Notes For Design of Activated Sludge Processes: Wastewater Engineering

WastewaterEngineeringNotesforDesignofActivatedSludgeProcesses
WastewaterEngineering
NotesforDesignofActivated
SludgeProcesses

AlfonsoJosGarcaLaguna
February2016
Index

1. Biology,KineticsandStoichiometry................................................................................................4
1.1. Nitrification.............................................................................................................................4
StepsofNitrification...........................................................................................................................5
TypeofBacteriaNitrosomonasandNitrobacter.............................................................................5
NitrificationKinetics..........................................................................................................................5
NitrificationStoichiometry...............................................................................................................5
1.2. Denitrification.........................................................................................................................7
StepsofDenitrification.......................................................................................................................7
TypeofBacteriaHeterotrophFacultativeMicroorganismsunderAnoxicConditions....................7
DenitrificationKinetics.....................................................................................................................8
1.3. PhosphorusBiologicalRemoval(BioP)..................................................................................9
TypeofBacteriaAcinetobacter,SlowGrowthandSimpleSubstratesasVFAs(VolatileFattyacids)
............................................................................................................................................................9
StepsofPhosphorusBiologicalRemoval(BioP)..............................................................................10
RatioBOD/PTandCOD/PTforaProperBioP..................................................................................11
2. ProcessSelection..........................................................................................................................12
2.1. NitrogenRemovalProcesses................................................................................................12
Metcalf&EddyDescriptionandSelectionofNitrogenRemovalProcesses.................................12
ProcessSelection..............................................................................................................................13
CEDEXDescriptionandSelectiononNitrogenRemovalProcesses...............................................23
2.2. BiologicalPhosphorusRemovalProcesses(BPR)(BioP)......................................................28
Metcalf&EddyBiologicalPhosphorusRemovalProcesses(BRP).................................................28
ProcessDescriptionandSelection....................................................................................................29
CEDEXDescriptionandSelectiononBiologicalPhosphorusRemovalProcesses(BRPs)..............32
3. TypicalDesignParameters............................................................................................................39
3.1. NitrogenRemovalProcessesTypicalDesignParameters..................................................39
Metcalf&Eddy..................................................................................................................................39
CEDEX................................................................................................................................................40
3.2. BiologicalPhosphorusRemovalProcesses(BPRs)TypicalDesignParameters..................41
Metcalf&EddyObservedInfluentBOD/PandCOD/PRatiosforDifferentBPRProcesses..........41
CEDEXDesignConsiderationsandParameters..............................................................................42
4. ProcessDesign..............................................................................................................................50
AlfonsoJosGarcaLaguna Page1of126
4.1. BOD/CODRemovalandNitrification....................................................................................50
4.1.1. MetcalfandEddyMethod............................................................................................51
EquationsandVariables....................................................................................................................51
KineticCoefficients...........................................................................................................................52
DesignSteps......................................................................................................................................53
Example.............................................................................................................................................54
4.1.2. ATV131Method...........................................................................................................67
SymbolsandAbbreviations...............................................................................................................67
PlantswithoutNitrification...............................................................................................................72
Step1CalculationoftheSludgeAge.............................................................................................72
Step2CalculationoftheSludgeProduction..................................................................................73
Step3CalculationofBiologicalReactorVolume...........................................................................75
Step4CalculationofRequiredRecirculationandCycleTime.......................................................76
Step4CalculationofOxygenRequirements..................................................................................77
Step5CalculationofAlkalinity......................................................................................................80
4.2. BOD/CODRemovalandNitrificationDenitrificationAnoxic/AerobicReactorDesign......82
4.2.1. MetcalfandEddyMethod............................................................................................82
Anoxic/AerobicReactorDesignConsiderations...............................................................................83
AnoxicTankDesignusingtheSpecificDenitrificationRate(SDNR).................................................84
KineticCoefficients...........................................................................................................................86
DesignSteps......................................................................................................................................88
Example.............................................................................................................................................90
4.2.2. ATV131Method...........................................................................................................94
PlantswithNitrificationandNitrificationDenitrification.................................................................95
Step1CalculationoftheSludgeAge.............................................................................................95
PlantswithNitrification....................................................................................................................96
PlantswithNitrificationDenitrification.........................................................................................97
Step2CalculationoftheProportionofReactorVolumeforDenitrification.................................98
Step3CalculationoftheSludgeProduction................................................................................101
Step4CalculationofBiologicalReactorVolume.........................................................................103
Step5CalculationofRequiredRecirculationandCycleTime.....................................................104
Step6CalculationofOxygenRequirements................................................................................105
Step7CalculationofAlkalinity....................................................................................................108
4.2.3. CEDEXMethod............................................................................................................110
4.3. PhosphorusBiologicalRemoval(BPR)(BioP)....................................................................111
4.3.1. MetcalfandEddyMethod..........................................................................................111
ProcessDesignConsiderations.......................................................................................................111
WastewaterCharacteristics............................................................................................................112
AnaerobicContactTime..................................................................................................................114
SolidsRetentionTime(SRT)............................................................................................................114
WasteSludgeProcessing................................................................................................................115
ChemicalAdditionCapability..........................................................................................................116
ProcessControl...............................................................................................................................117
EffectofDissolvedOxygenandNitrateinRecycleFlows...............................................................117
EffectofRecycleStreamswithReleasedPhosphorus....................................................................117
EffluentSuspendedSolids...............................................................................................................118
SolidsSeparationFacilities..............................................................................................................118
MethodstoImprovePhosphorusRemovalEfficiencyinBPRSystems..........................................119
BiologicalPhosphorusRemovalProcessPerformance..................................................................120
Example...........................................................................................................................................122
5. Bibliography................................................................................................................................125
1. Biology,KineticsandStoichiometry
Autotroph Microorganisms: Organisms that are able to make energycontaining organic

molecules from inorganic raw material by using basic energy sources such as sunlight or
chemicalreactions.

Heterotroph Microorganisms: Organisms that make use of food that comes from other
organismsintheformoffats,carbohydratesandproteins.

1.1. Nitrification
Nitrification is the Biological Aerobic Process by which the Ammonia Nitrogen (NNH4+) is
transformedinNitrates(NNO3).

Fig.1.NitrificationStoichiometry
OrganicBiodegradableNitrogenisHydrolyzedbyHeterotrophbacteriacalledNitrosomonasand
NitrobacterproducingAmmoniaNitrogen(NH4+).
StepsofNitrification
1. Organic Biodegradable Nitrogen is hydrolyzed by Heterotrophs Bacteria, giving as a result

AmmoniaNitrogen.

2. Ammonia Nitrogen (NNH4+) is converted in Nitrates (NO3) by bacteria called
NitrosomonasandNitrobacter.

TypeofBacteriaNitrosomonasandNitrobacter
NitrosomonasandNitrobacter,calledgloballyNitrifyingMicroorganism,areChemoautotroph:
SourceofEnergy:InorganicRedOxReactions
SourceofCellCarbon(BiomassCarbon):InorganicCarbon
AcceptorofElectrons:Oxygen
NitrificationKinetics
Fig.1.NitrificationStoichiometry
The velocity of reaction of the first reaction, the formation of Nitrites (NO2) starting from
Ammonia (NH4+) is significantly lower than the velocity of formation of Nitrates (NO3) starting
fromNitrites(NO2).
SothekineticoftheGlobalReactioniscontrolledbytheFirstReactionandtheLimitingSubstrate
istheAmmoniaNitrogen(NNH4+).
NitrificationStoichiometry
1. Oxidationof1gofAmmoniaNitrogen(NNH4+)generates1gofNitrogenasNitrates(N
NO3)andconsumes4.57gofOxygen(O2).

2. Oxidationof14gofAmmoniaNitrogen(NH4+)generates2ionsHydrogen(H+)(acidity)that
consumes 2 equivalents of Alkalinity (Bicarbonate) (HCO3) from the wastewater. As 1
equivalentofAlkalinityare50g/LasCaCO3wehavethefollowing:
Oxidation of 1 mg of Ammonia Nitrogen (NNH4+) consumes 7.14 mg CaCO3/L of
Alkalinity.
1.2. Denitrification
DenitrificationistheBiologicalAnoxicProcessbywhichtheNitrateNitrogen(NO3)istransformed
inNitrogenGas(N2)releasedtotheatmosphere.
Fig.2.DenitrificationStoichiometry
StepsofDenitrification
1. AmmoniaNitrogen(NH4+)istransformedinNitrogenGas(N2)releasedtotheatmosphere.

TypeofBacteriaHeterotrophFacultativeMicroorganismsunderAnoxicConditions
DenitrifyingBacteriaareHeterotrophFacultativeunderAnoxicConditions:
SourceofEnergy:CarbonaceousOrganicMatter
SourceofCellCarbon(BiomassCarbon):CarbonaceousOrganicMatter
AcceptorofElectrons:Nitrates
DenitrificationKinetics
Fig.2.DenitrificationStoichiometry
1. Removal/Consumption of 1 g of Nitrate (NO3) as Nitrogen consumes 2.86 g of Oxygen

(O2).

2. Removal/Consumption of 14 g of Nitrate Nitrogen (NNO3) generates 1 equivalents of
Alkalinity(OH).As1equivalentofAlkalinityare50g/LasCaCO3wehavethefollowing:
Removal/Consumptionof1gofNNO3generates3.57gCaCO3ofAlkalinity.
1.3. PhosphorusBiologicalRemoval(BioP)
HeterotrophBacteriacalledPAOs(PhosphorusAccumulationOrganisms)havethefollowing
characteristics:
1. PAOsreleasePinAnaerobicConditions.

2. PAOsaccumulatePinAerobicConditions.
TypeofBacteriaAcinetobacter,SlowGrowthandSimpleSubstratesasVFAs(Volatile
Fattyacids)
PAOsareHeterotrophBacteriaunderAnoxicandOxicConditions:
SourceofEnergy:VFA(VolatileFattyAcids)
SourceofCellCarbon(BiomassCarbon):VFA(VolatileFattyAcids)
AcceptorofElectrons:Nitrate(AnoxicConditions)Oxygen(OxicConditions)
PAOsandNonPAOs
PAOs
o NitrifyingPAOs(NPAOs):TheyrespireOxygen(O2).
o DenitrifyingPAOs(DPAOs):TheyrespireNitrate(NNO3)

NonPAOs

o GlycogenAccumulating Organisms (GAOs): Carry out the COD Removal because
they are able to recycle carbon in similar fashion as PAOs and aerobically
accumulateglycogeninsteadofpolyphosphate.
StepsofPhosphorusBiologicalRemoval(BioP)
1. Step1AnaerobicConditionsUptakeofVFAsandReleaseofPolyP

1. PAOs mainly take up carbon sources such as Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) and store
them intracellularly as Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and Polyhydroxyalkanoates
(PHAs).

2. In the PAOs, the excision of Polyphosphate (PolyP) and release of Phosphate
(PO4,3)fromthecellsupplytherequiredenergyforthebiotransformations.

3. Moreover, the glycolysis of internally stored glycogen also can provide reducing
powerforPHAformation.

4. However, the metabolic pathways of both the PAOs and GAOs are still unclear to
someextent,soistheindirectrolethatGAOsplayinPremoval.

2. Step2Aerobic/OxicConditionsUptakeofPolyPandOxidationofStoredPHAs

1. PAOstakesPhosphate(PO4,3)andstoreitasintracellularPolyP.

2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHAs)areoxidized.

TheamountofPhosphateexcretedduringtheAnaerobicphaseislessthantheamounttakenup
duringtheAerobicorDenitrifyingphase.
Netphosphorusistakenupintotheorganisms,andPhosphoruscanberemovedreadilyfromthe
wastewaterbywastingPhosphorusRichSludge.
RatioBOD/PTandCOD/PTforaProperBioP
TotalP(TP)concentrationintheEffluentisafunctionoftheRatioBOD/TPorCOD/TP.
TP(Effluent)=f(BOD/TP)=f(COD/TP)
For a DBO/PT < 20 or COD/PT < 40 the Efficiency of the BioP is low, and need the Chemical
PrecipitationwithFeCl3.
2. ProcessSelection
2.1. NitrogenRemovalProcesses
Metcalf&EddyDescriptionandSelectionofNitrogenRemovalProcesses
ProcessSelection

ProcessesDescriptionNitrogenRemovalProcesses






AdvantagesandLimitationsofNitrogenRemovalProcesses
CEDEXDescriptionandSelectiononNitrogenRemovalProcesses
2.2. BiologicalPhosphorusRemovalProcesses(BPR)(BioP)
Metcalf&EddyBiologicalPhosphorusRemovalProcesses(BRP)
ProcessDescriptionandSelection
CEDEXDescriptionandSelectiononBiologicalPhosphorusRemovalProcesses(BRPs)

3. TypicalDesignParameters
3.1. NitrogenRemovalProcessesTypicalDesignParameters
Metcalf&Eddy
CEDEX
3.2. BiologicalPhosphorusRemovalProcesses(BPRs)TypicalDesignParameters
Metcalf&EddyObservedInfluentBOD/PandCOD/PRatiosforDifferentBPRProcesses
CEDEXDesignConsiderationsandParameters
4. ProcessDesign

4.1. BOD/CODRemovalandNitrification

4.1.1. MetcalfandEddyMethod
EquationsandVariables
KineticCoefficients
DesignSteps
Example
4.1.2. ATV131Method
SymbolsandAbbreviations
PlantswithoutNitrification
Step1CalculationoftheSludgeAge
Step2CalculationoftheSludgeProduction
Step3CalculationofBiologicalReactorVolume
Step4CalculationofRequiredRecirculationandCycleTime
Step4CalculationofOxygenRequirements
Step5CalculationofAlkalinity
4.2. BOD/CODRemovalandNitrificationDenitrificationAnoxic/AerobicReactor
Design
Anoxic/AerobicReactorDesignConsiderations
AnoxicTankDesignusingtheSpecificDenitrificationRate(SDNR)
KineticCoefficients
DesignSteps
Example
4.2.2. ATV131Method
PlantswithNitrificationandNitrificationDenitrification
Step1CalculationoftheSludgeAge
PlantswithNitrification
PlantswithNitrificationDenitrification
Step2CalculationoftheProportionofReactorVolumeforDenitrification
Step3CalculationoftheSludgeProduction
Step4CalculationofBiologicalReactorVolume
Step5CalculationofRequiredRecirculationandCycleTime
Step6CalculationofOxygenRequirements
Step7CalculationofAlkalinity
4.2.3. CEDEXMethod

4.3. PhosphorusBiologicalRemoval(BPR)(BioP)
ProcessDesignConsiderations
WastewaterCharacteristics
AnaerobicContactTime
SolidsRetentionTime(SRT)
WasteSludgeProcessing
ChemicalAdditionCapability
ProcessControl
EffectofDissolvedOxygenandNitrateinRecycleFlows
EffectofRecycleStreamswithReleasedPhosphorus
EffluentSuspendedSolids
SolidsSeparationFacilities
MethodstoImprovePhosphorusRemovalEfficiencyinBPRSystems
BiologicalPhosphorusRemovalProcessPerformance
Example
5. Bibliography
1. WastewaterEngineeringTreatmentandReuse(4thEdition)Metcalf&Eddy

2. HandbookBiologicalWastewaterTreatmentDesignofActivatedSludgeSystems
(2ndEdition)AdrianusvanHaandelandJeroenvanderLubbe

3. STANDARDATVDVWKA131E(May2000)DimensioningofSingleStage
ActivatedSludgePlantsGermanAssociationforWater,WastewaterandWaste

4. XXVCourseaboutWastewaterTreatmentandO&MofWWTPs(November2007)
CEDEXSpainGovernmentMinistryofEnvironmentandMinistryof
Infrastructures

5. ONDEODEGREMONTWaterTreatmentHandbook

Notes For Design of Activated Sludge Processes: Wastewater Engineering

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WastewaterEngineeringNotesforDesignofActivatedSludgeProcesses

Autotroph Microorganisms: Organisms that are able to make energycontaining organic

1. Organic Biodegradable Nitrogen is hydrolyzed by Heterotrophs Bacteria, giving as a result

1. Removal/Consumption of 1 g of Nitrate (NO3) as Nitrogen consumes 2.86 g of Oxygen

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