CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. WHAT IS ADDICTION
3. TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE
4. CAUSES OF ADDICTION
5. EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
6. HISTORY OF ADDICTION: DRUG ABUSE
7. DIAGONISIS OF ADDICTION
8. STUDY (QUESTIONARY)
9. THE PROFILE OF FIVE PATIENTS
10. TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
11. SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
12. CONCLUSION
13. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 INTRODUCTION

Addiction is the one of the biggest disease of the

world. More than millions of the individual are
struggling against addiction. It takes away the
happiness of the people by avoiding them to get
what they want and many of the people were also
not able to take correct decision. According to the
recent studies it has been found that adolescent are
more vulnerable to addiction. Addiction is that
type of diseases whose rehabilitation is very
difficult. As we know prevention is better than cure
so we can prevent our self from getting addicted by
not living under peer pressure. If we also get
addicted, we should immediately take the help of
specialist for rehab.

.
WHAT IS ADDICTION?

Addiction is the habitual, physiological, psychological

dependence on a substance or practice which is beyond
voluntary control. A person who is habituated to a substance
or a practice, especially a harmful one, is called an addict.
Addiction is a chronic, progressive and sometimes fatal
disorder with both genetic and environmental roots. It
manifests as a compulsion that derives an individual to
continue to behave in a way that is harmful to self and loved
ones, despite an intense desire to halt that behaviour. It is a
disease of more- an active addict needs an increasing
amount of substance to get high and is unable to cease usage
without painful withdrawal symptoms. This is true whether
the addictive substance is a drug or tobacco or alcohol or a
behaviour. Medically, addiction is of three types : Tobacco
Addiction, Alcohol Addiction, Drug Addiction
 TYPES OF DRUG ABUSE

1. Heroin

As a destructive opioid, heroin can lead to seizures, psychosis,

and hallucinations when it is abused. Heroin injections can
also spread diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus
and hepatitis. This drug is known to cause serious health
issues when it is abused because it interferes with the brains
receptors. Individuals who take heroin always require
professional rehabilitation because the symptoms of
withdrawal may be life-threatening.
2. Cocaine
Cocaine is a very dangerous stimulant even when taken in
small amounts. It induces euphoria, increases blood pressure,
and accelerates the heart rate. The drug may lead to fatal
strokes or heart attacks for some users. Due to the severe
consequences of using cocaine, users require immediate
professional treatment.
3. Crack
A potent form of cocaine, crack is often smoked and suddenly
creates an intense euphoric sensation for a short while. Crack
has turned into a problem because it is cheap and easy to buy
and use. Abusing the substance, however, can lead to
immediate addiction. Abusers are also at risk of suffering
heart attacks and strokes with every use. Long-term use can
cause liver, kidney, and lung damage.
4. Hallucinogens

PCP (phencyclidine) and LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

are hallucinogens, which means that they make users feel, see,
and hear things that are not real. While they experience
hallucinations with these drugs, users lose touch with reality
and enter mental states of disconnection. Withdrawing from
hallucinogens is not easy, and abusers will need professional
treatment in a rehab facility.
5. Marijuana / Cannabis
Marijuana is the most common illegal drug that is abused, and
many people begin using it as a recreational drug in social
situations. Continued abuse of marijuana can lead to
addiction, and the substance can affect the physical
coordination, memory, and mental functions of users over
time. While it is easy to abuse marijuana, it is not easy to stop
using it.
7. Alcohol

Abusing alcohol can cause psychological, physical, and social

problems, and it can lead to the destruction of relationships,
friendships, and marriages. A lot of alcohol abusers drink so
much that their bodies are unable to handle it. Sometimes this
requires that they are hospitalized for alcohol poisoning.
Furthermore, alcohol abuse can lead to injury or death to the
people around them while they are under the influence.
Alcohol withdrawal can be fatal because of delirium tremens,
which is a symptom with the potential to trigger heart failure
or stroke. Refraining from drinking also is not easy when it
becomes a habit because of mental and physical issues.
Professional assistance is often necessary for abusers of
alcohol.
CAUSES OF ADDICTION
Some of the causes of addiction are :-

1. Peer pressure
2. Stress and depression
3. Lack of education
4. Religious rituals
5.
EFFECTS OF ADDICTION
Fatigue - the patient is tired most of the time.
Memory loss - especially the patient's short-term memory.
Eye muscles - the eye muscles can become significantly weaker.
Liver diseases - the patient has a considerably higher chance of
developing hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Cirrhosis of the liver is an
irreversible and progressive condition
Heart problems - regular heaving drinking can lead to
cardiomyopathy (damaged heart muscle), heart failure, and
stroke.
Menstruation - alcoholism will usually stop menstruation or
disrupt it
Cancer - alcoholics have a much higher risk of developing several
cancers, including cancer of the mouth, oesophagus, liver, colon,
rectum, breast, prostate and pharynx.
Suicide - suicide rates among people who are alcohol-
dependent or who abuse alcohol are much higher than among
other people.
 PREVENTION AND CONTROL
Prevention is better than cure is also true here. Tobacco,
drug/alcohol abuse are more during young age and
adolescence. The remedial measure should be taken in time.
The following measures would be particularly useful for
prevention and control of alcohol and addiction during
adolescents.

1.Avoid undue Peer pressure.

2.Education and counselling.

3.Seeking help from parents and peers.

4.Looking for Danger Signs.

5.Seeking Professional and Medical helps.

HISTORY OF ADDICTION
Beer

Since the dawn of history, mankind has found ways to relieve the daily grind of life. In
ancient Mesopotamia (the area now known as Iraq), agriculture slowly began to flourish, and
a large network of city states started to gain prominence. With the cultivation of wheat and
barley came another product: beer. After all, the water wasn't particularly healthy, and the
weak alcohol content in beer killed off a lot of harmful organisms in the water.

While the beer wasn't particularly strong, it also wasn't particularly nice, as the concept of
sterility was unknown in 3,000 BCE. However, beer was consumed in bulk. Consequently,
addiction to alcohol was rampant in the so-called cradle of civilization, and people during
that time generally lived much shorter lives thanks to disease and, presumably, drunkenness.

Opium

Throughout the time that beer was gaining popularity, the Indians, Assyrians and Egyptians
were cultivating and preparing opium from the opium poppy. Indeed, the upper classes of
many civilizations would use this to relax and pass time, although some uses are much less
benign. One Egyptian scroll recommends using opium to soothe a crying baby.

Hallucinogens and Natural Highs

Moving on 15 centuries, the ancient Greece used a special form of mead (fermented honey)
or beer to induce visions known as mysteries. Naturally, there is something very mystical in
seeing hallucinations, and plants containing entheogens (natural chemicals that induce
hallucinations) have been widely cultivated throughout the world; these include the
peyote cactus, fly agaric, and cannabis. Clearly, this is a form of drug abuse, although it was a
socially acceptable one at the time.

Cocaine

During the second millennium, world trade started to be more prominent. Ships started
sailing from China to Europe-Marco Polo rediscovered major trade routes to India and China,
and in 1492, cocaine came to be major product of trade.

After that, the American continent became ripe for development. Various conquistadors
discovered the drugs that kept the locals going, especially cocaine, which was touted as a
wonder cure for all ailments.

Tobacco

One of the major drugs that came out of the New World was tobacco. Sir Walter Raleigh
famously introduced dried tobacco leaves to England, where they were controlled and taxed
heavily. Again, abuse of tobacco led to very expensive addictions, as it was a risky but
incredibly profitable voyage for those who made it over the Atlant
DIAGNOSIS OF ADDICTION
Blood test or imaging scan can determine whether somebody is addicted to drug
or alcohol or smoking, and to what degree.
Blood test - this may be ordered to determine whether the substance is still in
the blood (whether the substance has been taken recently). It is not used to
diagnose addiction.
A GP (general practitioner, primary care physician) can help the patient
determine their degree of dependence by asking pertinent questions, or using a
specific questionnaire. The following questions may help determine how
dependent a patient is:

How many cigarettes do you smoke per day?

Do you find it hard not to smoke in places where it is not allowed, such as in a
church, school, movie theatre, library, public transport, hospital, etc.?
If you had to give up, which cigarette would you miss the most (e.g. the first
one in the morning)?
Do you smoke more cigarettes during the first few hours after waking up,
than during the rest of the day?
If you are ill, with a bad cold or the flu, do you still take drug or alcohol?
Have you ever smoked more than you intended to?
Have you ever neglected a duty because you were smoking, or so that you
could have a cigarette?
STUDY (QUESTIONARY)
QUESTIONAIRE
1. What was the age when you started having addiction?
2. What makes you want to take drug?
3. Was there anyone in your family who is also addicted?
4. Did you start the treatment as soon as you started
having the addiction?
5. Do you think addiction has affected your normal life?
6. Which was the first problem you started to have at the
onset of addiction?
7. Are you satisfied with the available treatment of this
disease?
8. Do you think the treatment of this disease is an
expensive process?
9. Is Guwahati an appropriate place for the treatment of
this disease?
 THE PROFILE OF 5 PATIENTS
Case no: 1 Patient name: Sofia Akhtar
Age: 65 Type: T2DM
Gender: Female Date of admission: 22/12/15
Comments: After I am started having T2DM, my life has totally
changed. I am the first person to have diabetes in my family. At the
onset of this disease I felt very much weakness and hunger.

Case no: 2 Patient name: Mrs Neha Das

Age: 40 Type: T1DM
Gender: Female Date of admission: 22/12/15
Comments: I am middle aged house wife and I have lots of difficulties
to tackle this disease due to weakness. I cannot meet the common need
of my family, and some time I become unconsciousness and my family
gets worried. Recently my husband spends lots of money for this
disease but I didnt get any such good result.

Case no: 3 Patient name: Shubankar Deka

Age: 45 Type: T1DM
Gender: Male Date of admission:06/01/16
Comments: I started having this disease at the age of 35, I didnt take
much attention to it due to very busy job. I din took medicine regularly
or neither did any physical exercise and now Im suffering from this
dangerous disease I have to lose my job, during urination I feel burning
sensation. Now I am unable to take care of my family,
Case no:4 Patient name: Karan Barman
Age: 54 Type: T2DM
Gender: Male Date of admission:06/01/16
Comments: I am poor worker who earn few just to stay alive and to take
care of family. I dont have much savings that I would go in a big hospital
for better cure or for medicine. Nowadays I also cannot go to work site
as I remain weak and my hand and leg shakes if I try to do any hard
work. Due to this I cannot send my children to school.

Case no:5 Patient name: Miss Rupali Nath

Age: 33 Type: T2DM
Gender: Female Date of admission:15/01/16
Comments: I am both working women and house wife I have no time to
care of my health I always remain busy taking care of my family and
doing stressful work at my office and due to this I had gained my weight
rapidly, presently my weight is about 93 kg and my recent diagnosis
says that I am suffering from diabetes.
TREATMENT OF ADDICTION
Do-it-yourself - experts say about 30% of people with an alcohol problem manage to
reduce their drinking or abstain without seeking professional help. There is a great deal
of material in books and the internet that may help the self-helper.

Counselling - a qualified counsellor can help the alcoholic talk through his/her problems
and then devise a plan to tackle the drinking. CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) is
commonly used to treat alcohol dependency.

Detoxification - the patient takes some medication to prevent withdrawal symptoms

(delirium tremens) which many alcoholics experience when they give up drinking.

Drugs for cravings -

SCENARIO OF ADDICTION
CONCLUSION
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Special thanks to the following source: -
Internet (Wikipedia)
NCERT biology class XI
Some diabetic patients
Online library
151 base hospital
Dr . P Kalita