4-86 Reference data

Table 4.44 Pressure factors Z for compressible flow, using Z p1.929

Pressure, p Z Pressure, p Z Pressure, p Z Pressure, p Z Pressure, p Z
/ kPa / kPa1.929 / kPa / kPa1.929 / kPa / kPa1.929 / kPa / kPa1.929 / kPa / kPa1.929
10 85 210 30 200 410 110 000 610 236 000 810 408 000
20 323 220 33 000 420 115 000 620 244 000 820 418 000
30 707 230 36 000 430 120 000 630 251 000 830 427 000
40 1 230 240 39 000 440 126 000 640 259 000 840 437 000
50 1 890 250 42 230 450 131 000 650 267 000 850 448 000
60 2 690 260 45 500 460 137 000 660 275 000 860 458 000
70 3 620 270 49 000 470 143 000 670 283 000 870 468 000
80 4 690 280 52 500 480 149 000 680 291 000 880 479 000
90 5 880 290 56 200 490 155 000 690 299 000 890 489 000
100 7 210 300 60 000 500 161 000 700 308 000 900 500 000
110 8 670 310 63 900 510 167 000 710 316 000 910 510 000
120 10 300 320 68 000 520 174 000 720 325 000 920 521 000
130 12 000 330 72 100 530 180 000 730 334 000 930 532 000
140 13 800 340 76 400 540 187 000 740 343 000 940 543 000
150 15 800 350 80 800 550 193 000 750 351 000 950 555 000
160 17 900 360 85 300 560 200 000 760 361 000 960 566 000
170 20 100 370 90 000 570 207 000 770 370 000 970 577 000
180 22 400 380 94 700 580 214 000 780 379 000 980 589 000
190 24 900 390 99 600 590 221 000 790 389 000 990 601 000

4.6.2 Flow of condensate in pipes 4.7 Natural gas in pipes

The pressure drop of the condensate flow may be obtained
in the same way as for hot water where:
(a) thermostatic traps, having small pressure differen-
tials between inlet and outlet, are employed and
(b) air and other gases are prevented from entering the
condensate drain by the use of automatic vents.
If air is required to traverse the condensate main and if
flash steam is produced by the pressure drops in the trap
and system then the resistance is greatly increased. The
pressure drop in two-phase flow is always greater than for
either phase individually, the calculation for which is
beyond the scope of this Guide. In the absence of definite
data it is recommended that where flash steam can occur
the condensate mains should be sized for three times the
normal hot water discharge.
4.7.1 General
It should be noted that gases are highly compressible and
that the density therefore varies considerably with pressure
and temperature. Although the viscosity varies little with
pressure, that too varies with temperature. Thus pressure
drops are therefore best obtained by direct calculation
using the method explained in section 4.3. Although sec-
tion 4.3 assumes incompressible flow (q constant), the
method may be used with reasonable accuracy so long as
the drop in pressure along the pipe does not exceed 10 per
cent of the initial (absolute) inlet pressure.
Nevertheless values have been calculated for a density q
0.68 kg m3 being reasonable for a pressure of 100 kPa and
a temperature of 10C. These are given in Table 4.45.

The table covers the regions of laminar and turbulent

flows. In the intermediate zone, 2000 Re 3000 the
nature of the flow is unpredictable and the pressure drop
similarly unpredictable. For Re 2000 turbulent flow has
been assumed in the calculation.
Flow of fluids in pipes and ducts 4-87

Table 4.45 Flow of natural gas in medium grade steel pipes

qv volume flow rate m3.s1
MEDIUM GRADE STEEL
c velocity m.s1
p/l pressure drop per unit length Pa.m1 NATURAL GAS
le equivalent length of a component
for  1 m
* (Re) 2000 for q 0.68 kg.m3
(Re) 3000

Dp/l c 10 mm 15 mm 20 mm 25 mm c Dp/l
qv le qv le qv le qv le
0.5 0.000028 0.1 0.000078 0.1 0.000250 0.4 0.000638 0.9 0.5
0.6 0.000033 0.1 0.000093 0.2 0.000300 0.4 0.000696* 0.9 0.6
0.7 0.000038 0.1 0.000108 0.2 0.000350 0.5 0.000725 0.9 0.7
0.8 0.000044 0.1 0.000124 0.2 0.000400 0.6 0.000755 0.9 0.8
0.9 0.000049 0.1 0.000139 0.2 0.000450 0.6 0.000784 0.9 0.9
1.0 0.5 0.000055 0.1 0.000155 0.2 0.000500* 0.7 0.000814 0.9 1.0
1.5 0.000082 0.2 0.000232 0.3 0.000583 0.6 0.000961 1.0 1.5 1.5
2.0 0.000109 0.2 0.000309 0.4 0.000640 0.6 0.00112 1.0 2.0
2.5 0.000136 0.2 0.000386* 0.5 0.000697 0.5 0.00128 1.0 2.5
3.0 0.000163 0.3 0.000413 0.5 0.000754 0.5 0.00142 1.1 3.0
3.5 1.5 0.000190 0.3 0.000430 0.5 0.000813 0.5 0.00155 1.1 3.5
4.0 0.000217 0.3 0.000447 0.5 0.000878 0.5 0.00167 1.1 4.0
4.5 0.000245 0.4 0.000465 0.4 0.000940 0.5 0.00179 1.1 3.0 4.5
5.0 0.000272 0.4 0.000482 0.4 0.000999 0.6 0.00190 1.1 5.0
5.5 0.000299 0.4 0.000499 0.4 0.00106 0.6 0.00201 1.1 5.5
6.0 0.000311* 0.4 0.000516 0.4 0.00111 0.6 0.00211 1.2 6.0
6.5 0.000317 0.4 0.000534 0.4 0.00116 0.6 0.00221 1.2 6.5
7.0 0.000323 0.4 0.000551 0.4 0.00121 0.6 0.00230 1.2 7.0
7.5 0.000329 0.4 0.000568 0.4 0.00126 0.6 0.00239 1.2 7.5
8.0 0.000335 0.4 0.000585 0.4 0.00131 0.6 0.00248 1.2 8.0
8.5 0.000341 0.4 0.000603 0.4 0.00135 0.6 0.00257 1.2 8.5
9.0 0.000347 0.4 0.000624 0.4 0.00140 0.6 0.00265 1.2 9.0
9.5 0.000353 0.4 0.000643 0.4 0.00144 0.6 0.00274 1.2 9.5
10.0 3.0 0.000359 0.3 0.000663 0.4 0.00149 0.6 0.00282 1.2 10.0
12.5 0.000388 0.3 0.000753 0.4 0.00169 0.6 0.00319 1.2 12.5
15.0 0.000418 0.3 0.000836 0.4 0.00187 0.6 0.00354 1.3 15.0
17.5 0.000448 0.3 0.000912 0.4 0.00204 0.7 0.00385 1.3 17.5
20.0 0.000480 0.3 0.000984 0.4 0.00220 0.7 0.00415 1.3 20.0
22.5 0.000514 0.3 0.00105 0.5 0.00235 0.7 0.00443 1.3 22.5
25.0 0.000545 0.3 0.00112 0.5 0.00249 0.7 0.00470 1.3 25.0

Table 4.45 Flow of natural gas in medium grade steel pipes continued

Dp/l c 32 mm 40 mm 50 mm 65 mm c Dp/l
qv le qv le qv le qv le
0.5 0.00113 0.9 0.00164 1.0 0.00313 1.4 0.00637 2.1 0.5
0.6 0.00122 0.9 0.00182 1.0 0.00347 1.5 0.00707 2.1 0.6
0.7 0.00131 0.9 0.00199 1.1 0.00380 1.5 0.00772 2.2 0.7
0.8 0.00141 0.9 0.00215 1.1 0.00410 1.5 0.00833 2.2 0.8
0.9 1.5 0.00151 0.9 0.00230 1.1 0.00439 1.5 0.00890 2.2 0.9
1.0 0.00161 0.9 0.00245 1.1 0.00466 1.6 0.00945 2.3 1.0
1.5 0.00204 1.0 0.00309 1.2 0.00587 1.7 0.0119 2.4 3.0 1.5
2.0 0.00240 1.0 0.00364 1.2 0.00691 1.7 0.0140 2.5 2.0
2.5 0.00273 1.0 0.00413 1.3 0.00784 1.8 0.0158 2.5 2.5
3.0 3.0 0.00303 1.1 0.00458 1.3 0.00869 1.8 0.0175 2.6 3.0
3.5 0.00331 1.1 0.00500 1.3 0.00947 1.8 0.0191 2.6 5.0 3.5
4.0 0.00357 1.1 0.00539 1.4 0.0102 1.9 0.0206 2.7 4.0
4.5 0.00381 1.1 0.00576 1.4 0.0109 1.9 0.0220 2.7 4.5
5.0 0.00405 1.1 0.00612 1.4 0.0116 1.9 0.0233 2.7 5.0
5.5 0.00427 1.1 0.00645 1.4 0.0122 1.9 0.0245 2.8 5.5
6.0 0.00449 1.2 0.00677 1.4 0.0128 2.0 0.0257 2.8 6.0
6.5 0.00469 1.2 0.00708 1.4 0.0134 2.0 0.0269 2.8 6.5
7.0 0.00489 1.2 0.00738 1.4 0.0139 2.0 0.0280 2.8 7.0
7.5 5.0 0.00508 1.2 0.00767 1.5 0.0145 2.0 0.0291 2.8 7.5
8.0 0.00527 1.2 0.00795 1.5 0.0150 2.0 0.0301 2.9 8.0
8.5 0.00545 1.2 0.00823 1.5 0.0155 2.0 0.0312 2.9 8.5
9.0 0.00563 1.2 0.00849 1.5 0.0160 2.1 0.0322 2.9 9.0
9.5 0.00580 1.2 0.00875 1.5 0.0165 2.1 0.0331 2.9 9.5
10.0 0.00597 1.2 0.00900 1.5 0.0170 2.1 0.0341 2.9 10.0
12.5 0.00676 1.2 0.0102 1.5 0.0192 2.1 0.0385 3.0 10.0 12.5
15.0 0.00748 1.3 0.0113 1.6 0.0212 2.1 0.0425 3.0 15.0
17.5 0.00814 1.3 0.0123 1.6 0.0231 2.2 0.0462 3.1 17.5
20.0 0.00877 1.3 0.0132 1.6 0.0248 2.2 0.0496 3.1 20.0
22.5 0.00935 1.3 0.0141 1.6 0.0264 2.2 0.0529 3.1 22.5
25.0 0.00991 1.3 0.0149 1.6 0.0280 2.2 0.0560 3.2 25.0
4-88 Reference data

Table 4.45 Flow of natural gas in medium grade steel pipes continued
MEDIUM GRADE STEEL
qv volume flow rate 3
m .s 1

c velocity m.s1 NATURAL GAS

p/l pressure drop per unit length Pa.m1
le equivalent length of a component
for  1 m
* (Re) 2000 for q 0.68 kg.m3

Dp/l c 80 mm 90 mm 100 mm 125 mm 150 mm c Dp/l

qv le qv le qv le qv le qv le
0.5 0.00988 2.6 0.0146 3.2 0.0203 3.8 0.0360 5.1 0.0583 6.5 3.0 0.5
0.6 0.0110 2.7 0.0162 3.2 0.0224 3.8 0.0400 5.2 0.0645 6.6 0.6
0.7 0.0120 2.7 0.0177 3.3 0.0245 3.9 0.0434 5.3 0.0703 6.7 0.7
0.8 0.0129 2.8 0.0190 3.4 0.0264 4.0 0.0468 5.3 0.0757 6.8 0.8
0.9 0.0138 2.8 0.0203 3.4 0.0282 4.0 0.0500 5.4 0.0808 6.9 0.9
1.0 3.0 0.0146 2.8 0.0216 3.5 0.0299 4.1 0.0530 5.5 0.0857 7.0 1.0
1.5 0.0184 3.0 0.0271 3.6 0.0375 4.3 0.0663 5.7 0.107 7.3 5.0 1.5
2.0 0.0216 3.1 0.0318 3.7 0.0440 4.4 0.0778 5.9 0.126 7.5 2.0
2.5 5.0 0.0245 3.2 0.0360 3.8 0.0498 4.5 0.0879 6.0 0.142 7.7 2.5
3.0 0.0271 3.2 0.0398 3.9 0.0550 4.6 0.0972 6.1 0.157 7.8 3.0
3.5 0.0295 3.3 0.0433 4.0 0.0599 4.7 0.106 6.2 0.170 7.9 3.5
4.0 0.0317 3.3 0.0466 4.0 0.0645 4.7 0.114 6.3 0.183 8.0 10.0 4.0
4.5 0.0339 3.4 0.0498 4.1 0.0688 4.8 0.121 6.4 0.195 8.1 4.5
5.0 0.0359 3.4 0.0572 4.1 0.0728 4.8 0.128 6.4 0.207 8.1 5.0
5.5 0.0378 3.4 0.0555 4.2 0.0767 4.9 0.135 6.5 0.218 8.2 5.5
6.0 0.0397 3.5 0.0583 4.2 0.0804 4.9 0.142 6.5 0.228 8.2 6.0
6.5 0.0414 3.5 0.0609 4.2 0.0840 5.0 0.148 6.6 0.238 8.3 6.5
7.0 0.0432 3.5 0.0634 4.2 0.0875 5.0 0.154 6.6 0.248 8.3 7.0
7.5 0.0448 3.5 0.0658 4.3 0.0908 5.0 0.160 6.6 0.257 8.4 7.5
8.0 0.0464 3.6 0.0681 4.3 0.0941 5.0 0.166 6.7 0.266 8.4 8.0
8.5 0.0480 3.6 0.0704 4.3 0.0972 5.1 0.171 6.7 0.275 8.5 8.5
9.0 0.0495 3.6 0.0726 4.3 0.100 5.1 0.176 6.7 0.284 8.5 15.0 9.0
9.5 10.0 0.0510 3.6 0.0748 4.4 0.103 5.1 0.182 6.8 0.292 8.5 9.5
10.0 0.0524 3.6 0.0769 4.4 0.106 5.1 0.187 6.8 0.300 8.6 10.0
12.5 0.0592 3.7 0.0868 4.5 0.120 5.2 0.210 6.9 0.338 8.7 12.5
15.0 0.0653 3.7 0.0957 4.5 0.132 5.3 0.232 7.0 0.373 8.8 15.0
17.5 15.0 0.0710 3.8 0.104 4.6 0.143 5.4 0.252 7.1 0.404 8.9 17.5
20.0 0.0763 3.8 0.112 4.6 0.154 5.4 0.270 7.1 0.434 9.0 20.0
22.5 0.0812 3.9 0.119 4.7 0.164 5.4 0.288 7.2 0.462 9.0 22.5
25.0 0.0860 3.9 0.126 4.7 0.173 5.5 0.304 7.2 0.488 9.1 25.0
Flow of fluids in pipes and ducts 4-89

Table 4.46 Flow of natural gas in copper pipes

qv volume flow rate m3.s1
COPPER, TABLE X
c velocity m.s1
p/l pressure drop per unit length Pa.m1 NATURAL GAS
le equivalent length of a component
for  1 m
* (Re) 2000 for q 0.68 kg.m3
(Re) 3000

Dp/l c 6 mm 8 mm 10 mm 12 mm 15 mm c Dp/l
qv le qv le qv le qv le qv le

0.5 0.000001 0.0 0.000003 0.0 0.000007 0.0 0.000016 0.0 0.000040 0.1 0.3 0.5
0.6 0.000001 0.0 0.000003 0.0 0.000009 0.0 0.000019 0.0 0.000048 0.1 0.6
0.7 0.000001 0.0 0.000004 0.0 0.000010 0.0 0.000022 0.0 0.000055 0.1 0.7
0.8 0.000001 0.0 0.000004 0.0 0.000012 0.0 0.000025 0.0 0.000063 0.1 0.8
0.9 0.000002 0.0 0.000005 0.0 0.000013 0.0 0.000029 0.0 0.000071 0.1 0.9
1.0 0.1 0.000002 0.0 0.000005 0.0 0.000014 0.0 0.000032 0.0 0.000079 0.2 1.0
1.5 0.000002 0.0 0.000008 0.0 0.000021 0.0 0.000047 0.1 0.000118 0.2 1.5
2.0 0.15 0.000003 0.0 0.000010 0.0 0.000028 0.0 0.000063 0.1 0.000157 0.2 1.0 2.0
2.5 0.000004 0.0 0.000013 0.0 0.000035 0.0 0.000079 0.1 0.000197 0.3 2.5
3.0 0.000004 0.0 0.000015 0.0 0.000042 0.1 0.000094 0.1 0.000236 0.3 3.0
3.5 0.000005 0.0 0.000018 0.0 0.000049 0.1 0.000110 0.1 0.000275 0.4 3.5
4.0 0.3 0.000005 0.0 0.000020 0.0 0.000056 0.1 0.000125 0.2 0.000314 0.4 4.0
4.5 0.000006 0.0 0.000023 0.0 0.000062 0.1 0.000141 0.2 0.000341* 0.5 4.5
5.0 0.000007 0.0 0.000025 0.0 0.000069 0.1 0.000157 0.2 0.000350 0.4 5.0
5.5 0.000007 0.0 0.000027 0.0 0.000076 0.1 0.000172 0.2 0.000360 0.4 5.5
6.0 0.000008 0.0 0.000030 0.0 0.000083 0.2 0.000188 0.2 0.000369 0.4 6.0
6.5 0.000008 0.0 0.000032 0.0 0.000090 0.2 0.000203 0.3 0.000379 0.4 6.5
7.0 0.000009 0.0 0.000035 0.0 0.000097 0.2 0.000219 0.3 0.000388 0.4 7.0
7.5 0.000010 0.0 0.000037 0.1 0.000104 0.2 0.000235 0.3 0.000398 0.4 7.5
8.0 0.000010 0.0 0.000040 0.1 0.000111 0.2 0.000250 0.4 0.000407 0.4 8.0
8.5 0.000011 0.0 0.000042 0.1 0.000117 0.2 0.000266* 0.4 0.000417 0.4 8.5
9.0 0.000011 0.0 0.000045 0.1 0.000124 0.2 0.000271 0.3 0.000426 0.4 9.0
9.5 0.000012 0.0 0.000047 0.1 0.000131 0.2 0.000275 0.3 0.000436 0.4 3.0 9.5
10.0 0.000013 0.0 0.000050 0.1 0.000138 0.2 0.000278 0.3 0.000445 0.4 10.0
12.5 0.000016 0.0 0.000062 0.1 0.000172 0.3 0.000297 0.3 0.000493 0.4 12.5
15.0 1.0 0.000019 0.0 0.000074 0.1 0.000207* 0.3 0.000316 0.3 0.000546 0.4 15.0
17.5 0.000022 0.0 0.000086 0.1 0.000224 0.3 0.000335 0.3 0.000597 0.4 17.5
20.0 0.000025 0.0 0.000099 0.1 0.000232 0.3 0.000354 0.3 0.000646 0.4 20.0
22.5 0.000028 0.0 0.000111 0.2 0.000240 0.3 0.000373 0.3 0.000692 0.4 22.5

Table 4.46 Flow of natural gas in copper pipes continued

Dp/l c 22 mm 28 mm 35 mm 42 mm 54 mm c Dp/l
qv le qv le qv le qv le qv le
0.5 0.000192 0.3 0.000543 0.7 0.000927 0.8 0.00143 1.0 0.00295 1.4 0.5
0.6 0.000231 0.3 0.000649* 0.9 0.000990 0.8 0.00158 1.0 0.00328 1.4 0.6
0.7 1.0 0.000269 0.4 0.000675 0.8 0.00105 0.8 0.00173 1.0 0.00359 1.5 0.7
0.8 0.000307 0.4 0.000702 0.8 0.00112 0.8 0.00187 1.0 0.00388 1.5 0.8
0.9 0.000346 0.5 0.000728 0.7 0.00118 0.8 0.00201 1.0 0.00415 1.5 0.9
1.0 0.000384 0.5 0.000754 0.7 0.00125 0.8 0.00213 1.1 0.00442 1.6 1.0
1.5 0.000519* 0.6 0.000886 0.7 0.00158 0.9 0.00270 1.1 0.00558 1.7 1.5
2.0 0.000565 0.5 0.00102 0.7 0.00187 0.9 0.00320 1.2 0.00659 1.7 3.0 2.0
2.5 0.000611 0.5 0.00117 0.7 0.00213 0.9 0.00364 1.2 0.00749 1.8 2.5
3.0 0.000658 0.5 0.00130 0.7 0.00237 1.0 0.00404 1.3 0.00832 1.8 3.0
3.5 0.000704 0.5 0.00142 0.7 0.00260 1.0 0.00442 1.3 0.00909 1.9 3.5
4.0 0.000751 0.5 0.00154 0.7 0.00281 1.0 0.00477 1.3 0.00981 1.9 4.0
4.5 0.000805 0.5 0.00165 0.8 0.00300 1.0 0.00510 1.3 0.0105 1.9 5.0 4.5
5.0 0.000856 0.5 0.00175 0.8 0.00319 1.0 0.00543 1.4 0.0111 2.0 5.0
5.5 0.000906 0.5 0.00185 0.8 0.00337 1.1 0.00573 1.4 0.0118 2.0 5.5
6.0 3.0 0.000953 0.5 0.00195 0.8 0.00355 1.1 0.00603 1.4 0.0124 2.0 6.0
6.5 0.000999 0.6 0.00204 0.8 0.00371 1.1 0.00631 1.4 0.0129 2.0 6.5
7.0 0.00104 0.6 0.00213 0.8 0.00388 1.1 0.00658 1.4 0.0135 2.1 7.0
7.5 0.00109 0.6 0.00222 0.8 0.00403 1.1 0.00685 1.4 0.0140 2.1 7.5
8.0 0.00113 0.6 0.00230 0.8 0.00419 1.1 0.00710 1.5 0.0146 2.1 8.0
8.5 0.00117 0.6 0.00239 0.8 0.00433 1.1 0.00736 1.5 0.0151 2.1 8.5
9.0 0.00121 0.6 0.00247 0.8 0.00448 1.1 0.00760 1.5 0.0156 2.1 9.0
9.5 0.00125 0.6 0.00254 0.8 0.00462 1.1 0.00784 1.5 0.0160 2.2 9.5
10.0 0.00129 0.6 0.00262 0.9 0.00476 1.2 0.00807 1.5 0.0165 2.2 10.0
12.5 0.00146 0.6 0.00298 0.9 0.00541 1.2 0.00917 1.6 0.0187 2.2 12.5
15.0 5.0 0.00163 0.6 0.00331 0.9 0.00600 1.2 0.0102 1.6 0.0208 2.3 10.0 15.0
17.5 0.00178 0.6 0.00361 0.9 0.00656 1.2 0.0111 1.6 0.0227 2.3 17.5
20.0 0.00192 0.7 0.00390 0.9 0.00707 1.3 0.0120 1.7 0.0244 2.4 20.0
22.5 0.00206 0.7 0.00418 1.0 0.00756 1.3 0.0128 1.7 0.0261 2.4 22.5
25.0 0.00219 0.7 0.00444 1.0 0.00803 1.3 0.0136 1.7 0.0277 2.4 25.0