Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
BHUBANESWAR
Submitted in the partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the
Degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Civil Engineering
Submitted by
Pranati,Satyabrata,Ananya,Banani
Under guidance of
Sanghamitra Mam
Assistant Professor, Department Of Civil Engineering
GITAM
GANDHI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Department Of Civil Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical seminar entitled LOW COST HOUSING
is a bonafide work carried out by Pranati,Satyabrata,Ananya,Banani in
partial fulfilment for the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in
CIVIL ENGINEERING of Bijupattnaik University and Technology,
Rourkela during the year 2015 -2018 . The technical seminar report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirement in respect of work prescribed
for bachelor of engineering.
GUIDE: HOD
2
STUDENTS DECLARATION
NAME:
SIGNATURE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the successful completion of any
task would be incomplete without the mention of people who made it possible
and whose constant guidance and encouragement crowned our effort with
success.
I consider myself proud to be a part of gitam family, the institution that stood
by my way in all my endeavours.
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INDEX
SL. CONTENTS PAGE REMARKS
NO. NO.
1 Abstract 1
2 Introduction 2
3 Housing shortage statistics 3
4 Traditional construction methods 7
5 Low cost construction technologies 9
4 MATERIALS 11
1. characteristics
2. materials
1. hollow bricks
2. load bearing wall
3. precast beams and slabs
4. precast stairs
5. Construction process 16
6 Cost effectiveness of using low cost 17
housing technologies
14 Advantages And Disadvantages 19
15 Conclusion 20
16 References 21
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ABSTRACT
Adequate shelter for all people is one of the pressing challenges faced by
the developing countries. India is currently facing a shortage of about
17.6 million houses. The dream of owning a house particularly for low-
income and middle-income families is becoming a difficult reality. Hence,
it has become a necessity to adopt cost effective, innovative and
environment-friendly housing technologies for the construction of houses
and buildings for enabling the common people to construct houses at
affordable cost. This paper compares construction cost for the traditional
and low cost housing technologies. Case studies in India are used for the
investigation. Construction methods of foundation, walling, roofing and
lintel are compared. Strength and durability of the structure, stability,
safety and mental satisfaction are factors that assume top priority during
cost reduction. It is found that about 26.11% and 22.68% of the
construction cost can be saved by using low cost housing technologies in
comparison with the traditional construction methods in the case studies
for walling and roofing respectively. This proves that using low cost
housing technologies is a cost effective construction approach for the
industry.
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INTRODUCTION:
Low cost housing can be considered affordable for low- and moderate-
income earners if household can acquire a housing unit (owned or rented)
for an amount up to 30 percent of its household income. In developing
countries such as India, only 20% of the population are high-income
earners, who are able to afford normal housing units. The low-income
groups in developing countries are generally unable to access the housing
market. Cost effective housing is a relative concept and has more to do
with budgeting and seeks to reduce construction cost through better
management, appropriate use of local materials, skills and technology but
without sacrificing the performance and structure life. It should be noted
that low cost housings are not houses which constructed by cheap building
materials of substandard quality. A low cost house is designed and
constructed as any other house with regard to foundation, structure and
strength. The reduction in cost is achieved through effective utilization of
locally available building materials and techniques that are durable,
economical, accepted by users and not requiring costly maintenance.
Economy is also achieved by postponing finishing and implementing low
cost housing technologies in phases. High efficiency of workers, minimize
waste in design and apply good management practices, can also be
achieved.
Low cost housing technologies aim to cut down construction cost by using
alternatives to the conventional methods and inputs. It is about the usage
of local and indigenous building materials, local skills, energy saver and
environment-friendly options.
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HOUSING SCENARIO IN INDIA:
65th Round results on Housing conditions and Urban Slums with usual
inputs like obsolescence factor, congestion factor & homeless households.
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Distribution of Housing shortage state wise:
Taking into account the fact that the shortage in housing is significant in lower
income group, for 2012, TG-12 distributed the shortage on the basis of States
contribution to the total, on the basis of average of total number of households
below poverty line in urban areas & households with katcha houses in urban
areas. In the past national level housing shortage was distributed among the
states in proportion to number of urban households.
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International scenario:
The figure for estimated housing shortage across the world according to the
internationally recommended standards, (PPD: people per dwelling 3.5) is
428,700,000 units. However this figure is more than the double if it is calculated
using Dutch standards (PPD 2.4); 1,088,219,000 units.
Key statistics:
One out of every three city dwellers nearly a billion people lives in a
slum and that number is expected to double in the next 25 years. (Slum
indicators include: lack of water, lack of sanitation, overcrowding, non-durable
structures and insecure tenure.)
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them to access credit and other public services such as water and electricity.
Nearly one sixth of the worlds population is living without secure tenure .
The quality of housing stock & amenities directly affect health & quality
of life Ones health is directly linked to housing and housing related basics
such as water and sanitation. In Mexico, researchers at the World Bank
and University of California, Berkeley, found that replacing dirt floors with
concrete floors improved the health of children.
2.6 billion people or 39 per cent of the worlds population live without
access to improved sanitation and 751 million people share their sanitation
facilities with other households or only use public facilities. (World Health
Organization, 2009)
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TRADITIONAL CONSTRUCTION METHODS:
The traditional construction methods are used in the case study. The
detail procedures of each step used for the case study are as follow:
Plastering: Plastering is used for the ceiling, inside and outside walls.
Joints are raked before plastering and proper curing is ensured.
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Flooring: For the flooring purpose, the earth is properly filled and
consolidated in the ratio of 1:4:8 (cement: sand: aggregate) concrete.
Plumbing: Good quality plumbing materials are used and passed hydraulic
test before using it.
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LOW COST CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGIES:
Roofing: A filler slab roofing system is used which based on the principle
that for roofs which are simply supported, the upper part of the slab is
subjected to compressive forces and the lower part of the slab experience
tensile forces. Concrete is very good in withstanding compressive forces
and steel bears the load due to tensile forces. Thus the low tensile region
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of the slab does not need any concrete except for holding steel
reinforcements together.
Doors and windows: As door and window frames are responsible for
almost half the cost of timber used, avoiding frames can considerably
reduce timber cost. Door planks are screwed together with strap iron hinges
to form doors, and this can be carried by holdfast carried into the wall.
The simplest and cost effective door can be made of vertical planks held
together with horizontal or diagonal battens. A simplest frameless window
consists of a vertical plank of about 9 wide set into two holes, one at the
top and one at the bottom. This forms a simple pivotal window. Wide span
windows can be partially framed and fixed to walls or can have rows of
pivotal planks
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MATERIALS:
ENERGY EFFICIENT
ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY
EMPLOYMENT GENERATING:
OTHER CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Easy to manufacture ,Easy affordability
2. Easy Erection/commissioning ,Faster & cheaper construction
3. Effective Waste utilization ,Energy efficient and Environment
friendly
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LIST OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR LOW COST
HOUSING:
hollow bricks
load bearing wall
precast beams
precast slabs
precast stairs
12
LOAD BEARING WALLS:
vs
Load bearing structure are cheaper for normal low rise building as it
requires lesser concrete and steel rods as use of structural compounds
like columns are reduced unless required exceptionally.
As wall is thick, it provides thermal insulation.
Easier and requires less time to construction
Flexibility & strength is low though and it is advantage for frame
structure
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PRECAST BEAMS AND SLABS :
14
PRECAST STAIRS
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Construction process of low cost houses:
FOUNDATION
SOLID MASONRY BLOCKS STRIP FOUNDATION
HOLLOW BLOCKS ON CORNER TO ALLOW REINFORCEMENT
PLINTH LEVEL
U BLOCKS WITH HORIZONTAL REINFORCEMENT
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COST EFFECTIVENESS OF USING LOW COST HOUSING
TECHNOLOGIES:
The construction methods of walling and roofing are selected for the detail
cost analysis based on available resources from the interviews. Table 1 and
Table 2 summarise the cost analysis of the traditional construction methods
and the low cost housing technologies in the case studies for walling and
roofing respectively. It is found that about 26.11% and 22.68% of the
construction cost, including material and labour cost, can be saved by using
the low cost housing technologies in comparison with the traditional
construction methods for walling and roofing respectively.. However, it is
necessary that good planning and design methods shall be adopted by
utilizing the services of an experienced engineer or an architect for
supervising the work, thereby achieving overall cost effectiveness.
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES:
According to analysis and real estate experts, low cost housing projects
endures much risk but not less attracted. Currently, there are many
organizations as well as companies investing their fund into this segment
both inside and outside country. CapitaLand- one of the largest real estate
Singapore companies has also established Capital Value Homes to develop
cheap houses in China and Vietnam. There are also many other big projects
have been and are running to adapt the rising demand of customer. The
increase in urbanization has led to the increase in the number of urban
population. While the average income of citizen is still low, this has created
a huge demand for low cost houses. VIPCs experts expect that this will be
an attracted segment for investors in the future. Besides this advantage,
cheap houses project still face up many difficulties. The biggest challenge
comes from the unstable mechanism and the complicated procedures. The
mechanism for social houses has still not attracted enough. Before the
projects can be carried out, investors must consume a lot of time to prepare
papers relating to the policies and planning from relevant authorities.
Complicated construction approval process and the difficulties in ensuring
the high quality but low price of these cheap apartments will cause so much
trouble for investors. Based on these advantage as well as disadvantage,
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CONCLUSION
The dream of owning a house particularly for low-income and middle-
income families is becoming a difficult reality. It is necessary to adopt cost
effective, innovative and environment-friendly housing technologies for the
construction. This paper examined the cost effectiveness of using low cost
housing technologies in comparison with the traditional construction
methods. Two case studies in India were conducted. It was found that about
26.11% and 22.68% of the construction cost, including material and labour
cost, can be saved by using the low cost housing technologies in comparison
with the traditional construction methods for walling and roofing
respectively. This proves the benefits and the trends for implementing low
cost housing technologies in the industry.
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REFERENCES:
Report of The Technician Group on Urban Housing Shortage (TG-12)
2012-17, National Buildings Organization, Ministry of Housing & Urban
Websites of National Housing Bank & National Buildings Organization.
Report on Government Initiatives and Programme for Affordable
Housing, presented in National Workshop on Pro-Poor Housing Finance
October 29, 2008, New Delhi conducted by Ministry of Housing & Urban
Poverty Alleviation.
Civil Engineering Portal (2008). Cuore concrete - Nano silica, Civil
Engineering Portal. Kumar A (1999).
Sustainable building technology for mass application, Development
Alternatives Newsletter. 9(11), pp. 1-4. [3]
Works Department (2002). Revised schedules of rates 2000 works
department and analysis of rates, Works Department, India
Bmptc.org
Google.com
Wikipedia.com
http://www.engineeringcivil.com
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