraloil
baseandshouldbethoroughlywashedofftheskinassoonaspossible.

24. Anypersonenteringtheengineroomormachinerycompartmentsmustwearhearing
protection.
 25. Theengineroomlog,fluidtransferlog,andmaintenancelogsshallbekeptuptodate.

26. Allmechanicalequipmentshouldhaveproperguardsaroundanymovingparts.

27. Alldeckplatesshouldbekeptsecurelyfastened.

6.12 CranesandLiftingDevices
PTWformsandtoolboxmeetingsshould
becompletedasappropriatebeforeany
liftingoperationsareconducted.

1) Onlycompetentandauthorized
personsshalloperateliftingequipment.
Assistingpersonnelshouldunderstand
theirduties.

2) Theoperatorshouldcompletethe
companyschecklistpriortoanylifting
operationsandpreparealiftplan.Any
defectsmustberepairedbeforethe
craneisused.

3) Allcranes,winchesotherhoisting
devicesandauxiliaryhandlingequipment
shallbecertifiedandcheckedatspecified
intervals.TheWorkingLoadLimit(WLL)
mustbeprominentlydisplayedonthe
boomofanycraneandclearlymarkedon
allotherliftingdevices.

Note:insomeareastheWorkingLoad
Limit(WLL)maybedisplayedinsteadof
SWL.

4) Themaximumcapacityandboom
angleofthecranemustbeclearly
markedandmustnotbeexceeded.

5) Loadlimitingprotectionsystems
shouldbeinplace.

6) Cranehooksshallhavesafety
latches.

7) Thecraneoperatorandauxiliarypersonnelmustbemindfulofoverheadobstaclesandhazardsthat
maycontactthecraneboom.Powerlinesrepresentaserioushazardthatmustbeavoided.
8) Ahandsignalchartshallbemountedtothecranefoundationorotherlocationclosebyandvisible
totheoperator.Asamplecharthasbeenprovidedinthismanual;howeverspecificsignalsmayvary
fromoneoperationtothenext.

9) Whenappropriate,aqualified,designatedsignalpersonshouldworkwiththecraneoperatorand
standardsignalswillbeused.Normallyallsignalsshouldbegivenbythesignalpersonbutthe
operatorshouldobeyanemergencystopsignalgivenbyanyone.Toolboxmeetingsare
recommendedpriortocommencinganyliftingoperations.

10) Theoperatormustproperlysecurethecraneandboombeforegoingoffdutyorwhenshutting
downoperations.AtagshouldbeplacedonthecontrolsandtheMasterorChiefEngineernotified
ifanydefectsareknown.

11) PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)mustbewornbyallpersonnelhandlingcargoandworking
aroundcranes.Thisequipmentmustincludehardhats,safetybootswithnonslipsoles,leather
glovesandanyothersafetyequipmentthatmightberequiredtohandleanyotherspecificcargo.

12) Correctcargohandlingtoolsmustbeusedandthesetoolsmustberegularlycheckedand
maintained.

13) Neverperformahazardousjobalone.Gethelpbeforetryingtocopewithasituationbyyourself.

14) Alwayswatchtheloadsintheprocessofbeingliftedbycrane.Youreyesshouldbeonthecargo
untilitisondeckanddisconnectedfromthecrane.

15) Nevergetunderasuspendedcargoloadandnevergetanypartofyourbodybetweenunsecured
objects(pinchpoints

16) Taglinesshouldbeusedtoguideallloadsregardlessofweight,loadsizeorseaconditions.

17) Whenstrainisbeingplacedonarope,lineorcable,neverstandinthepathitwouldfollowshouldit
part.Neverstandinthepaththeloadwouldfollowshouldtheliftingcablebreak.

18) Neverrideonaloadbeinghoisted.

19) Useappropriateprocedureswhenhandlinggascylindersandanyothersubstancewhichmaybe
consideredhazardous.

20) Opencargoloadinghatchesmusthavesuitablefencingaroundtheexposedopening.Hatches
shouldbesecurelyclosedimmediatelyaftertheloadingiscompleted.

6.12.1 SlingsandLiftingAppliances
Onlycertifiedslingsandliftingappliancesshouldbeusedforhandlingloads.

6.12.2 WebbingStraps
1) Safeworkingload,identificationnumberanddatewhenthestrapwasputinserviceshouldbe
clearlyindicated.
2) Strapsshouldbefreefromanysignificantdefects.

3) Additionalprotectionshouldbeprovidedwhenliftingloadswithsharpedges.

6.12.3 WireRopeSlings
1) Donotuseknotstomakeslings.

2) Padorblocksharpcorners.

3) Liftandlowerloadsslowlywithoutjerking.

4) Useslingsofadequatecapacityandconstruction.Consultthespecifications.

6.12.4 SignsofDefectiveWireRopeSlings
Tenrandomlybrokenwiresinoneropelayorfivebrokenwiresinonestrandinonelay.

Wearingorscrapingofonethirdoftheoriginaldiameteroftheoutsidewires.

Kinking,gouging,orotherdamage.

Evidenceofcorrosionorheatdamage.

Endattachmentsthatarecracked,rustedordeformed.

Splices.

6.13 Welding,BurningandCutting
Welding,burning,cutting,hottappingandothertypesofhotworkarestrictlyprohibitedby
unauthorizedpersons.Weldersshouldbeadequatelytrained.

Thebridgemustbeinformedbeforecommencingandafterfinishinghotwork."PermittoWork"
requirementsshouldbereviewedpriortocommencingwork.

Hotworkaroundstreamerreelsrequiresextraprecautions.

6.13.1 GeneralSafePractices
1) Weldingleadsshouldbecompletelyinsulatedandingoodcondition.

2) Cuttingtoolhosesshouldbeleakfreeandequippedwithproperfittings,gauges,regulatorsand
flashbackarrestors.

3) Oxygenandacetylenebottlesshouldbesecuredinasafe,place.Storageshouldbeinawell
ventilatedlocationoutofdirectsunlightwiththetwogasesseparatedbyadequatedistanceor
adequatesteelbarrier.Consultmanufacturersanddistributorsguidelines

4) Thepersoncarryingouttheworkshouldensurethatanyfueloil/kerosenetankventsoropenings
aresuitablyprotectedagainstanyhotmetalsentering.Covercracks,holesandopeningswithfire
retardantmaterial.
5) Theopening,drainingorfillingofstreamercablesshouldnottakeplaceatthesametimeasanyhot
work.

6) PersonalProtectiveEquipment(PPE)workboots,gloves,fireretardantclothingandgogglesand
faceshieldsandweldingcapmustbeused.

7) Checkbothsidesofabulkheadandknowwhatisunderanydeckarea(i.e.,fueltanks)before
beginninganyweldingorcutting.

8) Whenweldingorcuttingisnecessaryinhazardousareas,onepersonshouldstandafirewatchwith
afireextinguisherandnecessaryfirehosesreadilyavailable.Careshouldbetakentopreventsparks
fromstartingfires.Additionalfirewatchesshouldalsobeusedinadjacentcompartmentswhere
heatmaytravelbyconductionthroughbulkheads,etc.

9) Weldingandcuttingareasshouldbecheckedperiodicallyforacombustibleatmosphere.

10) Donotweld,cutorperformanyhotworkonoraround(above)areelwhileastreamerisonthe
reel,unlessthestreamerisproperlycoveredandprotected.

11) Unusedgascylindersshouldberemovedfromtheweldingandcuttingarea,securelystoredinawell
ventilatedareawithvalvesclosed,valveprotectioncapinplaceandclearlymarkedM/T.

12) Hosesandweldingcablesshouldbekeptoutofhatchwaysandawayfromotherworkers.Ifahose
isflattened,aflashbackmayoccur.

13) Ifflammablegasisdetected,weldingorcuttingoperationsshouldbeshutdownimmediately.

14) Hotmetalshouldbemarkedwithasignorotherwarningwhenweldingiscomplete.

15) Performallweldingorcuttingoperationsupwindofapotentialvaporrelease.

16) Allweldingoperationsshouldbeperformedaccordingtoauthorizedprocedures.

17) Firewatchesshouldremaininplaceuntilworkareashavereturnedtoambienttemperatures.

6.13.2 Acetylene(Gas)WeldingandCuttingTools
Thefollowingprecautionsshouldbetakenwithgasweldingandcuttingequipment.

1) Onlyqualifiedemployeesmayuseweldingandcuttingequipment.

2) Closecylindervalveswhenworkisfinished,thecylinderismovedorthecylinderisempty.

3) Repair,replaceorcleandirtyordefectivehoses.DoNOTrepairortamperwithcylinders,valves,
regulatorsorflashbackarrestors.

4) Donotinterchangeregulatororpressuregaugeswithothergascylinders.

5) Keepcylindersinanuprightpositionwheninuse.

6) Neverusecylindersasrollersorsupports.
7) Neveruseamatchtoigniteaweldingtorch.Alwaysuseanapprovedigniter.

8) Neverheatacylindertoraisethepressure.

9) Acetylenecylindersshouldbestoredinanuprightandsecureposition,withthedischargevalve
closedandtheprotectivevalvecoverscrewedon.

6.13.3 ElectricWeldingandCuttingTools
Thefollowingprecautionsshouldbetakenwithelectricweldingandcuttingtools.

1) Avoidweldinginwetareasorconditions.

2) Storearcweldingtoolsinareasfreefromcombustiblevapors.

3) Hoodorscreenarcs.

4) Wearpropereyeprotection.

5) Groundtheframesorcasesofarcweldingequipment.

6) Keepweldingcablesawayfromhatchwaysandpassagewaystopreventtripsandfalls.

7) Replaceweldingcablesthathavedamagedinsulationorexposedconductors.

8) Avoidcontactwithgroundedcircuitswhenchangingelectrodes.

6.14 PortableLaddersandScaffolds
1) Workingfromladdersshouldbeavoidedsincethereisariskofoverbalancingandfalling.When
workingabove2m(6ft.),aPermittoworkshouldbeinplaceandasafetyharnesswithalifeline
securedabovethepositionofworkshouldbeworn.Thisshouldbesecuredtopermanentstructure
andnotthescaffoldorladder.

2) Useofladdersorscaffoldsatseashouldbeavoidedwheneverpossible,duetorollandpitch
movementoftheship.Wheretheiruseisunavoidable,laddersandscaffoldsshouldbesecuredtop
andbottomandfallpreventionorarrestmeasuresshouldbeused.

3) Ifyouhavetoclimb,usealadder.Makesuretheladderisdesignedtosupporttheloaditis
intendedtobear.Facetheladderwhengoingupordown.

4) Alwayslookupbeforepositioningtheladderandclimbingit.Youwillthenbeawareofany
restrictionsthatwillgetinyourwaywhenyoumaketheclimborobjectsonwhichyoumighthit
yourhead.

5) Anonconductingladderisrecommendedforusewhenworkingwithelectricaltoolsoranylive
electricalsource.Keeprungsorstepstightenedandfreefromoil,greaseoranyslipperysubstances.

6) Neverstandonthetopsteporrungofanyladder.
7) Securetheladderonafirmandevensurface.Ifthesurfaceissmooth,useaskidresistantmaterial
onthebottomoftheladder.

8) Discardanyladderthatiscrackedorbent.

9) Extensionandstraightladdersshouldbeequippedwithsafetyfeetandrubbertipstopreventthem
fromslipping.

10) Settheladder'sbase1/4oftheladder'slengthawayfromthesupportagainstwhichthetopis
leaning.Settheladderfirmlybeforeclimbing.Onships,atseaoralongside,youshouldblockthe
bottomandsecurethetop.

11) Donotpaintladders.Thepaintcanhidedefectssuchascracks.Useagoodgradeofvarnish
sparinglyoruseamixtureoflinseedoilandturpentinetopreservethewood.

12) Whenyouareonaladder,donotoverreach;theladdercouldsliporyoucouldloseyourbalance.
Getdownofftheladderandmoveittotheproperposition.

13) Allstepladdersmustbeequippedwithlockingbarsandmustbelockedinplacebeforeuse.

14) Stepladdersmaynotbeusedasstraightladders.

15) Inspectanyladderbeforeuse.Aframestepladdersmusthavespreadersinplacebeforeuse.

16) Ifyouusescaffolds,makesureallplanksandothermaterialsarefreefromknotsandsplits.

17) Makesurethatthescaffoldingcansupporttheloadithastobear.

18) Theflooringorbaseonwhichthescaffoldingisplacedmustbefirmandeven.

19) Learntoerectascaffoldfromatrainedperson.

20) Ensurethattheladderorscaffoldingcannotcomeintocontactwithanyoverheadpowerlines,radio
transmissionlinesormachinerythatmaymove.Ifsuchaccessisrequiredthenthepermittowork
systemandlockout/tagoutsystemmustbeapplied.

21) Planksshouldnotbesupportedontherungsofportableladdersusedasastagingnorshouldthe
laddersbeusedhorizontallyforthesamepurpose.

22) Bothhandsaretobeusedwhileclimbingordescendingladders.Usetoolbeltsorpouchesfor
carryingtoolsandothersmallobjects.Ifglovesareworn,theyshouldfitproperly.Useextracare
onladdersifglovesarewornorifhandsarewetorgreasy.

6.15 ChippingandPainting
1) ProperPPEmustbewornduringallchippingandpaintingoperations.Eyeprotectionandduskmask
shouldalwaysbeworninadditiontootherrequiredPPE.
2) Whenchippingorpaintingistakingplaceinthevicinityofmachinery,careshouldbetakento
ensurethatthepowersupplyisisolatedandthemachineryimmobilizedinsuchawaythatitcannot
bemovedorstartedupinadvertently.Appropriatewarningnoticesshouldbeposted.

3) Paintsmaycontaintoxicorirritantsubstancessuchaslead;however,leadfreepaintsshouldbe
usedwhenpossible.Solventsmayproduceflammableandpotentialexplosivevapors,whichmay
alsobetoxic.

4) Correctpaintshouldbeusedforspecifictasks.Ifthemanufacturer'sinstructionsarenotgivenon
thecontainer,itshouldbeascertainedatthetimeofsupplywhetheranyspecialhazardsmayarise
fromtheuseofthepaintandalsowhetherspecialmethodsofapplicationshouldbefollowed.This
informationmayalsobefoundonMaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS).

5) Allpaintsandsolventsshouldbereturnedtoproperstoragelockerswhennotbeingused.

6) Rustremoversareacidsandcontactwiththeskinshouldbeavoided.Eyeprotectionandrubber
glovesshouldbewornforsplashprotection.

7) Ifpaintingaloftorotherwisenearropes,careshouldbetakentoavoidsplashesofthinners,paints
andrustremoversonropes,safetyharnesses,lines,etc.

8) Interiorandenclosedspacesshouldbewellventilated,bothwhilepaintingisinprogressanduntil
thepainthasdried.

9) Thereshouldbenosmokingoruseofnakedlightsininteriorspacesduringpaintingoruntilthe
painthasdriedhard.Somevapors,eveninlowconcentrations,maydecomposeintomoreharmful
substanceswheninhaledwithtobaccosmoke.

10) Whereappropriate,"WetPaint"signsshouldbepostedandremainuntilpainthasdried.

11) Brushes,rollersandassociatedequipmentshouldbecleanedatthefirstopportunity.Brushesand
rollersshouldnotbeleftsoakinginsolventsandragsshouldbedisposedofpromptlyandcorrectly
toreducetheriskofspontaneouscombustion.


7.EMERGENCY
PROCEDURES

7 EMERGENCYPROCEDURES
Itisespeciallyimportantthatalloffshorepersonnelmakethemselvesawareoftheemergency
proceduresontheirowncrew.Thismanualhighlightsgeneralinformationforthesurvivalofyouand
yourshipmates.MoredetailedinformationaboutvesselspecificLifeSavingAppliancesandFireFighting
equipmentshallbeavailableonboardeachvesselintheformofSOLASTrainingManualandFireFighting
TrainingManual(asperSOLASrequirements).

Anabandonshiplifejacketmustbeavailableforeachpersonintheircabin.Lifejacketsshouldnotbe
donneduntilontheopendeck.

Thereshouldbe100%morelifejacketsonboardforthemaximumnumberofcrewandpassengers
storedatornearabandonshipmusterstations.Additionallifejacketsmustbeavailableforbridgecrew
andengineroompersonnelandkeptneartheworkareas.

7.1 SurvivalatSea
Allpersonnelworkinginthemarineenvironmentshouldhaveavalidoffshoresurvivaltraining
certificate.

7.1.1 Survival
1) Staycalm.

2) Protectioncancomeinvariousformssuchasextraclothing,gloves,hatoranextraPersonal
FlotationDevice(PFD),aswellasrecognizedlifesavingdevices.

3) Anenclosedlifeboatoffersmaximumprotectioniftheneedtoevacuatearises.

4) YourPFDoffersprotectionandflotationaswellasinsulationandshouldbewornontopofallother
clothing.

5) Protectthebodybywearinglayersofclothing.Ifpossible,wearawindproofandwaterproof
garmentastheouterlayerofclothing.Preserveyourbodyheatwheneverpossible.Ifleft
unprotected,theheadcausesthehighestheatloss;thebackissecond.Excessivebodymotion
contributestoheatloss.

7.1.2 Detection(Colour,Light,Sound,Movement)
1) Signalingdevicesthatcanbeusedduringthedayare:
Seadye,flareandsmokesignal,mirror,parachuteflare,whistleandsmokeflaresandPersonal
LocatorBeacons.

2) Signalingdevicesthatcanbeusedatnightare:Flashlight,nightflare,chemicallight,flarepistol,
strobelight,whistle,penflare,parachuteflare,fluorescentmarkingsandreflectivetape.

3) Movementcanattractattention.Wavingthearms,splashingwaterandusingmaterialsuchasflags
andothercreativemovementswillcontributetoattractingattention.
4) Wheninthewater,keeptogetherwiththeothersurvivors.Themorepeople,floats,rafts,etc.,that
arebunchedtogether;theeasiertheywillbetodetect.

5) Whenusingpyrotechnics,remembertogetonthedownwindsideofthecraftandlaunch
downwind.

6) EmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeacon(EPIRB)andEmergencyLocatorTransmitter(ELT).

EmergencyPositionIndicatingRadioBeacon(EPIRB)isamarinedistressradiotransmitter.

EmergencyLocatorTransmitter(ELT)isanaircraftdistresstransmitter.

Eitherautomaticallyormanuallytransmitsadistinctivetoneonafrequencyreserved
worldwideforemergencypurposes:406MHz.

Thesetransmittersaresmall,waterproofandbuoyant,selfrightingandattachedtoaline.

Theradiosshouldbestoredinareadilyaccessiblelocationwheretheywillnotbesubjectto
damage.

Oncethetransmitterisactivated,leaveitonuntilrescueiscomplete.Itcouldseriously
misleadthesearchingaircraftifitisturnedonandoff.

Turnthetransmitteroffoncetherescueiscomplete.

Thesignalscanbedetectedfromarangeofupto200nauticalmiles.Theyarealso
detectablebysatellitetrackingandSearchandRescue(SAR)aircraft.

SARTtransponders(SearchandrescueRadarTransponder)shouldalsobecarriedtoassist
detectionbyrescuecraft.OnceinterrogatedbyaradarsignalfromtherescuecrafttheSART
willrespond.
Testthebatteriesasperthemanufacturer'srecommendation.

7.1.3 FoodandWater
1) Wateristhekeytoyoursurvival;thereforeitisessentialtoconserveyourwatersupply.Thisis
particularlytrueinalongtermsurvivalsituation,asituationthatrarelyoccurswithmodern
communicationandtechnology.

2) Neverdrinksaltwaterorurine.

3) Nowatershouldbeconsumedwithinthefirst24hoursunlessinamedicalemergencysituation.
Afterthat,notmorethanonepint(halfaliter)dailyshouldbeallowed.

4) Ifpossible,traprainwaterormoisture(dew).

5) Useadesaltingkitorsolarstillifitisavailable.

6) Inthesurvivalequipmentpacks,watermaybefoundincansorinmetalfoilorplasticpouches.
7) Seasickpillsshouldbetakenimmediatelyafterboardingthelifeboat/raft.

8) Thefoodwillbecarbohydratebased.Youmayhaveabiscuit,waferorpossiblycandy.Avoideating
protein(birds,fish)becausethebodywillneedmorewatertodigestit.

7.1.4 EmergencyTreatment
1) Knowbasicfirstaidfor:

Bleeding

Hypothermia(cold)andhyperthermia(heat)

Brokenbones

Respiratoryarrest

Shock

Cardiacarrest

Backinjury

2) Firstaidinformationcanbeobtainedfromlocalauthoritiesorcompanydocuments.(Seethefinal
sectionofthismanualforsomebasicprocedures.)Rescue

1) Vesseltovessel:

Prepareforpickuponcetherescuecrafthasbeenspotted.Getsignalingdevicesready.

Lettherescuecraftcometoyou.Donottrytogotothecraft.

Notifytherescuerifanyoneisinjured.

Climbaladder,netorropewiththeassistanceofasafetylineorbelt.

KeepyourPersonalFlotationDevice(PFD)onatalltimes.

Followorders.

2) Vesseltohelicopter:

Letthehelicoptercometoyou.

Thedevicethatisloweredtoyoumayhaveastaticelectriccharge.Letthedeviceground
outinwaterbeforeyoutouchit.

Priorityshouldbegiventothosewhohavethemostsevereinjuriesormedicalproblems.

Donotremoveyour(PFD),evenwhenbeinglifted.
 Followordersfromhelicoptercrewmen.Theywilldotheworkforyou.

7.1.5 SurvivalSuits
Itisessentialtoreceivetraininginthedonninganduseofsurvivalsuits.Itisalsoessentialtopracticethe
correctdonningofthesurvivalsuitthatyouhaveonyourcurrentvessel.Ifyoujumpintothesea
wearingasurvivalsuit,itisveryimportantthatthesuitiswornproperlyfastenedandthehood
correctlyworncoveringthehead.Theairinthesuitwillbepressedoutthroughthefacelining.This
maycauseadislocationoftheliningandsomewatermayenterthesuit.Itisimportanttopressasmuch
airoutofthesuitaspossiblebeforeyoujump.

Evenifthesuitisdamagedandbecomesswamped,itwillrenderprotectionasawetsuit.Itmay,
however,bevirtuallyimpossibletoenterasurvivalcraftwithawaterfilledsuitevenifyouareassisted.
Itmaybecomenecessarytotakeoffthesuitorcutitsothatwaterdrainsfromthelegs.

Inmostinstanceswherethesuithasbecomewaterfilled,thishasbeenduetoinadequatetighteningof
thechinflaporinadequateclosureofthezipper.Ifthefaceliningfeelsuncomfortablytight,itisa
consolationtoknowthatthisisnecessarytoensureaproperseal.

Evenifthesuitiswellinsulated,theuseofwarmclothingunderneathwillincreaseyoursurvivaltime.

Thesuitwillfloatapersononhisbackandswimmingisbestperformedbybutterflybackstrokei.e.both
armstogether.

Thesuitisprovidedwithreflectivetapeandabuddyline.

7.2 EmergencyDrills
TheMasterofthevesselisresponsibleforconductingdrillsasrequiredbySOLAS.

7.2.1 GeneralRules
Everycrewmembershallparticipateinatleastoneabandonshipdrillandonefiredrilleverymonth.The
drillsofthecrewshalltakeplacewithin24hoursoftheshipleavingaportifmorethan25%ofthecrew
hasnotparticipatedinabandonshipandfiredrillsonboardthatparticularshipinthepreviousmonth.
(TakenfromSOLAS)

Allcrewmembersandpassengersaboardshouldbeaccountedfor.

Onlytheminimumnumberofpersonnelessentialfortheoperationshouldbeexcusedfromadrill.Itis
necessary,therefore,fordrilltimestobestaggeredtoensurethatallpersonnelhaveattendedadrill.

Donotrun

CrewmembersshouldwearappropriatePPEforannounceddrills.
7.2.2 AlarmSignals
Alarmsignalsvaryfromvesseltovessel,howeverSOLASstandardsshouldapply.Refertostationbillsfor
definitionofaudiblealarms.

7.2.3 FireDrills
Afiredrillshouldbeheldwithin24hoursofthevesselsailingafteraportcallorcrewchangeofmore
than75%ofcrewcomplement.Firedrillsshouldconsistofsimulatedincidentsandmustinclude:

1) Checkingthemusterlist.

2) Manningfirestations,equipmentandapparatus.

3) Testingthefirepumpbystartingitandsprayingwater,testingnozzlesatfullpressure.

4) Recordingcompletedetailsofdrillsincludingresponsetimeintheship'sofficiallogandthesafety
report.

TheChiefOfficerisnormallydesignatedasFireChiefandhisdutiesinclude:

1) CoordinatewiththeMasterforholdingdrills.

2) Choosethesiteandtypeoffire.

3) Ensurethattrainingonfirefightingequipmentandappliancesisgiven.

4) Ensurethatmaintenanceworkonthefirefightingequipmentiscarriedout.

5) Ensurethatallfireequipmentisinspectedmonthly.

6) Communicationsbetweensceneandbridge.

7) Directingthefireteam.

8) Lookingtoseeanyareasthatneedimproving.

9) Answeringanyfirerelatedsubjectatsafetymeetings.

7.2.4 ManningFireStations
1) Trainedfirefightersshoulddressintheirfirefightingsuitsandthenproceedtothefiresite,only
whengiventheorderbytheirteamleader.

2) Starttheemergencyfirepumpandfoampump.

3) Deployfirehosesintheareaofsimulatedfire.

4) Thefirstaidteamshouldtendanysimulatedcasualties.

7.2.5 TestingtheFirePump
Thefirepump(s)shouldbestartedandasufficientnumberofoutletsusedtoascertainthatthesystemis
inproperworkingorder.Normallythefoamsystemshouldbeoff;howeverthesystemshouldbefully
testedforashortperiodatleastonceeverythreemonths.Firehosenozzlesshouldbetestedtoensure
thattheycouldprovidebothjetandspray.

7.2.6 ManOverboardDrills
Manoverboarddrillsareintendedtofamiliarizeallmembersofthecrewwiththenecessaryprocedures
requiredtolocateandrecoveramanoverboardvictim.

Allpersonsaboardtheshipshouldbeinstructed:

Inthedeploymentofthemanoverboardliferaft,iffitted.

Intheuseofthelinethrowers.

InManOverboardBoat(MOB)rescueprocedures.

Ofthelocationanduseoftheliferingswithrope,lightandsmoke.

Ontheirassignedmanoverboardstation.

Manoverboarddrillsshouldbeperformedsimulatingvariousoperationalconditionsandshouldbe
practicedinasrealascenarioaspossible.

7.2.7 AbandonShipDrills
AbandonshipdrillsshouldbeheldasrequiredbylocallaworSOLASstandards.Eachabandonshipdrill
shouldinclude:

1) Thesoundingofthealarmtosummonpersonneltotheirstations.

2) Personnelreportingtotheirdesignatedstationsandpreparingforthedutiesspecifiedinthemuster
list.

3) Checkingthatpersonnelarepresentandaresuitablydressed.Warmclothing,withasmanylayers
aspossible,shouldbeworn.

4) Checkingthatlifejacketsand/orsurvivalsuitsarecorrectlyworn.Personnelinorclosetotheir
cabinsatthetimeofthealarmshouldbringlifejacketsand/orsurvivalsuitsfromtheircabinstowage
point.

5) Ifapplicable,loweringbutnotnecessarilylaunchingofatleastonelifeboatafteranynecessarypre
launchpreparations,includingdavitinspection,operationandstartingthelifeboatengine.

6) Ifapplicable,preparingandexercisingdavitlaunchedliferaft.

Lifeboatsshouldneverbeboardedduringdrillsexceptwhentheyarefloatingonthewater.

Note;toreviewparagraphinlightoftheIMOPreventionofAccidentsduringLifeBoatdrills.Amendto
SOLAS2008and2006
Lifeboatsshouldbelaunchedwiththeassignedoperatingcrewonboardandmaneuveredinthewater
duringanabandonshipdrillwhenappropriate.

Whereavesselisequippedwitharescuecraftthatisnotalifeboatthiscraftshouldbelaunchedeach
monthasfaraspractical.Whereavessel'smeansofabandonmentisprovidedsolelybyliferafts,the
rescuecraftroleshouldincluderecoveringpersonnelfromtheseaandgatheringtheraftsasnecessary.

Theemergencylightingforabandonmentshouldbetestedwitheachabandonshipdrill.

7.3 MedicalEmergencyEvacuationPlan
Medicalevacuationplansshouldbemaintainedforeachoperatingareaandoperatingcondition.These
plansshouldprovideameansforcommunicationtoemergencyservicesandtransportation.Methods,
routesandcontingencyplansforweatherconditionsorwhentheprimaryplanfailsshouldalsobe
established.Medicalinformationandtraveldocumentsshouldaccompanythepatient.

Emergencypreparednessexercisesshouldbecarriedoutonaregularbasisandatthebeginningofa
newoperationtoverifythatallevacuationplansareworkingandallcontactnamesandnumbersare
checked.

7.4 AbandonShipProcedures
Intheeventofanabandonshipemergency:

1. Musteratassignedstations.

2. Donottakepersonalbelongings.

3. Checkthatallpersonnelareaccountedfor.

4. DonotabandonthevesselexceptundertheMasterscommandand/orunlessabsolutely
necessary.

5. Ifabandonmentisrequired,theescapechoicesinorderofpreferenceare:lifeboat,liferaftand
lifefloat.Lowerlifeboat/liferaftboardingladders.

6. Iftimepermits,launchtherescuecraft.

7. Takeonasmanyextrablankets,foodandwaterasisfeasible

8. Joinallrescuecraftandstaytogetherifatallpossible.

9. Avoidputtingyourbodyinthewater.Onlyifallelsefailsshouldyouenterthewater.

a. Animportantfactorinmakingasafeentryintothewateristhedistancefromthewater.
Thehigheryouare,thegreaterthechanceofinjury.Getascloseaspossibletothewater
beforemakingtheentry.

b. Whenenteringthewater:
 Lookdown.Makesurethatyouhaveaclearareainwhichtojump.Beaware
oftheseastate,winddirectionandcurrent.Ifanobstructionisbelow,move
tothesideratherthanattemptingtojumppastit.

Lookstraightahead.Focusyoureyesonafixedpoint(thehorizon).Donot
enterthewaterlookingdown.

HoldonandapplymaximumpressuretoyourLifejacketusingyourinnerarms.
Protectyourfacebycoveringyourmouthandnosewithonehand.

Stepoff.Takeabigstepoutawayfromthestructure.Lockyourlegstogether.

Afterentry,movetoasafeareaasquicklyaspossibleandgrouptogetherwith
theothersurvivorsawaitingrescue.Staytogetherifatallpossible.

Moveclearifthevesselissinking.

10. DonotreboardtheshipunlessgivenaverbalorderfromtheMaster.

7.5 ManOverboardProcedures
TheMasterwilldecidewhethertolaunchtheship'sManOverboardBoat(MOB)and/ortherescueboat

Intheeventofapersonfallingoverboard,promptactionisessentialifthepersonslifeistobesaved.

Raisethealarm

Throwlifebuoysandanyotherbuoyantitemsthatwillaidinmarkingtheposition.

Keepyoureyesonthemaninthewaterandpointathimwithextendedarm.

Shutdownairgunfiring.(Itisrecommendedthatthisbeautomaticallydonewhenpushingthe
MOBbutton).

TheBridge/instrumentroomwilltakeapositionfixwhenthealarmsounds.

LaunchtheManOverboardBoat(MOB)undertheMaster'sdirections.

7.6 MarineFireProtectionandFireProcedures
Themarinevesselenvironmentposesparticularfirerisksbecauseofitsconfinednatureandthe
hazardousflammablematerialsonboard.

7.7 FireandEmergencyStations
FireandlifeboatstationsaredesignatedaccordingtoshipsEmergencyPlan/StationBill.Theseare
postedatvariouslocations.

7.8 FireandSafetyPlan
FireandSafetyPlansshowsthegeneralarrangementoftheship.Thisplanshouldincludethefollowing
informationforeachdeck:
 Locationofmachinery.

Fueltanks.

Firecontrolstations.

Firedetectionsystems.

Firealarmsystems.

Deckplans.

Locationoffireextinguisherappliances.

Ventilatingsystemincludingfananddamperpositions.

Identificationnumbersoffansservingeachsection.

Theseplansmaybeinbookletformtobeissuedtoallkeypersonnelandship'sofficers.

Acopyoftheseplansmustbekeptinawatertightcontainerclosetothegangway.

7.9 FireExtinguishers
Fireextinguishersmustbelocatedaroundtheshipinsuchpositionsand
locationsthattheyarereadilyavailable.Atleastoneextinguisher,ofa
suitabletype,shouldbepositionedneartheaccessdoortotheareaitis
designedtoprotect.Thelocationsoffireextinguishersandtheirtype
shouldcomplywithallpertinentregulationsandbeapprovedbyclass..

Eachextinguishermust:

Besuitablefortheareathatitprotects.

Haveitsinstructionsclearlyvisible

Beclearlylabeledastothetypesoffirethatitissuitablefor.

Haveitslocationclearlymarked.

Befullycharged.
 Haveitsuseindicator/inspectiontagintact.

Bereadilyaccessible(notbeobstructed).

Instructionshouldbegiventoallpersonnelintheuseofallthetypesoffireextinguisherscarriedaboard
thevessel.Theseinstructionsshouldincludethetypeoffiresforwhicheachextinguisherissuitableand
howtoactivatetheextinguisher.

Whenactivatingafireextinguisher,neverstanddirectlyaboveit;alwaystiltitawayfromyourbodyto
preventinjuryincaseoffailure/explosion.

7.9.1 FoamExtinguishers
Foamfireextinguishersarehighlyeffectiveforoilrelatedfiresbecauseoftheirabilitytomakewater
floatontopofoiltherebystarvingoxygenfromanyoilfire.FoamiseffectiveonbothclassAandclassB
fires.Theyshouldnotbeusedonelectricalfiresduetothechanceofelectrocution.Somefoam
extinguishersareclearlymarkedwheretheyaresafetouseonelectricalfires.However,always
rememberthatthefirstcourseofactionwithsuchafireistocutthesourceofpower.

Foamfireextinguishersorsystemsshouldbeusedtoprovideprotectionatthefollowinglocations:

Streamerstorageareas.

Streamerworkareas.

Streameroilpump.

Areastobeprotectedbytheaqueousfilmformingfoam(AFFF)hoses/monitorsincludethehelicopter
deckandanyareawherethereispotentialforanoilrelatedfire.

7.9.2 ClassD(Lithium)extinguishers
TheCLASSDtype2(Lithium)fireextinguisherissuitableforextinguishinglithiummetalbasedfires.
CLASSDextinguishersworkbyinterruptingthelithium'sabilitytocompletethecombustioncyclefor
itself.

Lithiumbasedfiresburnatatemperatureinexcessof650C(1200F)andnormalfireextinguishersare
ofnouseandmaybedangerous.

CLASSDtype2(Lithium)extinguishersshouldbelocatednearstreamerrecoveryareas,thelithium
batterystoragearea.

7.10 FixedFireFightingSystems(GasDelugeSystems)
Protectedareasshouldbeabletohaveallventilationfansandaccessopeningscompletelysealed,fitted
withalarmsystemseparatefromallotheralarmsystemsandareclearlymarked.Somedelugesystems
aretoxicandshouldbelabeledDischargeEvacuateAreaImmediately.
Thedischargecontrolshould:

1) Besituatedinanareaoutsidethecompartmentandeasytooperatewithregardtothesafetyof
personnelinthecompartment.

2) Haveanalarmfittedsothatwhenaccesstothedischargehandleisgaineditistriggered.

3) Bemanuallyoperatedonly.

Thesystemshouldbefittedwithgaugestoeachofitscontainerstoallowforthestoredgasleveltobe
monitored.

Whenrequiredtobeoperated(discharged),thesystemshould:

1) Beactivatedonlywithpermission.

2) Soundanalarmintheprotectedareaforasuitableperiodoftimebeforedischargingitsgas.

3) Activatevisualandaudiblealarmsonthebridge.

4) Stopalldieselpoweredengineswiththesoleexceptionoftheemergencyfirepumps.

5) Rapidlydischargeitsentireextinguishingagent.

6) Automaticallyshutdownallventilationfans.

7) Afteroperation,theareashouldremainsealedinaccordancewithmanufacturersspecifications,or
untilsuchtimeasallindicationsshowthatthetemperatureofallhotspotsislessthantheignition
temperatureofanyfuelorsolventsstoredintheprotectedarea.Onenteringaprotectedareaafter
agentshavebeendischarged,dosofromthehighest,mosteasilyaccessiblelevelwearingaself
containedbreathingapparatus(SCBA).Astandbyselfcontainedbreathingapparatus(SCBA)team
shouldbeinimmediatereadiness.Afirstaidteamequippedwithastretcherandoxygenshouldbe
ready.Theoxygenmustnotbetakenintotheprotectedareaoritsimmediatevicinity.

7.10.1 HiFogExtinguishingSystems
Thisisanotheralternativefixedfirefightingsystemforuseonvessels.Itusestheprincipalofahigh
pressurewatermisttointerferewiththecombustioncycle.Itsadvantagesarethatwaterrequiredto
extinguishafireisfarless(andhence,lessdamagingtoequipment)thantheconventionalsprinkler
systemsusedonolderinstallations.Thesesystemsaregenerallymaintainedandinspectedunderthe
classinspectionsofthevessel.

7.10.2 CO2andotherextinguishingsystems
ThemostcommonlyutilizedfixedfirefightingsystemformachineryspacesisCO2.Thepropertiesof
CO2makeitextremelyeffectiveforextinguishingafireaswellminimizinganypotentialenvironmental
impact.Otheralternativegasbasedsystems(e.g.FM200,etc.)areavailableandinuse.Allshouldbe
maintainedandoperatedaccordingtothemanufacturersspecifications.

7.10.3 AFFFDelugeSystem
Theaqueousfilmformingfoam(AFFF)delugesystems
shouldconsistof:

1) Adieseldrivenpumpabletoberemotelystarted
fromtheNavigationBridgeandfirecontrolpoint.Itmust
notbeoneoftheemergencyfirepumps.

2) Atleasttwofoamhoseslocatedsothatatleastone
canbereachedintheeventofafire.Anozzlecapableof
providingawaterjet,sprayorfogfittedatalltimes.

3) Delugeoutletslocatedinsuchamannerastocovertheareabeingprotectedwithanevenblanket
offoam.Theyshouldbeinspectedmonthly.

4) Redstoragetankstoholdenoughfoamsothatacoverageofatleasta200mm(8in.)blanketof
foamcanbelaidacrossthelargestprotectedarea,orsothatatleast10minutesoffoamisavailable
whentwofoamhosesarebeingusedatthesametime,whicheverisgreater.Theexpirationdateof
thefoaminthetankshouldbeclearlypaintedonthetank.

5) Allcontrolvalvesclearlymarkeddescribingtheirfunction.Asimpleflowdiagramshouldbelocated
besidethecontrolvalvesshowingtheirfunction.Exceptfordrills,thefoamvalveshouldbeleftin
theONpositionatalltimes.

Areastobecoveredbyanaqueousfilmformingfoam(AFFF)delugeinclude:

Streamerreels.

Internalstreamerstorageareas.

Compressorsifnotprotectedbyotherdelugesystems.

Helidecks.

Thesystemshouldbetestedregularlywithoutfoam.Anairtestisacceptableforthispurpose.Itshould
betestedforashortperiodwithfoamatleastonceeverythreemonths.Thesystemshouldhave
sufficientspareaqueousfilmformingfoam(AFFF)liquidtoallowthefoamtankstobecompletely
refilledifempty.

7.10.4 Halons
Becauseofthepossibledamagetotheenvironmentbyreleasedfluorocarbons,Halonisnolongerbeing
manufacturedandisconsideredillegalinmanycountries.

AllnewbuildsandupgradesnolongeruseHalon.

7.11 FixedDetectionSystem
Automaticfireandsmokedetectorsofatypesuitablefortheareabeingprotectedshouldbelocated
throughouttheship.Theyshouldbeconnectedtoacontrolpanelonthebridgethatiscapableofgiving
avisualandaudiblesignal,showingfromwhichsectionoftheshipthealarmwastriggered.

Fireand/orsmokedetectors(whichcanalsoincludeflame&heatdetectors)shouldbelocatedinall
stairwells,corridors,escaperoutesfromaccommodationspaces,highfirerisklocationsandallliving
quarters.

Manuallyoperatedcallstationsorboxesshouldbeinstalledinaccommodationspaces,servicespaces
andcontrolspaces.

Thefiredetectionsectorsshouldbearrangedsothat:

1) Nosectorcoversmorethanonedecklevel.

2) Nosectorincludesbothmachineryspaceandaccommodation.

3) Nosectorincludesmorethanonemachineryspace.

Firedetectionsystemsshould:

1) Becapableofbeingpoweredbytwoindependentpowersources.

2) Becapableofautomaticallyswitchingpowersourcesintheeventoffailureofone.

3) Haveanindicatorpanelinthebridge.

4) Haveasimpleplantoshowwhereeachsectorislocated.

5) Becapableofdetectingthefailureofasensor.

Fireand/orsmokedetectorsshouldbetestedweeklyandaftereverytimeanalarmcondition,realor
false,hasbeendetected.Detectorsshouldbeclearlyidentifiedbynumbertofacilitatethisprocess.

7.12 DisablingofFireAlarms
Ifitisnecessarytodisabletheship'sfirealarmsystemintheimmediateworkarea,permissionmustbe
obtainedfromtheofficeronwatch.APermittoWorkshouldbefilledin.Thispermissionwillbegiven
inwritingforaspecifiedtimeperiod.Theoriginalpermissionshouldbepostedatthefirealarmstation.
Oncompletionofthework,theofficeronwatchshouldbeinformed.Theofficerwillremovetheposted
permitandresetthealarms,eitheruponnotificationofworkcompletion,ortheexpirationofthe
specifiedtimeperiod,whichevercomesfirst.Itisthedutyandresponsibilityofthepersoncarryingout
theworktoensurethattheofficeronwatchhasresetthealarmsassoonaspossibleaftercompletionof
thework.Thecrewshouldbeespeciallyalertforfiresduringtheperiodthefirealarmisdisabled.Inthe
eventthatalarmshavetoberesetwhileaPTWforhotworkisstillactivetheofficerofthewatch
immediatelyinitiatesinvestigationofthestatusoftheongoinghotwork.

7.13 FireHoses
Firehosesshouldconformtothevessel'sflagofregistryrequirementsandataminimum:

1) Reacheveryareaonboardtheship

2) Beofasuitablematerial.

3) Befittedwithsuitablecouplings.

4) Bestoredbesideitshydrantinaconspicuousposition.

5) Havestoredbesideitanyrequiredtoolsorfittings.

6) Havethesamediameterandcouplingsthroughouttheship.

7) Haveasuitablenozzlestoredbesideit.

8) Allnozzlesshouldbecapableofsupplyingbothawaterjetandspray,andincorporateashutoff
valve.

Afteranyhosehasbeenusedforemergenciesordrills,itshouldbeemptiedofwaterandrolledupin
suchafashionastobereadilyavailable.Allhosesshouldbepressuretestedandinspected.

7.14 FireFighting
TheMasterhasoverallresponsibilityandcoordinatesallactivitiesaccordingtohisjudgmentofthetotal
situation.

Hewillissuetheemergencymessagesandnotificationtobedispatched,callforanypossibleoutside
assistanceorordertheshipabandoned.

TheChiefOfficerishisdeputyandisresponsibleforcoordinatingallactivitiesconcernedwiththefire
fightingfireteams,technicalfireteamsanddifferentoperationsthathavetobeexecutedduringan
emergency.HereportsdirectlytotheMaster.TheChiefEngineerisresponsibleforfirefightinginthe
engineroom,compressorroomandallothermachineryspaces.

Generalprecautions:

1) Upondetectionorsuspicionoffire,immediatelyraisefirealarmandrequesthelp.

2) Trytoextinguishthefirewiththeuseofhandheldextinguishers,blankets,clothingorothersimilar
itemsifitissafetodoso.

3) Searchthesurroundingareaforpeopleovercomebysmokeortrappedbythefire.Ifrescueis
impossibleduetofireorsmoke,reportimmediatelytothebridgeforhelp.

4) Ifunsuccessful,sealoffallopeningsfeedingairtotheareatopreventspreadingofthefire.

5) Ifpossibledonotopendoorsorhatchesthatmaysupplyairtothefiresandcauseabackdraught.
6) Beawarethatsmolderingfiresdeveloppoisonousgasesthatareodorlessandinvisible.

7) Whenanalarmisraised,allpersonnelmustimmediatelyreporttotheirmusterstationinorderto
standbyforfirefighting/searchingeffortsestablishifanyoneismissing.

8) Whenafirealarmsounds,observeanyordersorinformationgivenonthepublicaddress(PA)
system.

9) Whenthefiresuppressiongasesalarmissounded,evacuatetheareaimmediately.Allpersonnel
shouldreporttotheirassignedmusterstation.Ifanypersonistrappedinthearea,itmustbe
reportedtotheMaster/Bridgeimmediately.Donotreenterareauntilthemastergivespermission.

10) Maintainafirewatchafterthefireisextinguishedtowatchforpossiblereignition.


8.HELICOPTERS

8 HELICOPTERS

8.1 General
Helicoptersenableustoworkinnormallyinaccessibleareas.Sincesafetydependsoncommunication
andeducation,safetymeetingsmustbeheldfrequentlywithallcrewmembers.Eachnewcrewmember
mustreceiveacompletesafetybriefingbeforebeginninganyoperationalworkwithoraround
helicopters.Itisessentialtohaveagoodunderstandingofhazardsandtofollowsafe,consistent
practiceswhenusinghelicopters.

Therearetworotorassembliesona
helicopter:themainrotorandthetailrotor.
Somehelicoptersarenowcominginto
servicewithoutatailrotorandarereferred
toasNOTAR(NOTailRotor).Theseoperate
usingacompressedairinducedaerofoil
alongthetailboomthatprovidesthesame
control.

Themainrotorrotatesinanalmost
horizontalplane.Itprovidesthelift
requiredforflightandcreatesastrong
rotordownwashontakeoffandlanding.
Thisblastofaircanblowhardhats,
plywood,sheetmetaloranyother
lightweightmaterialaroundalandingarea
causinginjurytopeopleanddamagetothe
helicopter.Onflatground,themainrotor
bladescanalso"droop"dangerouslyclose
tothegroundonlandingandwhenthe
helicopterisbeingshutdown.

Thetailrotorisahighspeedpropellerand,unlikethemainrotor,isalmostinvisiblewhenoperating.It
operatesperpendiculartothegroundeitheratchestorheadheightandhasitsownrotorwash.Other
potentialhazardsarehotgasesfromexhaustsandexcessivenoise.Allthesefactors,plusthefactthat
peoplearenotaccustomedtoapropelleronthetailofanaircraft,makethetailrotorextremely
hazardous.Nooneshouldapproachaworkinghelicopterwithoutacomprehensivebriefing.Stayin
directeyesightofthepilotatalltimesandapproachthehelicopterasdirectedbythepilot.Never
approachfromtherear.

8.2 Training
Allpersonnelmustreceivetraininginhelicopteroperations.Thistrainingwillincludethelocationof
survivalequipment,alltheexits,bothnormalandemergencyandabriefexplanationofemergency
locatortransmittersandtheoperationofalltheexits.Personnelthataregoingtoflyoffshoretoorfrom
ageophysicaloperationmusthaveHelicopterUnderwaterEscapeTraining(HUET)anddrylanding
emergencytraining.Thereisongoingdevelopmentregardingprovisionofminiaturebreathingandre
breathingequipmenttoaidescapefromhelicoptersunderwater.Industryrequirementshavenotbeen
decidedinthisrespectbutmostEuropeantraininginstitutesdoofferinstructionintheequipmentthatis
available

8.3 PreFlightPreparation
Thefollowingpreflightpreparationsshouldbecompletedbythehelicoptercompanyandthevessel
owner/operator.Helicopterlandingdecksaresubjecttoregulationandapproval.However,priorto
helicopteroperationstoanyvesselaninspectionofthehelicopterlandingdeckissometimesmadebya
representativeofthehelicoptercompany.

8.3.1 HelicopterOperatorprovidedinformation
1) Typeofhelicopter,weight,overalllengthincludingtheDvalueandwheelsorskids.

2) Operatingradiofrequencyofthehelicopter.

3) Callsignofthehelicopter.

4) Estimatedtimeofdepartureandarrivalofthehelicopter.

5) Helidecksurfacerequirements,e.g.,withorwithoutnet,size,etc.

6) Pitch,rollandheavelimitsofthehelicopter.

8.3.2 Vesseloperatorprovidedinformation
1) Descriptionoftheship'shelidecksurface,dimensionsandobstructions(cranes,antenna,etc.).

2) Actualweatherreportintheareaandthevessel'spitch,roll,andheaveinformation.

3) Theabilitytomonitortheworkingradiofrequencyofthehelicoptertoandfromthevessel.

4) Apositionreportofthevessel,includingoperationalstatus.

5) Detailsofthevessel'snondirectionalbeacon(NDB)frequencyandcode.

6) Detailsofotherinstallationsintheareawithvessel'snondirectionalbeacon(NDB)frequenciesand
code.

7) Detailsofanyothernavigationassistance,suchastherangeandbearingfromvessel'snon
directionalbeacon(NDB)orVHFOmniDirectionalRadioRange(VOR/DME)stationsashore.

8) Theobstaclefreeangleofthehelideck.

9) Anyrefuelingfacilitiesinthearea,alternateemergencylandingsites(rigs,platforms,islands,etc.)in
thearea.

10) Numberofpassengersandweightofbaggageandcargo.Weightsshouldbedeterminedwithscales
onboardthevessel.
11) Inanemergencyevacuation,givetheextentofinjuriesorillness,numberofstretchercasesand
numberofwalkingcasualties,aswellasemergencycarelocationifknown.

12) TheDvalue(diameterinmetersofthelandingcircleonthehelideck).

8.4 PriortoDeparturefromHelibase
1) Whenthehelicoptertypeisknown,briefthepassengerswiththefollowingsafetyinstructions:

a. Allpersonsflyinginanyhelicopterwillbeunderthedirectcommandofthehelicopter'sflight
crew.Whileontheship,priortoboardingandafterdisembarkingfromthehelicopter,they
willbeunderthecontroloftheship'sdesignatedhelicopterlandingofficer(HLO).

b. Noperson,unlessotherwisedirectedbytheHLO,willapproachthehelicopterwhileitsred
flashinganticollisionlightison.Allpersonnelmustavoidthetailandanyairintakesofthe
helicopter.

c. Nopersonshouldwearanyunsecuredobjects,suchashats,thatmaybeblownawayinthe
downdraftfromthehelicopter'srotorsiftheyarerunning.HLOsmustensurethattheirhard
hatshavechinstrapsandareused.

d. Allpersonsapproachingthehelicoptermustapproachinsuchamannerthattheflightcrew
canseethem.Theforwardrotorsofsomehelicoptersdiplowatthefrontand,therefore,
personnelshouldnotapproachfromdirectlyahead.Beawareofhighwindswhichcancause
thebladetodipinanydirection.Allpersonnelshouldcrouchwhenenteringthemainrotor
discarea,nomatterhowhightherotor.

e. Allpersonsflyinginhelicoptersmustwearseatbelts,earprotectorsandapprovedPersonal
FlotationDevices(PFDs);thesemaytaketheformofinflatablelifejacketsorofflotationsuits.
NOTE:inflatablelifejacketsforuseinhelicopterswillalwaysbemanuallyoperated,not
automatic.

f. Whereavailableallpersonsflyinginhelicoptersshouldbefamiliarwithrebreatherdevices.

g. Allhelicopterpassengersshouldfamiliarizethemselveswiththehelicopter'semergencyexits
andemergencyequipmentlocations.Thisinformationwillbemadeavailabletoallhelicopter
passengersduringthepreflightbriefing,andcanalsobereviewedwiththelaminatedsafety
cards.

h. Uponlanding,allpassengersmuststayseatedwiththeirseatbeltsfasteneduntilinstructedby
theflightcrewthatitissafetoleavethehelicopter.Allsafetyequipmentshouldbereturned
immediatelytothehelicopterforusebyfuturepassengersunlessinstructedotherwise.

2) Briefthecargohandlersonthetypeofhelicoptertoexpect.Onemanwillbenominatedtoensure
thatthecargodoorsareopenedandclosedcorrectly.Thecargohandlersshouldalsobefamiliar
withthelashingpointsofthehelicopter.

3) Checkthatthehelideckandsurroundingdeckareclearofequipmentandlooseobjects.
4) Ensurethattheship'scraneisstowedandsecuredintheloweredposition.

5) Ensurethattheworkboatanditsprotectivecoveraresecurelylashedifapplicable.

6) AlerttheMOBcrewtoprepareforhelicopterarrival.

7) Connectandreadythefirefightingequipmentandprotectiveclothingforfirefighters.

8) Foremergencynightoperations,checkthelandinglightsandfloodlights.

9) Checktheserviceabilityofcommunications,e.g.,radioandvessel'snondirectionalbeacon(NDB).

10) Informairtrafficcontrolofnearbyinstallationsorrigsintheareaoftheintendedhelicopter
movements.

8.5 EnroutetoVessel
1) Maintaincommunicationwiththeenroute
helicopter.

2) Contacttheenroutehelicopterassoonas
possibleafterEstimatedTimeofDeparture(ETD).
Thefullcallsignforthehelicoptershouldbeused.
Thecallsigncanbeabbreviatedtothefirstandlast
twolettersoncecontacthasbeenmade,unlessother
aircraftwiththesamelasttwolettersareoperating
inthearea.

3) Informthehelicopterofthevessel'snon
directionalbeacon(NDB)frequency,thecallsignand
whenitwillbeactivated.

4) Informthehelicopterofthevessel'spresent
positionwithspeedandheading.

5) Withvisualcontactofthehelicopterestablished
andwithapositiveidentificationofthevesselbythepilot,requestthepilottoQSY(changevessel
frequencyforlandingclearance).Thefrequencyshouldbeacknowledgedbythepilotbefore
changing.Theaboveprocedureshouldbecarriedoutwiththehelicopterwithina3km(twomile)
radiusofthevessel.Usuallythesamefrequencyisusedforthewholeoperation,andtherewould
thenbenochangeoffrequencyforlanding.

8.6 DeckCrew
1) Theminimumdeckcrewwillconsistof:

a. OneHelicopterLandingOfficer(HLO).

b. Atleastonetrainedfiremeninaprotectivesuitandbreathingapparatus.
 c. Onebaggagehandler(dependingonthequantityoffreight).

d. Onefirevalveattendant.

e. Loadersasappropriate.Therewillnotbeanyotherpersonnelinthearea.

2) Priortolanding,thedeckcrewwilltakeupthefollowingpositions:

f. TheHLOandthefiremanwithaclearbutprotectedviewofthehelideck.

g. Thebaggagehandler(s)protectedbehindcoverwiththeHLOinsight.

3) Spectatorsshouldremainwellclearofthehelideckarea.

8.7 DeckEquipment
Thefollowingequipmentshouldbeimmediately
availableduringallhelicoptertraffic:

1) FireExtinguisher.

Oneormoredrypowderextinguisherswithatotal
capacityof45kg(100lb.)andoneormoregasfire
extinguishers(CO2)withatotalcapacityof18kg(45
lb.)shouldbeavailableneartothehelicopter
landingarea.Theship'sAqueousFilmForming
Foam(AFFF)systemmustbeabletoprovidefoam
toallpointsofthehelicopterlandingareafromtwo
hoses/monitors,eachonitsownbranchline.

2) TotalFireProtectionFireSuit

Totalfireprotectionsuits,approvedforsuchservice,shouldbeprovided.Thissuitshouldcoverthe
entiresurfaceofthewearerbutallowforselfcontainedbreathingapparatusequipmenttobeworn.
Thesuitshouldinclude:

a. Totalheadandneckhood.

b. Nomexorsimilarbalaclava.

c. Jacketandtrousersoronepiecesuit.

d. Glovesthatcanbeattachedtothejacketsleeves.

e. Boots.

f. Aconventionalfireman'ssuitfromoneofthefiremen'slockersshouldalsobeimmediately
available.
3) Crashbox

LargeAxe,boltcroppers,heavydutyhacksawwithspareblades,seatbeltcuttingknives,grabhook
withalonghandleorline,24inch/60cmboltcroppers,flameproofgloves,adjustablespanner,side
cuttingpliers,assortedscrewdriversstoredintheemergencyequipmentbox,shouldbechecked
andtheboxleftunlockedwiththelidclosed.

4) Ladder

Inaddition,twoofthefollowingfromthefireman'slockersshouldbeimmediatelyavailable:

a. SelfContainedBreathingApparatus(SCBA)system.

b. Fireman'saxeandpry/crowbar.

c. Safetyharness.

d. Fireprooflifeline.

e. Batteryoperated,handheldlantern.

f. Fireblanket

5) Windsockorotherwinddirectionindicator.

6) Statichook.

8.8 LandingonVessel
1) TheHLOhastheresponsibilitytoensurethe
helipadandareaarecleartoacceptahelicopterand
thattherequiredminimumequipmentisonboard
andreadilyavailable.

2) TheHLOwillasktheflightcrewpriortolandingif
theyintendtoshutthehelicopterdownonlandingor
iftheyintendtoleavetherotorrunning.Iftheintent
istoshutthehelicopterdown,thentheHelicopter
LandingOfficer(HLO)shouldensurethatnoone
approachestheaircraftwhiletherotorsareturning.

TheHLOshouldcheckthefollowingbeforelandingclearanceisgiven:

a. Thehelideckareaisclearofequipmentandpeople.

b. Thelandinglightsareon.

c. Thefirefighter(s)aredressedintheirprotectiveclothingandthatthefirefightingequipmentis
readyforuse.
 d. Thelashingsorchocksforthehelicopterarereadyifrequired.

e. Thepassengersarepresentandthattheyhavebeenbriefed.

f. Theloadersarepresentandhavebeenbriefedandonepersonnominatedasthehelicopter
cargodoorman.

g. Theforwardcornersafetyrailsandship'ssternmasthavebeenlowered.Dependsonvessel
configuration.

h. Amanoverboardboat(MOB),withbriefedcrewonstandby,shouldbeavailableandreadyto
launchduringhelicopteroperations.Aguardboatifavailableshouldbeonstandby.

i. Anycranesarestowed.

1) Onhandoverfromtheworkingfrequencytolandingfrequency,thehelicopterpilotwillcallfor
landingclearance,i.e.vesselnameandcallsign,onemilefromthevessel.Itismoreusualforaprior
agreedfrequencytobeusedthroughouttheoperation.

2) NooneshouldapproachthehelicopteruntilthepilotgivespermissiontotheHLO,whowillinturn
instructallothers.Thisisnormallydonebyswitchingofftheflashingbeaconsorstrobes,although
thispracticeisnotfollowedbyalloperators.

8.9 FuellingOperations
Allrefuellingproceduresshouldbeagreeduponwiththeaircraftoperatorbeforehand.

8.10 PriortoTakeOfffromVessel
1) TheHLOwillcheckthatthehelicopterdoorshavebeenshutcorrectlyandthatskids,wheelsandtie
downsarefreeandclear.

2) TheHLOwillcheckthatthehelideckisclearedofequipment,looseobjectsandthatallpersonnel
areclearofthedeck.

8.11 AfterTakeOff
Maintainflightwatchifrequired.

MaintainthehelideckreadyforlandinguntilNonReturnPointofthehelicopter.

HelideckcrewtoinspecttheHelideckandHLOtoreporttopilotifanyobjects/partsorliquidsfoundthat
couldhaveoriginatedfromthehelicopter.

HelideckcrewtostayontheHelideckuntilthedepartinghelicoptercannolongerbeseenorheard.

8.12 EmergencyLanding
Intheeventofanemergencylanding,remaininyourseatwithyourseatbeltfastened.Iftheseatbelts
areunfastened,themotionofmaneuveringforalandingmaythrowallpassengerstoonepartofthe
cabinandcausethepilottolosecontrol.
1) Whereappropriate,ensurethatthesurvivalsuitisproperlyfastened.

2) Removetheearprotectorsandspectacles.

3) Takeupbracepositionbeforelanding.

4) Afterimpact,putonehandontheseatbeltbuckleandtheotherpointingtoyourexitdoorfor
orientationincasethehelicopterinverts.

5) ThemannearestthedoorisresponsibleforopeningitwheninstructedbythepilotorasyourHUET
trainingdictates.

6) Donotreleaseyourseatbeltuntilinstructedbythepilot.Ifthehelicoptersinksorinvertsfollow
yourHUETtraining.

7) Donotinflatethelifejacketuntilyouareclearofthehelicopter.

8) Donotstandoninflatedfloatsifthehelicopterremainsupright.

9) Ifthehelicopterremainsupright,awaitthepilot'scommandstoevacuate.Thereisgreatdanger
outsidethehelicopteruntiltherotorshaveceasedturning.

10) Remainwiththehelicopteraslongasitremainsafloat.

11) Removeliferaft,flares,ELT(EmergencyLocatorTransmitter)andothersurvivalequipment.Deploy
EmergencyPositionIndicatingBeacons(EPIRBS).

12) Assistthosepassengersorcrewwhomayneedhelp.Applyfirstaidasconditionsallow.

9.FIRSTAID

9 FIRSTAID
ThetexthasbeenchangedtoalignwithlatestrecommendationsfromUKResuscitationCouncilwhichis
thebasistomanyofthe1standadvancedaidtrainingpackagesbeingprovided.

http://www.resus.org.uk/

FIRSTAIDAWARENESS

WhatisFirstAid:
FirstAidistheassistanceortreatmentgiventoacasualtyforanyinjuryor
suddenillnessbeforethearrivalofanambulanceorqualifiedmedical
FIRST expert.Itmayinvolveimprovisingwithfacilitiesandmaterialsavailableat
thetime.
AID

AimofFirstAid

FirstAidtreatmentisgiventoacasualtyinorder:

Topreservelife

Topreventtheconditionfromworsening

Topromoterecovery

PROTECTEXAMINEALERT
Youshouldassessthesituationand

1) Protect

2) Examine

3) Alert

Onlyafterhavingperformedthese3stepswillyouactuallyprovideFirstAid.

1.PROTECT
Protectyourselfandtheinjuredperson

Avoidanotheraccidentbyeliminatingthecause:

Turnofftheelectricitytoequipment

Havesomeonecontroltraffic

Keepbystandersawayfromthesceneoftheaccident

Extinguishfireifpossiblewithoutputtingyourselfindanger

Protectyourselfagainstbloodbornepathogens(AIDS,Hepatitis)

Break the circuit

2.EXAMINETHEVICTIM
A. Lookforsevereexternalbleeding

B. Checkforresponsivenessandunconsciousness

C. Checkforbreathing

D. Checkforcirculation

2.1.EXAMINE

A. Lookforsevereexternalbleeding
Lossofbloodmaybefatal

Arterialbleedingfromthefemoralarterycancausedeathintwo
minutes!

2.2.EXAMINE

B. CheckForResponsiveness/Unconsciousness
Asksimplequestions

Canyouhearme?

Givesimpleorders

Pressmyhand.

Ifthereisnoreplyandnoresponse,thevictimisunconscious.

2.3.EXAMINE

C. CheckForBreathing

Look Listen Feel

2.4.EXAMINE

D. CheckCirculation/Pulse
Untilrecently,therulewastocheckforthecarotidpulse.

THISISNOLONGERTHERULEThishasnowbeenabandonedintherevisedFirstAidinternational
recommendationsduetothefactthatmanyfirstaiderswerenotabletofindapulsewhenfacedwithan
emergencysituation.

Oneshouldconsiderthatthereisnopulseifthevictim:

1. isunconsciousand

2. isnotbreathingand

3. hasnoreaction(coughingorbodymovements).

3.ALERT
Callforassistanceorhavesomeonealerttheemergencymedicalservicerapidly.Alwaysprovide:

Exactlocationoraddressoftheaccidentorincident

Telephonenumberwhereyoucanbecalled

Howmanypeopleareinvolved

Natureofinjuries(fractures,burns,etc.)

Indicationoftheseriousnessoftheinjuries(breathingornot,etc.)

Whatfirstaidhasbeengiven

Donothangupuntilyouaresurethatthepersonattheotherendhasalltheinfoandhavethem
repeattheaddresstosendassistance.

4.TREATTHEVICTIM
1. ControlBloodLoss

2. OpentheAirway

3. GiveExternalChestCompressions
} CPR
4. GiveArtificialVentilations

5. PlaceintheRecoveryPosition

6. KeepunderObservation

4.1.TREATING:ControlBloodLoss

A. Forimportantbutnoncomplicatedexternalbleeding:
Applydirectpressureonthewound.

Avoiddirectcontactwithblood(gloves,gauze,handkerchief,etc.)

4.2.TREATING:ControlBloodLoss

B. Forimportantandcomplicated externalbleeding(associatedwitha
fractureorforeignbody):
Useindirectpressure.

Thisrequiresapplyingpressure

totheappropriatepressurepoint.

Brachialpressurepoint=Innerpartoftheupperarm

(Usedtostopbleedinginhand,forearmandarm)

Femoralpressurepoint=Groin

(Usedtostopbleedinginthigh,leg,foot)

4.3.TREATING:ControlBloodLoss

C. Tourniquet
PlaceaTourniquetONLYif:

Bleedingisprofuseandthepressurepointisineffectiveor
impossibletoachieve.

Youarealoneandcannotapplyapressurepointandperform
CPRatthesametime.

Thereisnootherchoiceasinthecaseofanamputatedlimb.

Laytheinjuredpersondown.Notethetimeatwhichthetourniquetwasplaced,andwriteitonhis
forehead.

NEVERREMOVEATOURNIQUETONCEITHASBEENPLACED.

a. TREATING:AdultBasicCPR

Adultbasiclifesupportsequence

Basiclifesupportconsistsofthefollowingsequenceofactions:

1.Makesurethevictim,anybystanders,andyouaresafe.

2.Checkthevictimforaresponse.
Gentlyshakehisshouldersandaskloudly,Areyouallright?

3A.Ifheresponds:
Leavehiminthepositioninwhichyoufindhimprovidedthereisnofurtherdanger.
Trytofindoutwhatiswrongwithhimandgethelpifneeded.
Reassesshimregularly.

3B.Ifhedoesnotrespond:
Shoutforhelp.
Turnthevictimontohisbackandthenopentheairwayusingheadtiltandchinlift:
o Placeyourhandonhisforeheadandgentlytilthisheadback.
o Withyourfingertipsunderthepointofthevictim'schin,liftthechintoopentheairway.


Look Listen Feel

4.Keepingtheairwayopen,look,listen,andfeelfornormalbreathing.
Lookforchestmovement.
Listenatthevictim'smouthforbreathsounds.
Feelforaironyourcheek.

Inthefirstfewminutesaftercardiacarrest,avictimmaybebarelybreathing,ortakinginfrequent,noisy,
gasps.Thisisoftentermedagonalbreathingandshouldnotbeconfusedwithnormalbreathing.

Look,listen,andfeelfornomorethan10stodetermineifthevictimisbreathingnormally.Ifyouhave
anydoubtwhetherbreathingisnormal,actasifitisnotnormal.

5A.Ifheisbreathingnormally:
Turnhimintotherecoveryposition(seebelow).
Summonhelpfromtheambulanceservicebymobilephone.Ifthisisnotpossible,senda
bystander.Leavethevictimonlyifnootherwayofobtaininghelpispossible.
Continuetoassessthatbreathingremainsnormal.Ifthereisanydoubtaboutthepresenceof
normalbreathing,startCPR(5B).

5B.Ifheisnotbreathingnormally:
AsksomeonetocallforanambulanceandbringanAEDifavailable.Ifyouareonyourown,use
yourmobilephonetocallforanambulance.Leavethevictimonlywhennootheroptionexists
forgettinghelp.
Startchestcompressionasfollows:
o Kneelbythesideofthevictim.
o Placetheheelofonehandinthecentreofthevictimschest(whichisthelowerhalfof
thevictimssternum(breastbone)).
o Placetheheelofyourotherhandontopofthefirsthand.
o Interlockthefingersofyourhandsandensurethatpressureisnotappliedoverthe
victim'sribs.Donotapplyanypressureovertheupperabdomenorthebottomendof
thesternum.
o Positionyourselfverticallyabovethevictim'schestand,withyourarmsstraight,press
downonthesternum56cm.
o Aftereachcompression,releaseallthepressureonthechestwithoutlosingcontact
betweenyourhandsandthesternum.

 LocatingtheExternalChestCompressionsite:
Centerofthebreastbone

Usetheheelofthehand

ECC=100120compressionsperminute(adult)


Repeatatarateof100120min1.
o Compressionandreleaseshouldtakeanequalamountoftime.

6A.Combinechestcompressionwithrescuebreaths:
After30compressionsopentheairwayagainusingheadtiltandchinlift.
Pinchthesoftpartofthevictimsnoseclosed,usingtheindexfingerandthumbofyourhandon
hisforehead.
Allowhismouthtoopen,butmaintainchinlift.
Takeanormalbreathandplaceyourlipsaroundhismouth,makingsurethatyouhaveagood
seal.
Blowsteadilyintohismouthwhilstwatchingforhischesttorise;takeaboutonesecondtomake
hischestriseasinnormalbreathing;thisisaneffectiverescuebreath.
Maintainingheadtiltandchinlift,takeyourmouthawayfromthevictimandwatchforhischest
tofallasaircomesout.
Takeanothernormalbreathandblowintothevictimsmouthoncemoretogiveatotaloftwo
effectiverescuebreaths.Thetwobreathsshouldnottakemorethan5s.Thenreturnyourhands
withoutdelaytothecorrectpositiononthesternumandgiveafurther30chestcompressions.
Continuewithchestcompressionsandrescuebreathsinaratioof30:2.
Stoptorecheckthevictimonlyifhestartstoshowsignsofregainingconsciousness,suchas
coughing,openinghiseyes,speaking,ormovingpurposefullyANDstartstobreathenormally;
otherwisedonotinterruptresuscitation.

Iftheinitialrescuebreathofeachsequencedoesnotmakethechestriseasinnormalbreathing,then,
beforeyournextattempt:

Checkthevictim'smouthandremoveanyvisibleobstruction.
Recheckthatthereisadequateheadtiltandchinlift.
Donotattemptmorethantwobreathseachtimebeforereturningtochestcompressions.

Ifthereismorethanonerescuerpresent,anothershouldtakeoverCPRaboutevery12mintoprevent
fatigue.Ensuretheminimumofdelayduringthechangeoverofrescuers,anddonotinterruptchest
compressions.

6B.CompressiononlyCPR
Ifyouarenottrainedto,orareunwillingtogiverescuebreaths,givechestcompressionsonly.
Ifchestcompressionsonlyaregiven,theseshouldbecontinuousatarateof100120min1.
Stoptorecheckthevictimonlyifhestartstoshowsignsofregainingconsciousness,suchas
coughing,openinghiseyes,speaking,ormovingpurposefullyANDstartstobreathenormally;
otherwisedonotinterruptresuscitation.

7.Continueresuscitationuntil:
qualifiedhelparrivesandtakesover,
thevictimstartstoshowsignsofregainingconsciousness,suchascoughing,openinghiseyes,
speaking,ormovingpurposefullyANDstartstobreathenormally,OR
youbecomeexhausted.

4.13.TREATING:TheRecoveryPosition

Fortheunconsciouscasualtywhoisbreathingandisreactive.Prevents
obstructionoftheairwaybysalivaorthetongue.

4.13.TREATING:TheRecoveryPosition

Theflexedlegisusedasacontrollevertofacilitatebodyrotation.

4.14.TREATING:KeepUnderObservation
Checkbreathing,consciousnessandreactivityeveryfewminutes

Coverthevictimwithablankettokeephimwarmandavoidshock

Staywiththevictimuntilemergencyservicesarrive

5.OTHERBASICTHINGSTOKNOW
OtherInjuries
Choking

Burns

Fractures

Bites

MovingtheCasualty
When?

How?

5.1.OTHERINJURIES:Choking

Choking=Airwayobstruction

5goodtapsonthebackfirst

Ifnoresult=>HeimlichManeuver

5.2.OTHERINJURIES:Burns

Thermal&ChemicalBurns
Carefullyremoveclothing,especiallywhenchemicalsareinvolved.

Cooltheburntareawithcoldwaterorothernoninflammableliquid(milk,etc.)foratleast10minutes.

5.3.OTHERINJURIES:Fractures
Immobilizethefracturedlimb

Immobilizetheheadifafractureoftheneckissuspected

Wheneverpossible,nevermoveaninjuredpersonbeforeimmobilizationoffracturedbone.

5.4.OTHERINJURIES:Bites

SnakebitesandScorpionstings
Immobilizeentirelimb

Calmthevictim

Advisethevictimnottomove

Transporttomedicalfacility

Donotcutorsuckwound

Antisnakevenomshouldonlybegivenbyadoctor

5.5.MOVINGACASUALTYURGENTLY:When?
When?
Onlywhenthelifeoftheinjured
person(andsometimesofthe
rescuer)isingreaterdangerthanif
notremoved.

5.6.MOVINGACASUALTY:How?
Ifyouarealoneandthereisaflatsurface=

TheFootDrag

5.7.MOVINGACASUALTY:How?
Ifyouarealoneandthereareobstaclesonthe
ground=

TheWristDrag

5.8.MOVINGACASUALTY:How?
Ifyouarealoneandneedtogetthevictimoutofthevehicle.

Switchoffignition.

Lookatthecardamage.Itwillindicatehowseverelythepersonisinjured.

5.9.MOVINGACASUALTY:How?
Ifmorethanonefirstaider=Moveasablock

Alwaysaskyourselfifitisreallynecessarytomovetheinjuredperson?