Marielle P. Balo 4.

Looking-glass

1. Adaptation -the self-image we have based on how we

is the evolutionary process whereby an
organism becomes better able to live in its
habitat or habitats
-structural, behavioural, psychological
2. Evolution
changes in heritable characteristics of
biological populations over successive
generations
3. Hadar, Ethiopia
suppose others to perceive us
5. Generalized other
-the general cultural norms and values share by
us and others that we use as a point of
reference in evaluating ourselves
6. Self-regulation
7. Social role
-patterns of behaviour expected of persons in
various social position

-hominid fossils 8. Ascribed vs. Achieved

4. Key Anatomical Changes Process of Socialization

-bipedalism, increased brain size, lengthened 1. Albert Bandura

ontogeny, decreased sexual dimorphism, ulnar
opposition - Social Learning Theory (Behavior)

2. Indoctrination
Socialization
-brainwash
1. Socialization
3. Groupthink
-a life-long process by which people learn the
ways of the society in which they live in -tendency of group members to conform
2. Aims of Socialization 4. De-individualization
a. acquiring a sense of self - doing unusual things
*George Herbert Mead- self is a ________________________________________
dimension of personality composed of
an individuals self-awareness and self- Culture as Adaptation
image
1. Culture
b. developing human capacities
-the interrelated network of norms and roles
c. learning expectation for behaviour
2. Elements that determine the degree of
d. acquiring social roles freedom

e. internalizing and transmitting culture -nature of diet over an annual period

3. Role-Taking -ability to make substitutes to their diet

- stepping into another persons shoes -reliance on domesticates

-knowledge of cause and effect in nature 4. Gender in Global Perspective

-mastery over nature - The Israeli Kibbutzim

-freedom from seasonal variation -Margaret Meads Research (culture)

3. Taxonomy of Cultural Adaptation -George Murdocks Research (global agreement)

-hunting and gathering, horticulture, 5. Sexism

pastoralism, agriculture, industrialism
-ideological basis of patriarchy
4. Qualities of Culture
6. Gender Roles or Sex Roles
-culture is learned, transmitted, social,
-attitudes and activities that a society links to
ideational, gratifying, adaptive, and
each sex
integrative
7. Pink-collar jobs
5. Components of Culture
8. Sexual Harassment
a. social norms (proper/ improper, right/wrong)
-unwelcomed comments, gestures or physical
-folkways, mores, laws, fashion, fads, crazes
contact
b. ideas (nonmaterial, conception world)
9. Structural-functional Analysis
-beliefs, values
-paradigm views society as a complex system of
c. material culture many separate but integrated parts

-concrete and tangible things -gender functions to organize social life

6. Organization of Culture 10. Talcott Parsons: Gender and

Complementary
a. traits and pattern
-complementary set of roles vital to the
b. levels of cultural participation
operation of society
-culture universals, specialties, alternatives
11. Structural-conflict Analysis
-subculture, ethnocentrism, culture shock,
-gender involves not just differences in
cultural relativism
behaviour but disparities in power
________________________________________
12. Friedrich Engels: Gander and Class
Sex and Gender
-technology to class hierarchy
1. Sex
-monogamous marriage and the family
-biological distinction
-capitalism
2. Hermaphrodite
12. Feminism
3. Gender
-opposition to patriarchy and sexism
-a cultural distinction
13. Basic Feminist Ideas 7. Marriage Patterns

a. the importance of change -endogamy, exogamy

b. expanding human choice 8. Monogamy (America and Europe), Polygamy

(polygyny *Africa and Southern Asia,
c. eliminating gender stratification
polyandry*Tibet )
d. ending sexual violence
9. Residential Patterns
e. promoting sexual autonomy
-patrilocality, matrilocality, neolocality
14. Liberal Feminism
10. Descent Patterns
-equal rights
-patrilineal descent, matrilineal d.,bilateral d.
15. Social Feminism
11. Theoretical Analysis of the Family
- Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
I. Structural-functional Analysis
-Capitalism
-socialization, regulation of sexual activity,
16. Radical Feminism social placement, material and
emotional security
-new reproductive technology
II. Social-conflict Analysis
-seeks egalitarian and gender-free society
-property and inheritance, patriarchy, racial and
________________________________________ ethnic inequality
Family III. Micro-level Analysis
1. Family -symbolic interaction, social exchange
-social institution 12. Homogamy
2. Kinship -like marrying like
-blood, marriage, adoption 13. Infidelity
3. Family Orientation, procreation -sexual activity outside marriage
4. Family Variations 14. Alternative Forms of Family
-nuclear/ conjugal, extended/ consanguine, a. one-parent
family of affinity
b. cohabitation shacking up and living in sin
5. Marriage
c. gay and lesbian
-legally sanctioned relationship
d. singlehood
6. Social Category

-age, race, religion, social class

New Reproductive Technology and the Family 6. Denomination

1. Arlette Schweitzer -independent of the state that recognizes

religious pluralism
2. Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
7. Sect
-treatments that involve handling eggs and
embryos outside the body -stands apart from a larger society

a. in-vitro fertilization -have rigid religious convictions and deny the

belief of others
b. intracytoplasmic sperm injection
-prosyletize (attracts more disadvantaged
c. gamete intrafallopian transfer
people)
d. zygote intrafallopian transfer
8. Cult
3. Louise brown (in-vitro)
-largely outside societys cultural traditions
________________________________________
-principles and practices are unconventional; so
Religion and Social Change seen as deviant or evil

1. Max Weber: Protestantism and Capitalism -suicide of 39 members of Californias heaven

gate cult in 1997
-Industrial capitalism developed in the wake of
Calvinism, a movement within the Protestant ________________________________________
Reformation.
Religion in History
2. John Calvin
1. Animisn
-doctrine of predestination
-breath of life
-elect and reprobate
2. Industrial Revolution
-thrifty lives, industrial capitalism
-science, religion for the rest
3. Liberation Theology
3. Religion: Class, Ethnicity and Race
- Fusion of Christian principles with political
________________________________________
activism, often Marxist in character
- Christianity + politics 1. Profane

4. Religious Organizations -ordinary element of everyday life

-church, sect, cult 2. Sacred

5. State Church -extraordinary

- counts everyone in a society as a member, 3. Religion

which sharply limits tolerance of religious
-a social institution involving beliefs and
differences
practices based on a conception of the sacred

4. Rituals, Totems
5. Structural-functional Analysis ! Many fundamentalists endorse conservative
political goals
a. social cohesion

b. social control

c. providing meaning and purpose

6. Symbolic-interaction analysis

- Religion is socially constructed.

- Subjective definition of what is sacred

7. Social-conflict analysis

- Patriarchal

________________________________________

Religion in a Changing Society

1. Secularization

-civil religion, religious revival

-historical decline in the importance of

supernatural and sacred

-liberation from dictatorial beliefs

2. Civil Religion

-Robert Bellah- quasi-religious loyalty

-flag

3. Fundamentalism

- A conservative religious doctrine that opposes

intellectualism and worldly accommodation in
favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly
religion

Distinctive in five ways:

! Fundamentalists take the words of sacred

texts literally

! Fundamentalists reject religious pluralism

! Fundamentalists pursue the personal

experience of Gods presence

! Fundamentalists oppose secular humanism