Cartilage and Bone

By :
Yuningtyaswari
 Similiarity of Cartilage & bone
hard tissue
lacuna-matrix system
matrix: collagen, proteoglycan
osteoblast-osteocyte, chondroblast-
chondrocyte
secretes collagen, proteoglycan
surrounded by perichondrium or
periosteum
 Differences cartilage & bone

Cartilage Bone

components no inorganic substance organic substance

flexibility high tensile strength harder

resilence, elasticity no flexibility

nutrition and diffusion canaliculi-Haversian

blood vessel avascular system
vascular
mechanism of interstitial and appositional growth only,
growth and appositional growth, destruction by osteoclast,
remodelling no remodelling constantly remodels
 CARTILAGE

organ=Cartilage tissue+perichondrium
structure of cartilage tissue
---cell: chondrocyte
---cartilage matrix
 chondrocyte:
---Structure: LM
embedded in cartilage
lacuna
peripheral cells:
--small and immature
--single and flattened
central cell:
--large and mature,
--round and in group of 2-8 cells
--small and round nucleus
--basophilic cytoplasm
--EM: rich in RER and Golgi complex
*isogenous group: several cells locates
in one lacuna, which are derived from a
single(same) parent cell
 Chondroblast - Chondrocyte

a. cells synthesize protein

b. lost activities and become chondrocyte
c. dependent on hormonal and nutritional factors
growth Hormone
steroid hormone
vitamin C
secretes collagen (type II), proteoglycan
euchromatic, prominent nucleolus
abundant r-ER, Golgi in chondroblast
glycogen deosition increase in chondrocyte
 Cartilage matrix
ground substance:
proteoglycan:
--same to loose CT
--there are more chondroitin sulfate distributed
at the periphery of cartilage lacuna---called as
cartilage capsule(basophilic)
Chondronectin :promotes adherence of
chondrocytes to matrix collagen
water
 Cartilage matrix
fiber :
type and number of fiber
depends on the type of
cartilage

Type II Collagen ----- Hyaline Cartilage

Elastin ----------------- Elastic Cartilage
Type I Collagen ------ Fibrocartilage
2) Classification: according to the fiber

a. Hyaline cartilage:
less collagenous fibriltype II collagen
articular surface, rib cartilage, trachea and
bronchi
b. Fibrous cartilage:
large amount of collagenous fiber bundles
cells are small and less
intervertebral disc, symphysis pubis
c. Elastic cartilage:
large amount of elastic fiber
external ear, epiglottis
3) perichondrium
two layers:
---out layer: contain more fiber-protection
---inner layer: more cells-osteoprogenitor
cell(fusiform in shape)
4) growth of cartilage
---interstitial growth:
inner chondrocyte proliferation produce
fiber and matrix.
immature cartilage
---appositional growth:
osteoprogenitor cellcartilage cell
(chondrocyte) produce fiber and matrix.
growing and mature cartilage
 BONE

---consists of bone tissue, periosteum and

endosteum, bone marrow
Bone tissue
Cells:
a. osteoprogenitor cell: stem cell
---structure:
fusiform, small
ovoid nucleus
slight basophilic cytoplasm
exist in periosteum and endosteum
---function: differentiated into osteoblast
and chondrocyte
b. osteoblast:
---structure:
LM:
single layer of
cuboidal or low columnar cell
round nucleus
basophilic cytoplasm
located on the surface of bone tissue
EM:
fine processes
rich in RER, Golgi complex
---function:
.synthesize bone collagen fiber and ground
substance-osteoid
.release matrix vesicle:
0.1um in diameter
membrane-coated
ALPase(Alkaline phosphatase), ATPase
and pyrophosphatase and phosphoester
(phospholipid)
calcium, crystal of bone salt and calbindin
function: promote calcification
c.osteocyte
---structure:
flattened cell with multiple
long thin processes
located in bone lacuna
and bone canaliculus
basophilic cytoplasm
adjacent cells connect in bone
canaliculus by gap junctions
---function:
Maintain bone matrix
regulate the balance of calcium and
phosphonium
d. osteoclast

---structure: LM :
multinuclear large cell, 30-100um
6-50 nuclei
acidophilic cytoplasm
located at peripheral part of bone : lacuna Howship
formed by fusion of blood borne monocytes
(Mononuclear Phagocytic System or Macrophage
System)
EM:
ruffled border-processes
light zone: --under the ruffled border
--microfilament
primary lysosome, pinosome and secondary
lysosome
RER, mito. and Golgi
---function: dissolve and absorb bone matrix
Bone matrix
---organic matter osteoid
secreted by osteoblast
bone collagen fiber -collagenous fiber
(type I collagen)
ground substance:
glycosaminoglycan
glycoproteins:
osteocalcin: involve in calcification of
bone and regulate absorption of bone
osteonectin: related to adherence
between cell and bone matrix, regulate
calcification of bone
osteopontin
---inorganic matter: bone salts
Hydroxyapatite crystal:
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
pin-shaped
10-20 nm
longitudinal arranged
*bone lamella: bone matrix arranged in
layers at different direction
 inorganic matter

50% of volume, 75% of dry weight

calcium and phosphorus are especially abundunt
calcium hydroxyapatite crystal [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]
shape of plate 40 x 25 x 3 nm
decalcification by acid
calcification
matrix vesicle (100 nm) containing acid phosphatase
accumulates calcium phosphates
contents act as nucleation sites
2) Architecture of long bone
Long bone is an organ, made up of
bone tissue(shaft and epiphyses),
periosteum and endosteum, bone
marrow
periosteum

osteonum

endosteum
 shaft:
consists of compact bone

a. circumferential lamella:
/outer concentrically-arranged
/inner around inner surface of bone
b. Haversian system (osteon):
/cylindric structure, 3-5mm
/central canal: N, BV, CT
/Haversian lamella: 4-20 layers
c. interstitial lamella:
/irregular lamella
/remnant of Haversian
or circumferential lamella
*perforating canal:
/transverse canal
/connect with Haversian canal
Canalis centralis
Lameella osteoni

periosteum
 epiphyses: composed of spongy bone
---trabeculae:
formed by parallelly-arranged lamella
form a spongy-liked network
---Bone marrow: hemopoietic tissue
 periosteum and endosteum: CT membrane

---periosteum: DCT
outer layer:more fiber bundles
form perforating fiber
inner layer:
rich in BV, N and osteoprogenitor cells
---endosteum: thin, a layer of osteoprogenitor cell
and CT
---function: provide nutrition and osteoblast for
bone growth and repairing
 OSTEOGENESIS

basal processes
---formation:
osteoprogenitor cell osteoblast osteoid
calcification
osteocyte + bone matrix

bone tissue
---absorption: osteoclast dissolve bone
tissuereconstruction
basal manner

a. intramembranous ossification
(=osteogenesis membranacea) :
---CT membrane osteoprogenitor cell
osteoblastossification centerbone
trabeculae thicker and longer
---flattened bone and irregular bone formed
in these manner
b. endochondral ossification: e.g. long
bone
.formation of cartilage model
Mesenchymal cellosteoprogenitor cell
chondroblastchondrocytecartilage
model( consists of hyaline cartilage and
perichondrium)
.formation of bone collar
osteoprogenitor cell (perichondrium)
osteoblast bone tissue
* These bone tissue surround the central
segment of cartilage model as collar-shaped,
so called bone collar
.formation of primary ossification
center and bone marrow cavity
chondrocytes of model center stop
differentiation, enlarge in size, calcification,
dead CT, BV in periosteum enter
degenerating zoneosteoblast, osteoclast,
osteoprogenitor cell and mesenchymal cell
enter at same timeossificationprimary
ossification center
 primary bone marrow cavity(space
between trabeculae) bone marrow
cavity
.Formation of secondary ossification
center and epiphyses
secondary ossification center appears
at the two end of long bone(epiphyses)
epiphyseal plate: cartilage layer
between epiphysis and bone shaft,
growing zone
 Further growth of bone
---Become longer:
by growth of epiphyseal plate
from epiphyses to shaft, four zones can be seen:
i. reserve cartilage zone: cell is small, round and
basophilic
ii. proliferating cartilage zone: cell is flattened,
isogenous group cell arrange in single line
iii. calcified cartilage zone: cell become large,
mature, round and degenerated, strong
basophilic
iv. ossification zone:
---become thicker: periosteum cell
osteoprogenitor cellosteoblast
 Clinical Conditions
(1) Problems in Calcium Deposition
Rickets in children
Osteomalacia in adult
(2) Decrease of Bone Mass by Decreased
Bone Formation
Osteoporosis
(3) Absence or dysfunction of Osteoclast
Osteopetrosis
 Clinical Conditions
Osteoblastic activity
growth hormone dwarfism, gigantism, acromegaly
gonadal hormone (estrogen, androgen) osteoporosis
vitamin A

Collagen synthesis
vitamin C scurvy

Calcification
vitamin D ricketts, osteomalacia
calcitonin

Osteoclastic activity
parathyroid hormone hyperparathyroidism
malfunction of osteoclast osteopetrosis