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PUNJAB STATE TRANSMISSION

CORPORATION LTD
(132KV SUB STATION)

APROJECTREPORT

Submittedby

Mr.HARPREETSINGH

inpartialfulfillmentfortheawardofthedegree

of

BECHELOROFTECHNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRICALENGINEERING

At

1
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

CTIEMT,SHAHPUR

JALANDHAR,PUNJAB
AUGUEST 2012

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled Industrial Training at 132KV sub-station

Hoshiarpur for the B.Tech is my original work and the project has not formed

the basis for the award of any degree, associateship, fellowship or any other

similar titles.

SignatureoftheStudent:

Place:

Date:

2
Tableofcontents

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

Title page i

Declaration of the student ii

Certificate of the guide iii

Acknowledgement v

Abstract vi

1 1.1 Introduction vii


1.2 History of sub-station viii
1.3 Experimental work ix
1.4 Summary of training x
1.51.5 Key diagram
1.6 Explanation of key diagram xii
2 2.1 Main data of sub-station xiii
2.2 Metal clad switch board xvii
2.3 Power transformer xviii
2.4 Relay xxii

3
2.5 Fuses xxv
2.6 Capacitor bank xxvii
2.7 D.C battery room xxviii
2.8 Insulator xxx
2.9 Power line carrier communication xxxv
2.10 Current transformer xxxvi
2.11 Power factor xxxix
2.12 Potential transformer xxxxi
2.13 Isolator xxxxiii

CHAPTER NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

2.14 Circuit breaker xxxxiv


2.15 Bus-bar xxxxviii
2.16 Lighting arrestor xxxxx
2.17 Meggar xxxxxiii
Reference xxxxxiv

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The industrial training at 132kv S/S, Hoshiarpur was a fruitful experience. I wish to

express my deep gratitude to my respected teacher had Er. Chaman Lal Electrical Deppt. in

C.T.I.E.M.T for their sincere invaluable guidance and also for their sympathetic attitude

which inspire me a lot. I also want to thanks Er. Davinder Singh for their able guidance

sympathetic, friendly nature, which gives me courage and right direction.


My heart full thanks to respected Er. Davinder Singh J.E at

132kv S.S. Hoshiarpur for their support with the help of which I was able to a little to the

knowledge they posses. The concerned affects were helpful, supporting and concurring,

providing me a platform for study distribution and transmission system.

5
ABSTRACT

Industrial Training is very important part of our studies, especially for technical

student that aimed at enabling the students to apply their theoretical knowledge gained in the

classroom to practical situations as were said, Theory is to know hows practical to do how.

The project undertaken at 132kv grid S.S. Hoshiarpur. I will emerge a better-informed, better

skilled person and better engineer equipped with the cutting edge knowledge in my field at

specialization. I learnt a lot while working on project work and making the report. I hope the

same for the reader of this report.

6
INTRODUCTION OF SUB-STATION

This 132kv Sub-Station is situated on Jalander Road, Hoshiarpur. This sub-station

has a 1 CKT which is dependently & independently connected. This Sub-Station has a Four

Power transformer. The capacity of all T/F is 50MVA. The capacity of three transformer is

50MVA which are t-1, t-2, which work on 132 KV. The capacity of fourth transformer is 20

MVA which is t-2 work on 66 KV. This sub-station have a 17 feeder .132v feeder Sham

Chresi, Nasrala, Ahowai, FocalPoint, MahavirMill, SadhuAshram, Ajowal, connected in

tranforamer . This Sub-Station have a two capacitor Bank. It has a big battery room 110

batteries are connected in Series in this sub-stations. The capacity of per battery 300 AH and

one cell is 2 volt.

7
HISTORY OF SUB-STATION

This sub-station is made in 27 MAY 1983. This S.S. is situated in jalandhar Road,

Hoshiarpur. It is situated from 1km from Parvat Chonk Bypass. The S.S. get supply in LKT

like 400kv S S Malerkotla. It has 3 powers TIF. The capacity of three T/F 100 MVA. This

Sub-Station giving the supply to 17 feeders which are Dhuri, Barnala, Pakhowal,

Govindgarh, Amloh. Naudhrani, kup kalan, Sandour, Malaud, Bhanbaura etc. It has a big d.c.

battery room 110 batteries are install in series in this S.S. The capacity of one battery is

300Ah. The capacity of one cell is 2 volt. There are SF6 CKT breaker install in this S.S.

8
EXPERIMENTAL WORK

The industrial training is a source to gain our practical

knowledge.In industrial on 132KV sub-station Hoshiarpur is a fruitful experience for me. At

132KV sub-station we replace three Air Blast Circuit Breakers with three new Sulphur

Hexafluoride circuit breakers of Crompton Greaves.


The Sulphur Hexafluoride circuit breaker are more

efficient circuit breaker used at high transmission line. The line from we replace breaker is

Bhogpur line. At 12-may-2012 S.S.O Harbans Singh call the jcb of electricity board. The

whole team of sub-station dismetal the Air Blast Circuit Breaker. At the place of old circuit

breaker we place the new SF6 circuit breakers.


Then we disconnect the Metal Clad Switch Boards of Pakhowal line.

We place new panels & connect C.T wires, P.T wires ,Isolators indication wires, circuit

breaker indication and control wires, semo fore etc. Then we connect wires of three circuit

breaker to main box and turn on the circuit breaker on 29-5-2012.

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SUMMARY OF TRIAINING

This sub-station has a 1 CKT which is dependently & independently connected. This Sub-

Station has a four power transformer. The capacity of all T/F is 50MVA. The capacity of t-1

t-2 transformer is 50MVA which are t-1, t-2, which work on 132 KV. The capacity of t-3 ,t-4

transformer is 20 MVA which is work on 66 KV.


At 132KV sub-station we replace three Air Blast

Circuit Breakers with three new Sulphur Hexafluoride circuit breakers of crompton greaves.

The line from we replace breaker is Pakhowal line. At 12-may-2012 S.S.O Harbans Singh

call the jcb of electricity board. The whole team of sub-station dismetal the Air Blast Circuit

Breaker. At the place of old circuit breaker we place the new SF6 circuit breakers.
Transformer:-
It is a static device which transfer a.c electric power from one circuit to other circuit

at the same frequency. Four transformers are used four transformer on 132kv line and

one on66kv.
Circuit Breaker:-
It is a device which makes or breaks the circuit under no load, full load, fault

condition. The circuit breaker which are using there are SF6, OIL circuit breaker of

different capacities
Isolator:-
These are knife switches which are operated at no load. Their main function is to

isolate the portion of circuit from other. danger.


Current Transformer:-
These are the instrument transformers. The C.T is a current transformer used for

measurement and protection on sub-station.


Lighting arrestors:-

10
These are connected between line and earth. Their purpose is to protect the

transformer winding against over voltages.


Insulators:-
Generally, suspension and strain insulators are employed at the sub-stations. They

provide insulation between line conductors and earthed steel towers.


Wave trap:-
These are used in carrier communication circuits and are mounted on input

transmission lines.

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EXPLANATION OF KEY DIAGRAM

In the key diagram this sub-station get supply from CKT i.e 132kv S S Hoshairpur .

First coupling capacitor, wave trap C.T, Isolator , SF6 CB, and isolator are connected on ckt.

Four power transformer are connected on this sub-stations. The capacity of transformer is

50MVA which are t-1,t-2,which work on 132 KV. The capacity of t-3 ,t-4 transformer 20

MVA which which is work on 66 KV. This sub-station have a 17 feeder .66Kv feeder Sham

Chrasi, Nasrala, Ahowal, Focal Point, Mahavir Mill, Sadhu Ashram, Ajowal connected to

T/F. This sub-station have a two capacitor bank which are also connected to 141Kv.

12
SUB STATION

A Sub Station may be defined as an assembly of equipments, which changes one or

more characteristics of the supply. It is known as Sub-Station.

Main Characteristics of Sub Stations:


1. Voltage Step Up / Down
2. Rectification from A.C. to D.C.
3. Frequency
4. Power Factor

Classifications of Sub-Stations:
1. Static Sub-Station
This S.S. work on A.C. Voltage are called Static Sub-Stations. These comply T/F

and generally Step Up/Down the voltage of supply.


2. Rectifier Sub-Station
This S.S. is used to convert A.C. Voltage into D.C. Voltage. The Industrial

consumer may install a Sub-Station.


3. Transmission Sub-Station
These S.S. are used for transmission purpose usually upto 400 kV o 220 kV.
4. Distribution Sub-Station
These S.S. transform voltage to lower values for the use of domestic consumers.

These may be called Primary & Secondary Distribution S.S.


5. Pole Mounted Sub-Station
These are S.S. mounted on Roadside Poles. These may be distribution S.S. of an

Industrial consumer.

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6. Underground Sub-Station
These S.S. are built underground in big cities, like Mumbai where sufficient space

may not be available on the ground.


Main Equipment of Sub-Station
Following are the important equipment employed at 66kv/11kv Sub-Station.
Transformer:-
It is a static device which transfer a.c electric power from one circuit to other circuit

at the same frequency, It is used to step-up or step-down the voltage. At all the Sub-

station except at the generating station, step down transformer are employed.
Circuit Breaker:-
It is a device which makes or breaks the circuit under no load, full load, fault

condition. It can be operate manually under normal condition and automatically under

abnormal condition with help of relays.


Isolator:-
These are knife switches which are operated at no load. The main function is to isolate

the portion of circuit from other. These are generally placed on both the sides of the

circuit breaker in order to maintenance on the circuit breaker without any danger. For

maintenance, First of all circuit breakers are opened then isolator are opened and

properly earthed. Only maintenance is done.


Current Transformer:-
These are the instrument transformers. The secondary winding if C.T is connected to

instrument placed on the panel board.The secondary winding is also connected to

operating coil of various relays for their operation.


Lighting arrestors:-
These are connected between line and earth. Their purpose is to protect the

transformer winding against over voltages.

Insulators:-
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Generally, suspension and strain insulators are employed at the sub-stations. They

provide insulation between line conductors and earthed steel towers.


Wave trap:-
These are used in carrier communication circuits and are mounted on the lines.
Requirements of a Good Sub-Station:
1. The Circuit should be so designed that failure chances become small.
2. It should be possible that in case of fault, only faulty section is isolated and other

section should work normally.


3. It should be easy to Inspect and maintain each &* every equipment component.
4. Reactors may be used to limit short ckt current.
5. To limit the capacity of current breakers, the current in individual circuits should

be below 1600 A.
6. Fire extinguishers in required numbers should be provided in the Sub-Station.
7. Power Cables should be isolated from Central Cables.
8. The Sub-Station should be kept neat & clean.
9. The various layout and electrical network of the Sub-Stations should be displayed.
Comparison between Indoor & Outdoor Sub-Stations:

Indoor Sub-Station Outdoor Sub-Station


1. Capacitor Cost is High Capacitor Cost is Low
2. Future extension is difficult Future extension is easy
3. Operation is easy Operation is difficult
4. Space required is small Space required is large
5. Suitable for low voltage Suitable for high voltage
6. Construction work is more Construction is small
7. Fault location is difficult Fault location is easy
8. Maintenance Cost is low Maintenance Cost is High

15
METAL CLAD SWICTH BOARDS

These are built in electrical workshops and are shipped to the site of installations fully

pre-assembled. After installation of sub-station and switch boards only connection to

incoming and outgoing power circuit are required to made. Cubicles for unit type switch

boards or sub-station take the form of fully enclosed metal clad cabinets.
Metal clad cubicles designed with with drawable trucks and

divided into several compartments are usually employed The several compartments in which

the cubicles is divided are control compartment, indicating, metering and protective devices

compartments, circuit breaker and operating mechanism compartment, main bus-bar

compartment and current transformer and cable sealing box compartment.

16
POWER TRANSFORMER

In this type of sub-station step down transformer is employed. It is a static device which

transfer a.c electric power from one circuit to other circuit at the same frequency, It is used to

step-up or step-down the voltage. At all the Sub-station except at the generating station, step

down transformer are employed.


1. Bushings:
The Internal winding of the T/F are connected to the lines through Copper rods or

bars which are insulated from the tank cover. These are known as bushing.
2. Conservator Tank:
Conservator is also known as air expansion chamber. It is a small cylindrical air tight

vessel. The conservator is connected with a tube to the main T/F tank at the tank

cover. The expansion and contraction of air changes the oil level in the conservator.

3. Breather:
The T/F air should not be allowed

to come in contact with atmospheric air, a small amount of moisture causes a great

decrease in the di-electric strength of T/F oil. When oil level in the oil conservator

changes air moves in & out of the conservator.


4. Buchholz Relay:
This is installed between the main tank and the air conservator. It is a gas dependent

relay which gives warning of any fault developing inside the transformer and if the

fault is dangerous the relay disconnects the T/F circuit. The relay is installed in the

T/F having capacity more than 750 kVA.

17
When ever a fault occur inside the transformer, the oil

of the tank gets over-heated and gases are generated. The generation of gas may be

slow or fast depending upon fault. Most shot circuit are developed either by inpulse

breakdown between adjacent turns at the end turns of the winding or as a very poor

initial contact which will immediately heat to arcing temperature. The heat generated

by high local current causes the transformer oil to decompose and produce gas which

can be used to detect the winding fault. Buchholz relay operates only on this principle.
5. Oil tank:
It is a main tank of transformer .Oil tank contains transformer oil, primary winding,

secondary winding, transformer core, tap chan

INFORMATION ABOUT TRANSFORMERS

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Transformer T-1, T-2,
Capacity 50MVA
Rated input voltage 132KV
Output voltage 66KV
HV amperes 260A
LV amperes 875A
Short ckt time 3sec
Volume of oil 59000LTRs

Transformer T-3,T-4
Capacity 20MVA
Rated input voltage 66KV
Output voltage 33KV
HV amperes 175A
LV amperes 1050A
Short ckt time 3sec
Volume of oil 9950LTRs

RELAY

19
There are many types of relays in the sub-station the ralays are designed to operate in

response to one or more electric quantities such as voltage, current, phase angle etc. It is used

for protection.
Types of relay according to construction:
1. Thermal relay:
The heating effect of electric current is used for the operation of these relays.
2. Electric magnetic attraction relay:
The operation of these relays depends upon the movement of an armature under the

influence of attractive forces due to magnetic field set-up by current flowing through

the relay coil.


3. Induction relay:
Electromagnetic induction phenomenon is used for the operation of these relays. By

induction eddy current induced in the disc, free to rotate, exert torque on it.
Types of relay according to applications :
1. Over voltage & Over current relay.
2. Under voltage relay.
3. Directional Current relay.
4. Differential Relay.
5. Distance Relay
6. Over current & earth fault relay..
7. Restricted earth fault relay

Over Voltage and Over Current Relay:


This relay operates that time when voltage or current is increased to the limit.
Under Voltage Relay:
This relay operates that time when voltage is decreased to the limit.

Directional Relay

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This relay operates that time when current flows in one direction and the current flows

in the opposite direction.


Differential Relay
When difference in the magnitude of the electric system occur, then this relay

operates.
Distance Relay
Its operation depends upon its voltage and current ratio.
Over Current & Earth Fault Relay
One mechanical disc is installed in this relay and this disc is around the

electromagnetic pole. This disc operates that time when current increased to the limit.

Moving contacts is connected to the disc and this moving contact is around with the

disc. A.C. coil is installed in this relay. This coil accepts the supply to the secondary.
Differential Relay
This relay is used for transformer protection. The relay operates when vector

difference in the electrical system of the power system. This relay is known as zonal

relay.
Restricted earth fault relay
This relay is used for transformer protection when fault is done in the T/F and this

relay operates & shut down the T/F. This relay is connected on the star winding. This

relay works on principle current balance.

FUSES

Fuse is a current interrupting device which breaks or open the circuit by fusing the element

when the current in the circuit exceeded a certain value.

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Types of fuse
1. Rewirable fuse:
The most commonly used fuse in generally used for small current circuit is the rewirable

fuse. It consist of a porcelain base carrying the fixed contact to which the incoming and

outgoing live or phase wires are connected and a porcelain fuse carrier holding the fuse

element consisting of one or more strands of fuse wire stretched between its terminals.

The fuse carrier is a separate part and can be taken out or inserted in the base without any

risk, even without opening switch.

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2. High rupturing capacity fuses
When large concentration of power concerned, as in modern distribution system, it is

essential that fuses should have a definite known breaking capacity and also this breaking

capacity should have a high value. High rupturing capacity cartridge fuse, commonly

called HRC cartridge fuses, have been designed and developed after intensive research by

manufacturers and supply engineers in this direction.

The fuse element is of copper or silver with a special

shape Normally the fuse element has two or more sections joined by mean of a tin joint. The

purpose of tin joint is to limit the temperature of fuse under small over load. The melting

point of silver is 9600 while that of pure tin is 2300. As the circuit is overloaded the melting of

tin prevents the silver element from attaining high temperature.

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CAPACITOR BANK
Capacitor Bank is an instrument that observes the leading current and destroys the

lagging current and improvement in power factor with the help of capacitor bank. Capacitor

bank is connected on the Sub-station for improvement in the power factor.

Maintenance of Capacitor Bank:


One should take the permit on the maintenance of the capacitor bank.
1. One should tight the connection of the capacitor bank.
2. We should clean properly of the capacitor bank.
3. We should the check the IR with the help of Meggar and IR should nat

minimum of 50 Mah. This IR should be measure between the terminal &

earth.

D.C. BATTERY ROOM

24
A d.c. battery is the brain of substation. The Sub. Station cannot work without the d.c.

battery room. 110 batteries are connected in series on this substation. The capacity of per

battery is 300AH. The capacity of per cell is 2vold. The main point of d.c. Battery room is

when temperature increase gravity decrease, when temperature decrease gravity increase. The

gravity is measuring with the help of Hydrometer. The batteries are filled with sulphuric

acid. The gravity should be near by 1220. The temperature should be near by 34 Deg.
Main parts of Battery:-
1. Container
2. Plates +ve, -ve
3. Separator
4. Plate Connector
5. Cell Connector
6. Celling Compound
7. Electrolyte

1. Container:- Container is made of hard rubber. Compounds, plate, separator, and

electrolyte placed on it.


2. Electrodes:- Plates are following two types. +ve plate is made of pure lead and ve

plate is made of paste.


3. Separators:- Separator are made of wood or rubber. The main function of separator

is it separate the plate from short ckt.


4. Plate connector:- It is made of pure lead the ve plate are separate connected for

making the +ve and ve terminal plate.


5. Electrolyte:- The main function of electrolyte is to passes the current.

Care and Maintenance of battery room:-


1. It should be neat and clean
2. The voltage of cell reaches 1.8v It should be get on charge.
3. The battery should not be over charged.

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4. All the connection should be tight.
5. The level of electrolyte should be proper.

26
INSULATORS

The overhead lines conductor on the tower in such away that current from the wear

conductor dont flow to the earth through to support. The function of the insulator is

providing insulation between the conductor and tower.


The types of insulator:-
1. Pin Type
2. Suspension Type
3. Strain Insulator
4. Shackle Insulator
5. Egg Insulator
Pin type:
This type was amongst and earliest designs and used for supporting line conductors. It

provide most economic, simple and efficient method of conductor and bus-bar support

for voltage upto and including 33KV.The life of modern pin type insulator respectively

long(expected to about 50years). Pin type insulator are available for upto 50KV.
The pin type insulator is designed to be mounted on a pin secured on the cross

arm of the pole. The insulator is screwed on the pin and the line conductor is placed in

the grove at the top of the insulator and is tied down with soft copper wire.

27
Suspension type insulator:
With the increase in operating voltage, the insulation required increases. Transmission
line use extremely high voltages, 400KV, for example. At These voltages pin

type insulator become bulky, costly.


Suspension type insulators consists of a number of porcelain discs

flexibility connected in series with metal links form of a string. The suspension hangs

from the cross-arm of the supporting structure and the line conductor is attached to its

lower end.
Because there no pin problem, we can put any distance between the

cross-arm and the conductor by adding more insulators to the string. The entire unit

of suspension is called a string.


Main advantage of suspension type insulator:
1. Suspension type insulator are usually cheaper in cost for operating voltage above

50,000volts.
2. Each unit of suspension type insulator is designed for low voltage and can be used by

connecting them in series, the number depends upon the working voltage.
3. In the event of failure of of an insulator , one unit , instead of whole string, can be

replaced.
4. Suspension insulator give more flexibility to the line.
5. The suspension type insulator, when used in conjunction with steel tower, has an

advantage of rendering of conductor less liable to be affected by lighting.


6. In case of long span ,two disc insulator strings can be yoked.

Strain insulator:
28
Where there is a dead wire, or there is a corner or a sharp curve, the line cross river etc,

the line subjected to great tension . Pin type insulator cannot be used in such situations.

For low voltages shackle type insulator can be used, but for high voltage transmission line

strain insulator consisting of an assembly of an suspension type insulator. The suspension

type insulator used in horizontal direction but strain insulator used in vertical direction.

29
Shackle type insulator:
The shackle insulator almost universally used on low voltage lines and a very neat,

efficient arrangement. Every insulator is coated with an extremely hard, that reduces

accumulation of surface deposits. The surface can be easily cleaned and it will not

crack when subjected to temperature changes. The wet flash voltage and dry flash-

over voltage for shackle insulator 10kv and 25kv respectively while the puncture

voltage is 35kv.

30
Stay insulator
Such insulator are of egg shape, also called stay insulators. And are used in guy

cables, where it is necessary to insulate the lower part of guy cable. From the pole for

safety of people and animal of the ground. This type of insulator consists of a

porcelain piece pierced with two holes at right angle to each other through which two

ends of guy wire are looped .These insulator are provided at a height of about 3 m

from the ground level. The size of insulator used depends upon the tension strength of

stay wire.

31
POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION
The main purpose of PLC is to transmit speech to convey message from

one sub-station to other sub-station to another through transmission lines at high frequencies.

The different types of equipment used in PLC are:-

Wave Trap:-
It acts as an Insulator for high frequency carrier signal and a conductor for the power

frequency. Wave trap contains a main coil.

Coupling Capacitor:-
Its acts as conductor for high frequency carrier. It is a capacitor which posses high

frequency & breaks lower frequency.

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Current transformer is an instrument used for step down the high current of large

magnitude by stepping down action to measure high current by mean of small range ammeter

These are the instrument transformers. The secondary winding if C.T is connected to
32
instrument placed on the panel board. The secondary winding is also connected to operating

coil of various relays for their operation.

Main parts of current transformer: -

1. Core
2. Primary winding
3. Secondary winding

Applications of current transformer: -


1. Measuring C.T.
2. Protective C.T.

1. Protective C.T.: -
Supply given to the protective relays with the help of protective C.T

if it can give to the protective system.


2. Measuring C.T. :-

The supply given to the amperemeter energy meter with the help of

measuring C.T.
Others types of C.T. :-
1. Compound C.T.
2. Bar type or ring type C.T.
3. Multi resho C.T.
4. Multicore
5. Bush type
Precautions :-
1. The secondary winding of C.T should not be open.
2. Fuse should not connected in the secondary winding.
3. Primary winding of C.T always connected in the series with the load .

33
4. The connection are always tight of primary winding and secondary winding.

Test of C.T :-
1. Insulation test
2. Resho test
3. Polarity test
1. Insulation test:-
Meggar is an instrument used for measuring the insulation test.

2. Resho test:-
Primary injection set with the help of Resho test and current passes

through the primary winding into secondary winding if C.T is not proper so these Resho

should be always same.

POWER FACTOR
Power factor may be cosine the angle between voltage and current in an a.c system.
Types of power factor:-
1. Unity power factor:-

34
The current in pressure coil p1 will be in phase with the load current or current in cc and

the current in pressure coil p2 will log by 90 degree behind the voltage in current coil.
2. Lagging power factor:-
In this case both the pressure coil p1 and p2 would experiences turning moments in

opposite direction. The moving system will adjust itself at a reversed.


3. Leading power factor:-
In this case the polarity of field in current coil is the reversed of that considered. The main

system takes up an intermediate position an leading side between 0 and 1.

Causes of low power factor:-


1. Transformers and electrodes are the inductine loads which the causes the current to

log behind the voltage, they operate at a logging power factor.


2. The motor which we use in our industry are mainly induction motors having a

inductive loads. Which causes low power factor.


3. Are camps, heating furnaces also operate at low power factor.

Power factor improvement:-


When synchronous motors run on no load . it is known as synchronous condenser .it

is used for power factor improvement.


Capacitor bank:-
Capacitor is an instrument if maintain leading current and destroys the logging

current. improve the power factor with the help of capacitor . Capacitor bank is connected on

substation for improvement in the power factor.

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
Potential transformer:-
Potential transformer is a step down transformer which is used to measure alternating

high voltages by means of low range voltmeters or for energizing the potential coils of

wattmeter. It works an principle step down action.

35
Types:-
1. P.T for Protection
2. P.T for measurment

1. P.T for Protection


The supply given to the relays with help of protective P.T.

Cause for fail of potential transformer:-


1. Short circuit in the secondary winding.
2. Maintenance should not proper.
3. Failure of core insulation.
4. The protection should not be proper.
5. Earthing should not proper.

Safety and schedule of P.T.

Sno. Works Time


1. Testing of oil leakage and testing of After 3 months

oil level.
2. Testing of insulator and testing of After 3 months

kuracus.
3. Testing of primary and secondary and After 3 months

earthing connections.
4. Testing of gas kit After 3 months

36
ISOLATOR

These are knife switches which are operated at no load. Their main function is to isolator the

portion of circuit from other. These are generally placed on both the sides of the circuit

breaker in order to maintenance on the circuit breaker without any danger. For

maintenance, First of all circuit breakers are opened then isolator are opened and

properly earthed. Only maintenance is done.

Since isolator are employed only for isolating circuits when current has already been

interrupted, they are simple pieces of equipments. They ensure that the current is not

switched into the circuit until everything is in order.

37
CIRCUIT BREAKER
Circuit breaker:-
It is a device which makes or breaks the circuit under no load, full

load, fault condition. It can be operate manually under normal condition and

automatically under abnormal condition with help of relays.


Types of C.B
1. Air Blast C.B
2. Vaccum C.B
3. SF6 C.B
4. MO C.B

1. Air blast C.B:-


In these C.B air is used for distinguish the arc. Pressures between 20 to 30 kg.

Compressor set is connected for pressure.


Advantages of A.B.C.B:-
1. There is no chance for blast and fire.
2. The C.B have a minimum maintenance

Disadvantages:-
1. Compressor set is used for this C.B. so these C.B have a lot of care.
2. Air leakage is very high of this C.B so its testing is very important time by time.

2. Vaccum C.B:-
When contacts are separate of c.b an arc produce between the particulars. The

meaning of vacum that normal pressure to minimum pressure. The distance in the contact

with the help of vaccum.


Making of vacum c.b:-
Its caner is made of stainless steel and insulator placed in it.

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3. SF6 C.B
SF 6 C.B stands for Sulphur Hexafluoride
Circuit breaker .In this circuit breaker
Sulphur Hexafluoride gas is used to
extinguish arc between fix & movable
contact.

Circuit breaker wiring coding detail

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1. 220V DC supply J1-J2
2. Remote close K1
3. Auto close K3
4. Remote main trip K21R-K21Y-K21B
5. Trip supervision relay K31R-K31Y-K31B
6. 1 phase 240V AC supply H1-H2
for lamp & heating purpose
7. Closing spring charging indication L5R-L6R- L5Y-L6Y- L5B-L6B
Crompton greaves
1. Rated voltage 145KV
2. Normal current 1600A
3. Short ckt breaking current 40KA
4. Motor voltage 230V
5. Opening and closing voltage 220DC
6. SF6 gas pressure 7KG/cm2
7. Weight 650Kvq
8. Gas wt 21KG

4. Minimum Oil Circuit Breaker:-


It is a M.O. C.B in which oil is used. M.O.C.B is very costly for a lot of capacity .
1. Rated voltage 145KV
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2. Rated current 3150A
3. Short ckt breaking current 3150KA
4. Weight of ckt breaker 100Kap
Care and maintenance of C.B.

SNO. WORK ON IT TIME


1. Testing of air and pressure Daily
2. Air eraser wire and dirty water outside the C.B. Everyday
3. Testing of compressor an auto Daily
4. Testing of its comp heater into breaker control. After 3 months
5. Testing of mobile oil in the compressor and After 1 week

testing its level.


6. Testing of its v belt that it is not lase. After 3 months
7. The oil given to operator of C.B After 6 months
8. Testing of parcelen of the C.B that its does not After 6 months

crack

Bus-bar

Bus bar is conductor which is used for connecting incoming and outgoing lines. It is known

as bus bar.
Bus bar following two types:-
1. Indoor bus bar:- Indoor bus bar is used in control room.
2. Outdoor bus bar:- Outdoor bus bar is used for yart.

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Indoor clearance:-
Voltage kv Minimum clearance M.C phase
0.415 16mm 19mm
11 77m 127mm

Clearance of outdoor bus bar:-


voltage kv Spacing between phases in mm
220 4500
132 3600
66 2200
33 1300
11 920 to 1300

Bus bar arrangement:-


1. single bus bar:-
This bus bar is very simple and cheaper bus bar arrangement and its used an little sub-

station. When any fault and repair in the sub-station that time this bus bar is closed.
2. sectional bus bar:-
These sections are connected with bus coupler when we do repair and maintenance

this section is closed and supply is run for second section.

3. double bus bar:-


These bus bar have a same capacity bus bar. When repair and maintenance work on it

load is 0 an second bus bar with the help of bus coupler. The work of repair and maintenance

without the supply closed. These bus bar is used an high sub-station.

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Lighting Arrestor

Lighting arrestor is an safety instrument, which is used to save the electrical

equipments from lighting. Lighting arrestor are connected an sub-station one is an bus bar

and second lighting arrestor connected near the power transformer. This is simplest form of

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surge diverter consisting of two 12 mm or square with ends facing each other, one connected

to line, second connected to earth. These are usually connected across the bussing of various

equipments. The rod gap depends upon operating voltage of the system.
Advantages of lighting arrestor:-
1. It can abserine the high voltage the maximum time.
2. Normal system is run during the lighting and does not tripping.

Rod Gap Arrester:-


Rod gap is used to save the t/f for over voltage. It is connected an t/f bushes.
Rod gap lighting arrestors are following two types:-
1. Single rod gap
This lighting arrestor is used between line and earth. Gap of insulator is dependent upon

voltage level. Every phase is similar to insulator. Terminals are connected an phase

and earth of rod gap.


2. Double Rod Gap:-

It works like an single rod gap. It also connected between two gaps.
Voltage Single gap Double gap
11kv 33mm to 50mm 18mm to 25mm
33kv 229mm
66kv 350mm
132kv 650mm
220kv 1230mm

Value type lighting arrestor:-

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Value type lighting arrestors are used an sub-stations. These arrestors are connected

near the bus bar and power transformer. Stack sparx are connected in this arrestor and

linear resistors are connected in series in this arrestor. When current passes through it its

ohmic value is loss. It is connected into tight porcelen. If humidity does not enter it. It has

two terminal. Top terminal is connected an terminal line and bottom terminal is connected

an earth terminal. It should be earth resistance 2 ohm.


Care and maintenance of lighting arrestor
SNO. Work if you done Maximum time
1. Testing of line terminal surge counter terminal After 3 months

and earth terminal.


2. Measuring of earth resistance. After 3 months
3. Testing of crakes and testing of percelen After 6 months

insulator.
4. Taking the value of I.R. After 12 months

MEGGAR

Meggar is an instrument used for measure the High resistance and Insulation

resistance. It consists of hand driven generator and a direct reading true ohm meter. The

magnetic field for both generator as well as meter is provided by the permanent magnets. The

moving system of Meggar consists of three coil; current coil, pressure coil & compensating

coil which are mounted on a shaft which are free to rotate over a C-shaped Iron case. The

coils are connected to the circuit by means of flexible wire. The moving system may take up

and position over the scale when the generator handle is stationery.

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The current coil is connected in series with the resistance, between the generator

terminal and the test terminal marked L & E. When the terminals are short circuit and the

generator handle is moved, a heavy current passes through the current coil. The resistance

also controls the range of instrument. The P.C. is in series with a compensating coil and

protection resistance is connected across the generator terminal.


Operation
The resistance under test is connected between the test terminals L & E. The generator

handle is then turned at uniform speed. The turning of the handle must be kept up, the pointer

gives steady reading. The reading on the scale gives resistance in mega ohms.

REFERENCES
This training report on 132KV sub-station is writtten by me on my industrial training.
Each topic is this is treated in an easy style. I took technical knowledge from J.E

Davinder Singh at 132KV sub-station.


I took threatical knowledge from POWER SYSTEM BY J B GUPTA and POWER

SYSTEM BY S K SAHDEV.
I took some snaps from sub-station and also from internet.

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Out sincere thank to J.E Davinder Singh and also Sso Harbans Singh For their

guidence and suggessions.

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