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April, 2017
1.
NC )t0 +t NC )t0 NC
lm =
t0 t t
Z
N = dm
dm
= dm = d
d
Z
N= d
C
Z
NC
= d
t t C
Z Z
dN NC ~ ~ ~ dA
~
)sys = + V dA + V
dt t CSI CSIII
Z I
dN ~ dA
~
)sys = d + V (1)
dt t C CS
| {z }
Inlets and Outlets
N=m and =1
With this substitution on equation (1) we obtain:
Z I
dm ~ dA
~
)sys = d + V
dt t C CS
The mass of the system remains constant, so:
dm
)sys = 0
dt
Then, Z I
~ dA
~ =0
d + V (2)
t C CS
m
N=m ; = =1
I m
~
Z
dm
= d + V dA
dt t C CS
| {z }
0
Z Z
0= ~
V n~dA + V n~dA
CS1 CS2
0 = (V2 A2 ) (V1 A1 )
= constant then,
V2 A2 = V1 A1
Q2 = Q1
Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 10 / 19
Conservation of Linear Momentum
~ N ~
N = mV and =V=
m
With this substitution on equation (1) we obtain:
d(mV ~)
Z I
)sys = V~ d + V~ V~ .dA
~
dt t C CS
d(mV ~)
Z I
)sys = V~ d + ~ V
V ~ .~
ndA
dt t C CS
From Newtons Second law:
d(mV ~) X X
)sys = F~sys = F~CV
dt
Forces acting on CV and system are the same in an instant.
Z I
X
~ ~ ~ V~ .~
FCV = V d + V ndA (3)
t C CS
Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 11 / 19
Conservation of Linear Momentum
~ is a vector! X-Momentume
Really, we have three equations, because V
equation: Z I
X
~ ~ ~ .~
FX = VX d + VX (V n)dA
t C CS
Y-Momentume equation:
Z I
X
F~Y = V~Y d + ~ .~
VY (V n)dA
t C CS
Z-Momentume equation:
Z I
X
F~Z = V~Z d + ~ .~
VZ (V n)dA
t C CS
Notice that V ~ .~
n does not lose its vector notation! A dot product produces
a scalar, and this particular factor scales for the direction of the flow
relative to the boundary, not the momentum of the flow itself.
Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 12 / 19
Conservation of Angular Momentum
d(m
v) d(
r m
v)
T =r F =r =
dt dt
d[m(
r v )] dH
= Angular Momentum
dt dt
N=H ~ ; = ~r ~v
With this substitution on equation (1) we obtain:
d[m(~r ~v )]
Z I
~ dA
~
= (~r ~v )d + (~r ~v )V
dt t C CS
I
~ = [m(~r ~v )] +
T (~r ~v )~v dA (4)
t CS
N=E and =e
With this substitution on equation (1) we obtain:
Z I
dE ~ dA
~
)sys = ed + eV
dt t C CS
Where,
dE
)sys = Q W
dt
Since the system and the control volume coincide at t0 ,
| Q W |sys =| Q W |CV
Then, Z I
~ dA
~
Q W = ed + eV
t C CS
V2
Where, e = u + 2 + gz
Dr. Esteban Valencia Fluid Mechanics I April, 2017 14 / 19
Conservation of Energy
Hence,
Z I
~ dA
~
Q Wshaft + Wnormal + Wshear + Wother = ed + eV
t C CS
V2
Z I
~ dA
~
QWshaft +Wnormal +Wshear +Wother = (u+ +gz)d+ eV
t C 2 CS
(5)
The jet strikes a vane that moves to the right at constant velocity Vc on a
frictionless cart. Compute (a) the force Fx required to restrain the cart and
(b) the power P delivered to the cart. Also find the cart velocity for which
(c) the force Fx is a maximum and (d) the power P is a maximum.
The horizontal lawn sprinkler has a water flow rate of 4.0 gal/min
introduced vertically through the center. Estimate (a) the retarding torque
required to keep the arms from rotating and (b) the rotation rate (r/min)
if there is no retarding torque.