CHAPTER 1

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Earthquake has been known as one of the critical natural disasters for thousands of
years. It is an unpredictable hazardous natural phenomenon, which has proved
disastrous at various instances in history. Mankind has always attempted to make
structures safer against earthquakes to reduce loss of life and property. The
increasing infrastructural growth incurs large investments and large section of
society being served by them, it is necessary to make them safer against
earthquakes and let people feel confident in their structures. It is also important to
ensure the functionality of lifeline structures like hospitals, emergency command
centres, transportation infrastructures, and power generating units in post-
earthquake scenario in order to mitigate the disaster. Current philosophy for
earthquake resistant design of structures adopted in codal provisions is based on
strength and ductility. Even with sufficient strength and ductility the structures
may not acquire any damage but the functionality at the instance when it is most
required is hampered.

Shear walls are a type of structural system that provides lateral resistance to a
building or structure. They oppose in plane loads that are connected along its
tallness. The applied load is commonly transferred to the wall by a diaphragm. The
productivity of a structural system is measured as far as their capacity to oppose
parallel load, which increments with the tallness of the frame. Lateral deflection of
framed buildings should be limited to avoid damage for the both structural and
non-structural elements. Reinforced concrete (RC) structures frequently have
vertical plate-like RC walls called Shear Walls in addition to slabs, beam and
column. These walls for the most part begin at footing level and are constant all
through the building stature. Their thickness can be as low as 150mm, or as high as
400mm in tall structures. Shear dividers are generally given along both length and
width of structures. Shear walls resemble vertically-situated wide beam that carry
seismic loads downwards to the footing. We cannot manage to pay for to
manufacture concrete building meant to resist severe earthquake without shear
wall. In high seismic region, shear wall require special detailing. Nowadays,
building with shear wall are a popular choice in many earthquake susceptible
countries like. Reinforced detailing of shear walls is relatively straight-forward and
therefor it is easy to construct and implement at site.

Shear dividers are productive; both as far as construction cost and properly
designed and detailed building with Shear walls have performed good execution in
past earthquakes. The strength and stiffness of building are depend upon the
direction of orientation of shear wall. It means that shear wall provide large
strength and stiffness to building in the direction of their orientation, which
knowingly reduce the lateral sway of the building by which reduces damage to
structure and its contents. In a building, shear wall should be provided along
preferably both length and width. Shear wall in building must be symmetrically
located in plan to reduce ill-effect of twist in buildings and they could be placed
symmetrically along one or both direction in plan. The various cross section of
shear wall like rectangular shape to more irregular cores such as channel, T, L,
barbell shape, box etc. can be used.

In fact, the number of multistory reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame

structure with shear wall that enable their seismic energy to dissipate in a secure
manner has rapidly been increased over past half century around the world
including the united states.
1.2 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

One of the main objectives of this study is to analyze the seismic performance of
the building with or without shear wall as per code IS 1893-2002 part 1 criteria for
earthquake resistant structure. For the accomplishment of the study different cases
such as (i) a special RC moment-resistant frame building without shear wall(ii)
shear wall placed parallel to the X (longitudinal direction) axis (iii)shear wall
placed parallel to the Y (longitudinal direction) axis (iiii) shear wall is centrally
located at exterior frame of both X and Z direction throughout height of the
building (iiiii) shear wall located at exterior frame end corners of both X and Y
direction throughout height of the building

I. To design a G+9 RC SMRF building, for various location of shear wall

using ETABS 2015
II. To model shear wall in different location of building
III. Dynamic analysis of the building using time history analysis
IV. To get efficient and economical lateral stiffness system
V. To compare storey displacement drift and various analysis result

1.3 SCOPE OF PRESENT STUDY:

In the present study, a RC SMRF building is analysed using software ETABs by

dynamic (time history method) analysis. Analysis has been carried out as per
Indian code books. Based on the literature of previous studies most effective
positioning of shear walls has been chosen. Analysis is done using five model with
different position of shear wall. This study is done on RC SMRF framed multistory
building with RC shear wall with fixed support conditions.

1.4 ORGANISAATION OF THE DISSERTATION

The dissertation work is arranged in six chapters.

Chapter (1) Introduction

Chapter (2) literature review

It explains the basis of this study and addresses the past findings on the subject.
Various documents, standards, and reference works related to study have been
elaborated.
Chapter (3) methodology

It explains the basis of this study and addresses the past findings on the subject.
Various documents, standards, and reference works related to study have been
elaborated.

Chapter (4) modelling and analysis

This section of the report explains step by step process of model development and
progression of analysis. It elaborates the assumptions and values adopted and
calculated at various stages of the work.
Chapter(5) consist of conclusion and scopes of future work regarding thesis are
mentioned.
 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION:

One of the major concerns of developing countries like India is to effectively

reduce the risk of a disaster. Having a good disaster mitigation strategy is not
sufficient for disaster risk reduction, prevention and preparedness is more
important. Regulations and codal provisions for ERD of structures currently in
practice in India (IS 1893:2002) are not capable enough to reduce the impact and
may at times add to the extent of a disaster. This necessitates adopting measures to
make structures safer against hazards and thereby reducing the risk of occurrence
of a disaster which can be achieved by reducing the vulnerability of the structure
against the hazard.

Lakshmi K.O., Prof. Jayasree Ramanujan, Mrs. Bindu Sunil, Dr.

lajuKottallil, Prof Mercy Joseph Poweth (2014), have studied the effect of shear
wall location based on linear and nonlinear analysis procedure and various
parameter are to be compared. The various parameter like story drift, story shear,
deflection, reinforcement requirement in column of a building under the lateral
loads based on considered location of shear walls. They obtained lateral
displacement values from static method of analysis which is indicate that shear
wall provision along longitudinal and transverse directions are effective in
reducing the displacement values in the same directions. The results were
illustrated that the model with shear wall provided at core as well as on corners the
story drift has significantly been reduced when compared to the bare frame model
as well as those models in which shear walls are provided only in longitudinal or
transverse directions. He also illustrate that the maximum reduction in
displacement value is acquire for Frame with Core and corner shear wall.
Shaik Kamal Mohammed Azam, Vinod Hosur (2013), presented a study on
seismic performance evaluation of multi-storeyed RC frame building with shear
wall. A judgement on structural behaviour in terms of strength, stiffness and
damping characteristic is done. The providing of shear wall has significant
influence on lateral strength in taller building whereas it has less influence on
lateral stiffness in taller buildings.The arrangement of shear wall has critical
impact on lateral stiffness in building of shorter height while it has less impact on
lateral strength. The impact of shear wall is significant in terms of the damping
qualities and period at the performance point for tall building. Arrangement of
shear wall symmetrically in the peripheral moment-resisting frame and ideally
interconnected in commonly opposite heading framing the core will have better
seismic performance in terms of strength and stiffness.

Shahabodin, Zaregarizi (2013), presented a study on Comparative investigation

on using shear wall and concrete infill to improve seismic performance of existing
buildings.They were studied two systems including shear walls and concreteinfills
was used for rehabilitation of a five story reinforced concrete building with
unreinforced masonry infill walls and effectiveness of each method was studied
through static nonlinear analysis. The result illustrated that concrete fills have
significant strength than brick in fills while the displacement acceptance of brick
infills is higher than concrete infills. Thus arrangement of concrete and brick infills
can reduces the negative effects of brick and concrete infills. As lateral resisting
elements masonry infills have significant strength which can prevent even collapse
in reasonable earthquakes.
HimaleeRahangdale, S.R.Satone (2013), presented a study on Design and
analysis of Multistoreied building with effect of shear wall. Result show that in
absence of shear wall axial load and moments are maximum on the column. Shear
walls construction will provide larger stiffness to the building there by reducing the
damage to structure and its contents.
Mahdi Hosseini, N.V Ramana Rao (2015), have studied earthquake analysis of
high rise building with shear wall at the center core and center of each side of the
external perimeter with opening. Result show that location of shear wall in the
outermost perimeter show better performance of displacement and drifts. Also the
existence of opening in shear walls gave a result with a deviation of around 5%
with that of shear wall without openings.
JunwonSeo, Jong Wan Hu and Burte Davaajamts (2015), have studied seismic
evaluation of twelve-story reinforced concrete moment-resisting frame structure
with shear wall using 3D finite element models. The results show that the
maximum displacement for both response spectrum and nonlinear time history
analysis increased along the height of structure and distribution of corresponding
inter-story drift ratios for both analysis are slightly different maximum
displacement because these ratios vary depending on relative story displacement
and heights. As compared to response spectrum analysis, the time history analysis
provided 28.1% and 54.0% greater values in maximum displacements and drift
ratios. According to modal analysis the first and third mode shapes had the most
dominant modal mass along the longitudinal and transverse direction.

CHAPTER 3
 METHODOLOGY

3.1 INTRODUCTION:

This chapter deals with the methods followed for design and analysis of model
considered in this study. The analytical software ETABS 2015 has been used for
this purpose.

3.2 DYNAMIC EQUATIONS OF MOTION:

3.2.1 Single Degree of Freedom System:

The response of a linear single degree of freedom (SDOF) system to ground

motions g is the solution to the di erential equation [Chopra (2007)]

m + c + ku=m g (3.1)

Where m is the mass of the system, c is the damping constant and k is the
sti ness. Relative displacement of the system as a function of time is denoted as
u(t). First derivative of the displacement is the velocity (t) and the second
derivative is the acceleration of the system (t). By dividing the equation above
with the mass m the normalized equation of motion is obtained.

+2n + n2 u= g (3.2)

wherenis the natural angular frequency and is the damping ratio of the system.

n= (3.3)


= (3.4)
2

The relation between period T and natural angular frequency nis given by

T =2 n= 2 (3.5)

3.2.2 Multiple Degrees of Freedom System:

The dynamic behaviour of structures involves simultaneous motion of several

masses in shapes that are unknown before the analysis. The theory of dynamics of
a single degree of freedom can be extended to multiple discrete masses and
distributed mass systems like beam and frame structures, as well as the whole
building and structures such as bridges. The extension of the theory from one
degree of freedom involving a single mass to multiple degrees of freedom,
describes the coupled motion of several concentrated masses. This theory is called
modal analysis and has ben explained in subsequent section. The dynamic response
of a linear system with n degrees of freedom

u(t)T = [u1(t),u2(t),...,un(t)] to ground motions is described by the set of second

order di erential equations

m + c + ku =mI g (3.6)

The physical parameters are: the mass matrix m, the viscous damping matrix c and
the sti ness matrix k. E ective earthquake forces are given by the vector mI g
where I is the inuence vector representing the displacements of the masses
resulting from static application of a unit ground displacement. Mode shapes and
periods are found by solving the generalized eigenvalue problem matrix
 [kn2m]n = 0 (3.7)

The complete solution to the generalized eigenvalue problem consists of n sets of

eigenvalues and eigenvectors, arranged as corresponding pairs of natural frequency
j and mode shape vector j.

(j,j) j = 1,2,...,n (3.8)

3.3 DESIGN METHODOLOGY:

The current design requirements illustrated in IS 1893:2002 (criteria for earthquake

resistant design of structures) has been adopted here for design of concerned
structure in this study. The theory of capacity design concept developed in 1970s
has been adopted in IS 1893:2002.

3.3.1 Capacity based design:

This method is an improvement over the force based method, under strength based
design for ERD of structures. It considers the hierarchical allocation of strength to
structural members. The hierarchy of structural member strength aims to ensure
inelasticity being confined to predetermined and preferred structural members to
delay failure modes in non-ductile structural behaviour. It considers providing
sufficient stiffness and strength to structure both locally and globally as well as
considers strong column weak beam philosophy. The design of members for shear
is dependent on P-M interaction. The overall target of this philosophy is to design
members with sufficiently larger shear capacity against maximum probable
equilibrium compatible shear demand generated due to plastic hinge moment
capacities mobilized at two ends. Within the member it is desired that the ductile
flexural failure occurs before the non-ductile shear failure and axial compressive
failure in a beam. The collapse mechanism is governed by location of inelastic
hinges and type of hinges.

3.3.2 Strong column weak beam concept:

This hierarchy of strength between structural members is to ensure that columns do

not form plastic hinges so to be capable of carrying vertical axial load and that
beams do not carry axial load and develop ductile plastic hinges for inelastic
energy dissipation. This is ensured by preventing non-ductile shear failure of
individual beams and columns by capacity design as well as preventing non-ductile
shear failure and anchorage failure of joints. This suggests that the ratio of flexural
capacity of columns to over-strength flexural capacity of beams should be greater
than 1. Further the foundation supporting columns is designed with higher strength
than columns in the hierarchy. The beam-column joints are designed to have
stiffness and strength as much as the adjoining beam and column so as to maintain
the flow path between beam and column.

3.3.3 Ductility:

The philosophy of deformation based design which is under development

considers ductility to be an important parameter apart from stiffness and strength
requirements. This philosophy which is by far most advanced for ERD of
structures is necessary for important and life line structures. The importance of this
concept has been identified in IS 1893: 2002 in terms of ductile detailing of
members as per IS 4326:1993 (earthquake resistant design and construction of
buildings-code of practice) or IS 13920:1993 (ductile detailing of RC structures
subjected to seismic forces-code of practice) or SP 6 part6:1972 (handbook for
structural engineers: application of plastic theory in design of steel structures).
3.3.4 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures (IS 1893 Part
I2002):

This section deals with guidelines provided in this documented as it is, which has
been considered in design of the building under study. The document deals with
various design aspects that has been referred to necessary documents. The most
importantly it deals with procedures and methods for estimation of lateral load
under seismic excitation and methods for analysis of structure under these
conditions, necessary for ERD of structure.

Following assumptions are made for ERD of structures

i. Earthquake causing impulsive ground motion is complex and irregular in

nature, changing oscillation period and amplitude for small duration. As
such occurrence of resonance is neglected.
ii. Wind and maximum flood/sea waves are unlikely to occur simultaneously
with earthquake.
iii. Modulus of elasticity of materials is taken as per static analysis unless more
definite value available for use in such condition (with reference to IS 456,
IS 1343 and IS 800)

In limit state design of RC structures following load combinations is accounted for

1.5(DL + IL)

1.2(DL + IL EL) (3.9)

1.5(DL EL)

0.9DL 1.5EL

The orientation of horizontal orthogonal direction of lateral load resisting system

and seismic load must be considered for design horizontal earthquake load. If this
effect is considered, the contribution of orthogonal loads on response is that of
30%.The motions and their responses are accordingly combined and maximum of
the values is considered.

Under seismic loading the permissible stresses are increased by one-third, in elastic
method of design. Since the building designed has not incorporated the foundation
and that the base is considered to be fixed and soil foundation system as rigid, the
modification in allowable bearing pressure in soils has been neglected.

3.3.4.1 Plan and elevation criteria:

It is suggested that building configuration be simple and regular both in plan and
elevation. The building is considered to be irregular if it meets the conditions
described in table 4 and table 5 of the document. It is also advised that the
distribution of mass and stiffness be regular in both plan and elevation. The mass
and stiffness irregularities have also been defined in the same table of the
document.

3.3.4.2 Design spectrum:

The design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah for a structure is given by following

expression

Ah= (3.10)
2

Where Z is the zone factor for maximum considered earthquake (MCE) and factor
2 in denominator is a modifier for ZMCE to Z Design Basis earthquake (DBE)

Values of zone factor as per clause 6.4.2 of IS code 1893:2002 are given in
following table
 Table 3.3.4.2 (1) Zone factor, Z (After table 2, IS code 1893:2002)
Seismic Zone II III IV V
Seismic Low Moderate Severe Very Severe
Intensity
Z 0.10 0.16 0.24 0.36

I is the importance factor depending on building type as described in table 6in

code IS 1893 (Part 1) :2002 .The value of I is 1.5 for important service and
community buildings like hospitals and school buildings and I is 1.0 for all
otherbuildings.

R is the response reduction factor. The actual base shear generated for structural
response to DBE being under elastic range, is reduced with this factor to obtain
design lateral force.It should be noted that the ratio (I/R) must not be greater than
1.0. The value of R is as given in table 7 of the document depending on perceived
seismic damage performance of the structure.

Sa/g is the average response acceleration coefficient whose value depends on

natural time period of the structure and the site condition of the building (Table
1.1). For 5% damping the values of spectral acceleration coefficient is given as
follows for three site conditions

Site condition Time period 0.00T0.10 10T a a T4.0

Rocky/hard soil sites 1+15T 2.50 1/T

Medium soil sites 1+15T 2.50 1.36/T

Soft soil sites 1+15T 2.50 1.67/T

a = 0.40 for rocky/hard soil sites; 0.55 medium soil sites; 0.67 for soft soil
sites
TABLE 3.3.2.4 (2) Sa/g values at 5% damping for various time periods of structure
and various site conditions.

Where T is the approximate fundamental natural time period of vibration of

building in seconds and is given as

For moment resisting frame building without brick infill panells

T=0.075h0.75, for RC frame building (3.11)

T=0.085h0.75, for steel frame building (3.12)

0.09h
T= , for all other building types including MRF with brick infill panels (3.13)
d

Whereh is the height of the building in m and d is base dimension of the building at
plinth level in considered direction of lateral force.

3.3.4.3 Design lateral forces:

Total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (VB) along any principal
direction is given as

VB=AhW(3.14)

Where W is the seismic weight of the building. Seismic weight of the building, it is
the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors and has been calculated as per
clause 7.4 of IS code 1893(Part I):2002. The seismicweight of each floor has been
calculated by adding its full dead load and appropriateamount of imposed load as
per table 8 of IS code 1893(Part I):2002 and Ahis horizontal seismic coefficient.
Table 3.3.4.3 Percentage of Imposed load to be considered in seismic weight
calculation (As per table 8 of IS code 1893(Part I):2002)

Imposed Uniformity distributed floor Percentage of Imposed load

loads( KN/ m2)

Upto and including 3.0 25

Above 3.0 50

3.3.4.4 Distribution of design forces

The design base shear is distributed along the height of the building as per
following expression

2
Qi = VB 2 (3.15)
=1

Qi is design lateral force at ith floor, Wi is the seismic weight of ithfloor, hi is the
height of ithfloor measured from the base and n is the no of storeys of the building.

The distribution of the floor forces is in accordance with the diaphragm action. For
rigid diaphragm action total shear in any horizontal plane is distributed to various
vertical elements of lateral load resisting system, considering infinite rigidity in the
horizontal plane.

The effect of torsion if any should be evaluated by considering the design

eccentricities as explained in section 7.9 of the document.
3.3.4.5 Procedure for dynamic analysis:

The Indian standard IS 1893: 2002 suggests that dynamic analysis should be
performed to evaluate design seismic forces and their distribution along the
building height and to various lateral load resisting members. It mandates that
dynamic analysis should be performed for irregular buildings greater than 12m in
height in zones IV and V, and those greater than 40m height in zones II and III.
The methods suggested for dynamic analysis are time history method and response
spectrum method. The value of damping may be taken as 2% and 5% of the critical
for steel and RC buildings respectively, for performing dynamic analysis.

3.4 METHODOLOGY FOR ANALYSIS:

3.4.1 Modal Analysis:

Modal analysis evaluates the dynamic properties of structures under vibrational

excitation. In structural engineering, modal analysis utilizes the overall mass and
stiffness of structure to find various periods at which it would naturally resonate.
Normal mode of an oscillating system is the pattern of motion in which all parts of
system move in sinusoidal manner with same frequency and have a fixed phase
relation. Eigenvector analysis determines un-damped free vibration mode shapes
and frequencies of system. The natural modes provide excellent insight into
behaviour of the structure. Ritz vector analysis seeks to find modes excited by a
particular loading. Ritz vectors provide a better basis than eigenvectors when used
for response-spectrum or time-history analyses that is based on modal
superposition. Thus, modal analysis is done by following methods,

i. Eigenvector analysis
ii. Ritz vector analysis
3.4.1.1 Eigenvector analysis:

Eigenvector analysis determines un-damped free-vibration mode shapes and

frequencies of system. These natural modes provide insight into behaviour of
structure. Free vibration of linear MDOF systems without damping with p (t) = 0 is
given as,

+ = 0
(3.16)

When floors of a frame are at their extreme displacement at the same time as well
as pass through the equilibrium position, then each characteristic deflected shape
obtained is known as natural mode of vibration of a MDOF system. During natural
mode of vibration of a MDOF system the point of Zero displacement that does not
move at all is called as node. The number of mode increases with the number of
nodes.

On substitution,

() = ( cos + sin )
(3.17)

Where, and are constants.

= The deflected shape.

= natural frequency for nth number of mode.

Substituting the value of u (t) in the above expression, we obtain

 [2 + ] () = 0
(3.18)

For solution either () = 0, which indicates u(t)=0 and there is no motion in the
system (known as trivial solution). Or the other solution can be given as,

= 2
(3.19)

[ 2 ] = 0 (3.20)

This equation is the matrix eigenvalue problem and it has non-trivial solutions if

Det [ 2 ] = 0
(3.21)

On expanding the determinant a polynomial of order N in 2 is obtained. Hence

the above expression is known as frequency equation. The N roots, 2 of the
equation determine the N natural frequencies (n = 1, 2,.....N) of vibration.
Corresponding to N natural vibration frequencies of N-DOF system, there is
N independent vectors which are known as natural modes of vibration, or
natural mode shapes of vibration. The natural mode corresponding to the
natural frequency has an element where j indicates the DOFs. The N
eigenvectors can be displayed in a single square matrix of size NxN, whose each
column represents a natural mode:

11 12
1
22
= = [ 21 ]

1 2
(3.22)
The N eigenvalues assembled into a diagonal matrix 2, is known as Spectral
matrix of eigenvalue problem,

12 0 0 0
2 0 0
2 = 0 1
0 0 0
[ 0 0 0 12 ]
(3.23)

3.4.1.2 Ritz vector analysis:

Ritz vector analysis is performed for structures oscillating under external

excitation. Ritz vectors are shape vectors which are linearly combined along
with generalized coordinates () to express displacement as per Rayleigh-Ritz
method using following expression

() = =1 ()
(3.24)

Ritz vectors approximate natural modes of vibration. The reliability of method

depends on proper selection of Ritz vectors. It is suggested to select force
dependent Ritz vectors obtained by using spatial force distribution vector. Using
the force dependent Ritz vectors the coupled reduced system of equations are
solved with time stepping methods using above expression. For numerical
evaluation of dynamic response using time stepping method can either be explicit
or implicit. For linear systems with non-classical damping Central Difference
Method and New marks method have been developed whereas for nonlinear
systems Average acceleration method, Modified Newton-Ramphson iteration and
Wilsons method are available.
3.4.2 Time History Analysis:

Time history analysis of the structure is carried out to determine its response under
a given dynamic loading. The response history is divided into time increments of
t and the structure is subjected to a sequence of individual time-independent force
pulses f (t). The nonlinear response is hence approximated by series of piecewise
linear systems. Here 3 time history records of 1994 Northridge Earthquake is used
for the time history analysis. Various time history analysis methods are available.
The non-linear time history (FNA- fast numerical analysis) method has been used,
as it gives better result over the direct integration method. ASCE 7-10 specifies the
procedure to carry out non-linear time history analysis by selecting a minimum of
3 ground motion records and scaling them to a given response spectrum record. In
order to perform the time history analysis the method of modal analysis is
employed with the external excitation being an accelerogram of a previously
occurred earthquake. The application of ground motion in this particular study uses
multiple support excitation theory, where total displacement response is a
combination of dynamic and quasi-static displacements. To evaluate forces on
structural elements total structural displacement and prescribed support
displacement are used by following method of nodal displacements using element
stiffness properties. In order to perform time history analysis it is suggested to not
use raw accelerogram data of recorded earthquakes, instead obtain a synthetic
accelerogram for the selected time history record of the earthquake.
 CHAPTER 4

MODELLING AND ANALYSIS

4.1 PREAMBLE:

This chapter elaborates in detail the process of modelling and design of the
particular structure under study and subsequently the process of analysis
performed. The tool used for the purpose of this analytical study is a commercial
software package ETABS 2015.

4.2 DESCRIPTION OF ETABS 2015:

The software used is a software package developed and distributed by Computers

and Structures Inc. it is a FEM based software. The software is a powerful tool for
modelling, analysis and design of various types of buildings. It has the capability to
perform non-linear analysis as well as model structure and various elements in
non-linear manner. The software has provisions for modelling of various types of
link elements to represent non-linear behaviour as well as model isolators and
dampers. The software also has capability for generating synthetic accelerogram
using time history data record available with software package.

4.3 MODELLING PROCEDURE:

4.3.1 Description of structure: The structure under consideration is a G+9 floors

hospital building. The building is an open frame building. The frame has been
modelled as a RC special moment resisting frame. The building is assumed to exist
in seismic Zone IV.

4.3.2 Geometry of building: the building is irregular in its configuration in plan

and regular in its configuration inelevation. The building is 15x15 m2 in plan. In
either direction, in plan, the building is divided into 5 bays each of width 3m along
y-axis and 3 bays each of width 5m along x-axis. The total height of the building is
31.2 m. Plinth height above GL is 0.55 m and the foundation is at 0.65 m below the
ground floor. All other storey heights above plinth level are 3 m.

4.3.3 Grid definition: The grid system defined for modelling the building has been
defined specific to the geometry of the building. The grid system is in SI units. The
choice of units has been made prior to defining grid. The unit choice can be altered
at any instance of process as per user suitability. The grid has been defined in a
manner to make structural elements coincide with the grid lines. The grid
definition is in global coordinates.

4.3.4 Unit definition: as stated above the units used are SI where length is in
meters (m), mass in kilograms (kg), time in seconds (s) and temperature in degree
Celsius (0C).
BUILDING DETAIL ARE AS FOLLOW FOR ALL MODEL
Building frame type SMRF

No of story 10

Storey height 3m

Total storey height 31.2 m

Size ofcolumn 0.50 m x 0.50 m

Size of beams 0.30 m x 0.45 m

Thickness of slab 150 mm

Thickness of shear wall 200 mm

Outer wall thickness 0.23 m

Inner wall thickness 0.15 m

Plinth height above GL 0.55 m

Depth of foundation below GL 0.65 m

Parapet height 1.5 m

Loading detail of building

Live load on floor 3 KN/m2

Live load on roof 1.5 KN/m2

Floor finishes 1 KN/m2

Roof treatment 1.5 KN/m2

Site located in zone IV

Soil condition II

Important factor 1

Density of concrete 25 KN/m3

Density of masonry 20 KN/m3

The Modal is adopted for the study is a symmetric nine storey (G+9) residential
building having of story height 3m and plinth level 1.2m from the foundation

For this study I have consider five modal with or without different location of
shear wall

MODEL I-(Mws): This model is unsymmetric in plan and modelled with only
column elements and no shear wall

MODEL II-(Mx): Model consist of shear wall provided along with shear walls
placed parallel to the x (Longitudinal) axis with 10m length thought height

MODEL III-(My): Model consist of shear wall provided along with shear walls
placed parallel to the y (Longitudinal) axis with 10m length thought height

MODEL IV-(Mxy): Model consist of shear wall provided along with shear wall in
both direction parallel to x axis and y axis with 20m length thought height

MODEL V-(Mc): Model consist of shear wall provided at corner with 32m length
Plan and elevation view of the building model Mws Above fig: 4.3.4 (1)

Figure: plan and elevation of model Mx Fig: 4.3.4 (2)

Fig: 4.3.4 (3) plan and elevation of model 3

 Fig:4.3.4 (4) plan view of model Mxy and Mc

4.3.5 Material definition:

Since the material definition follows selection of a particular standard, hence in

detail property of material has not been presented until and unless not necessary, as
it shall follow specifics mentioned in the relevant code (IS 456:2000).

Grade of concrete used- M30

Grade of steel used- HYSD Fe 415 (conforming to IS: 1786)

4.3.6 Load definitions:

Guidelines in IS 875 Part 1, 2 and 5 for dead load, imposed load and load
combinations have been used to define gravity loads on the building. And IS
1893:2002 has been used to define seismic load on the building. The load patterns
defined are as follows

Dead load- elemental self-weight

Wall dead-superimposed dead load to incorporate the weight of wall

Live and roof live- imposed loads for floors.

Earthquake loads-Ex and Ey have been defined for following conditions

Natural time period of building T=0.99 sec; seismic zone factor Z=0.24;
Importance factor I=1; Response reduction factor R=5

The site II have been used for all model of 5 building.

The mass source definition includes default definition of elemental self-mass and
additional mass.

The modal case used in preliminary modelling and design process of original
building follows eigenvalue method with default definitions.

Load combinations- auto generated load combination for design purpose have been
defined. A total of 14 load combinations have been generated as per definitions in
IS 1893:2002 section 6.3

4.3.7 Draw frame structure:

The building as stated earlier is an open frame structure; hence the model of the
open frame structure for given geometric configuration is drawn using inbuilt tools
in the software. The step by step process includes draw column, draw beam and
finally draw shells/floors.

4.3.8 Assign properties:

Once the frame wire model is ready then different section of the frame are assigned
requisite properties and loads. In current model following frame properties have
been assigned
All beam-

All column-

Slab 150mm thickness

All the floor are assigned a rigid diaphragm action. The base is fixed to restrain in
all 6 DOFs. Various other assignments are picked by program itself to simulate the
analysis process.

4.3.9 Load assignments: Various load patterns defined above are assigned to
frame elements and shell elementsColumns are not assigned any imposed vertical
load.By default it is assigned only dead load. The beams along with default dead
load are assigned wall dead load as uniformly distributed load in following manner

External wall load intensity at all external beam except roof level- 11.73 KN/m

Internal wall load intensity at all internal beam except roof level -7.65 KN/m

Parapet wall load intensity at all exterior beam roof level-6.9 KN/m

Floor finish load intensity- 1 KN/m

Roof treatment load intensity- 1.5 KN/m

Live load intensity- 3 KN/m

At the base level no load can be assigned in any manner. The seismic loads are not
assigned separately they are by default included and assigned during analysis
process. Load cases generated are not for assignment to frame but for purpose of
analysis process so as to identify what load cases the frame has to be analysed. The
load combinations generated are again neither for the purpose of assignment nor
analysis. Instead they are used in design process.
4.3.10 Analysis:

Set all the load cases including modal-eigen for run analysis. Once the analysis
process completes perform design/check for analysed model to verify members
passing or failing as well as check various stress levels and member forces in the
frame.

This includes the design of model to be studied. 5 different model have been
created with different position of shear wall by varying the definition of seismic
loads Ex and Ey as per Indian standard on ERD of structures.

4.3.11 Assign non-linear hinge properties:

For beams- use auto hinge assignment property from definitions in ASCE 41-13.
Use table 10-7 definition for concrete beams (flexure) and M3 degree of freedom.
In each beam the hinges are assigned at relative distance of 0 and 1.

For columns- use auto hinge assignment property from definitions in ASCE 41-13.
Use table 10-8 definition for concrete columns and P-M2-M3 degree of freedom.
In each column the hinges are assigned at relative distance of 0 and 1. The failure
condition is for both flexure and shear.

For braces-to assign hinge properties to braces (shall be used later) definition of
auto hinge assignment property for buckling restrained brace is used and assigned
at relative distance of 0 and 1.
4.4 MODELING OF SHEAR WALL

Modeling of shear wall is done on ETAB software by using code IS 456:2000

4.5 ANALYSIS PROCEDURE:

The analysis method adopted in this study is non-linear dynamic analysis. The time
history analysis is a non-linear dynamic analysis method. This analysis procedure
requires definition of a time history function suitable to user which can be either a
known mathematical function like sine, cosine, ramp etc. or a suitable
accelerogram record of earthquake occurred in past. Since it is suggested to
generate a synthetic accelerogram, a response spectrum function has also to be
defined. This defined time history function is used as external load to excite the
structure and perform the required analysis.
4.5.1 Define functions:

4.5.1.1 Define Response spectrum function

A response spectrum function has been defined using IS 1893: 2002. The spectrum
specified in the standard is used as the response spectrum function. The response
spectrum function defined here is for a damping of 5% and Z=0.24. One response
spectrums have been defined for five categories of model for medium soil site
condition. Hence in the definition of response spectrum function the soil type has
to be specified same as that the building is designed for.

4.5.1.2 Define Time History function

For a realistic problem accelerogram record of past earthquake has been used. The
software provides a set of accelerogram records of various past earthquakes. The
record used in this study is the SYLMARFF county hospital parking lot record of
the 1994 Northridge Earthquake.

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
FIGURE 4.5.1.2 (1) Design response spectra for site conditions II as per IS
1893:2002 (part 1)

1000

800

600

400

200

-200

-400

-600

-800
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100
-200
-300
-400
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
time (sec)

FIGURE 4.5.1.2 (2) Accelerogram record from SYLMARFF county hospital parking

lot record of the 1994 Northridge Earthquake at (a) 0 0and (b)900 . The record is a
set of acceleration data at equal time interval of 0.02 seconds.
The record is in form of text file of 2985 points of acceleration data at 0.02 sec
intervals in units of cm/s2. The PGA values of the selected records are 826.76
cm/s2 and 524.985 cm/s2 .

4.5.1.3 Generate synthetic accelerogram

To generate synthetic accelerogram for time history records, the time history
function data is matched to targeted response spectrum function, both of which are
defined earlier. This is done using the definition of define time history function
matched to response spectrum. The spectral matching is done in frequency domain.
The matching parameter is set in a frequency range of 0.01 cycles/sec to 100
cycles/sec. A synthetic accelerogram is generated for the above defined time
history function

4.5.2 Define load cases:

4.5.2.1 Non-linear gravity load case

A non-linear static load case intended to act vertically is defined to begin analysis
from initial unstressed state. The definition includes the effects of dead and live
loads with respective scale factors. The definition is set to modal case and P-delta
effect.

4.5.2.2 Modal case definition

The modal case defined here is eigenvector modal case. The loads for this case are
defined using acceleration load applied in all 2 directions of translation. A
minimum of 1 and a maximum of 12 modes is requested. This case continues at the
end of above case.
4.5.2.3 Time History load case definition

The time history load case defined in this study is a non-linear modal time history
which uses Fast numerical analysis (FNA). This load case has been defined using
synthetic accelerogram in 2 directions (U1 and U2) simultaneously, to create
multi-support excitation condition. The directions are set in global coordinate
system. The definition uses scale factor of 0.01 since the record is in cm/s2 and a
time factor of 1 and modal damping at 0.05.

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

FIGURE 4.5.2.3 Synthetic accelerogram generated using accelerogram record of

FIGURE 4.5 for site condition II at (a) 00and(b)900.
CALCULATION

4.6 SEISMIC BASE SHEAR

Seismic base shear of (G+9) Storey building has been calculated according to
guidelines mentioned in IS code 1893:2002 which has been explained earlier in
Methodology section.
4.6.1 SEISMIC WEIGHT OF BUILDING (W)

Weight of slab,
Wslab = 15 X 15 X 0.15 X 25
= 843.75 KN
Weight of beams on one floor,

Wbeam =0.3X0.45X (15X4+15X6)X25

= 506.25 KN

Weight of columns of one storey,

Wcoloumn =0.5X0.5X24X3X25= 450 KN

Weight of column at roof level,

Wcolumn=0.5X450=225 KN

Weight of roof treatment,

WRT= 1.5X15X15=337.5 KN

Weight of floor finishes, Wff=1X15X15== 225 KN

Live load on floor, Wfloor = 3X15X15= 675 KN

 Live load on roof, Wlive = 1.5X225=337.5 KN
External wall load intensity, Wwall= 0.23X(3-0.45)X20=11.73 KN/m
One each floor = 11.73X52 = 609.96 KN
Internal wall load intensity, Wwall=0.15X(3-0.45)X20=7.65 KN/m
Load on floor = 7.65X89=680.85 KN
Parapet wall intensity, =0.23X1X1.5X20=6.9 KN/m
Load on roof level =6.9X52=358.85 KN

Seismic Weight of a Floor (Wfloor) = Wslab+Wbeams+ 1/2Wcoloumn below floor+

1/2Wcoloumnabove floor+ 1/2 (Wwallbelow floor + Wwallabove floor)+WLive+ WFF

= 3259.5 KN

Seismic weight of Roof(Wroof) = Wslab+Wbeams+ 1/2Wcoloumn below floor +1/2Wwall below

roof+WRT + Wroof wall
= 2355.725 KN

Total seismic Weight (W) =10XWfloor+ Wroof =34950.725 KN

Fig:4.6.1 Schematic of lumped mass at different storey levels of building for
model 1

4.6.2 FUNDAMENTAL NATURAL PERIOD (Ta)

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Ta), in seconds, for
moment- resisting frame buildings without brick infil panels is calculated as per
clause 7.6.1 of IS code 1893(Part I):2002. It is estimated by following empirical
expression:
Ta=0.075h0.75
=
0.99 seconds
4.6.3 DESIGN HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION SPECTRA (Ah)
As the building is assumed to be located in medium soil i.e., type II soil from
figure (2) of IS code 1893 part I
For Ta= 0.99 s, the value of Sa/g =1.36/Ta=1.3737

Ah= =0.03296
2

Design Base Shear =Ah X W =1151.97 KN

4.3.5 (VB/VB) CORRECTION
As per clause 7.8.2 of IS code 1893:2002 part I, design base shear VB has been
compared with a base shear (VB), calculated using a fundamental period Ta ,
where Ta is as per clause 7.6 of IS code 1893:2002 part I for dynamic analysis.

Design base shear calculated using ETAB 2015

Base Shear = 961 KN in X

Base Shear = 1154 KN in Y

Therefore, VB/VB= 1151/961 in x and 1151/1154

=1.197 = 0.997
So new scale factor for EQ-X =0.281
So new scale factor for EQ-Y =0.234
 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 INTRODUCTION:

This chapter presents the results of the study carried out and discusses them to
justify the problem statement. The results of time history analysis have been
presented for the current study. The response results for the analysis have been
discussed in terms of max storey displacements and storey drifts. The time history
response effects on location of shear wall have also been illustrated.

A special RC moment resisting frame (G+9) with or without shear wall with
different location of plan considered for this study. For the purpose of analysis
synthetic accelerogram matched to response spectrum defined in IS 1893:2002 for
different site conditions was generated using the ground acceleration records of
SYLMARF station of 1994 Northridge Earthquake.

5.2 Maximum story displacement:

The maximum story displacement is shown below in figure 5.1 for all five model
in X direction and Y direction with story no.
 12
11
10
9
8
Mws
Story level

7
6 Mx
5 My
4
Mxy
3
2 Mc
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Displacement along-x (mm)

Figure 5.1 maximum story displacement in X-direction for all five model

12
11
10
9
8
Mws
story level

7
6 Mx
5 My
4
Mxy
3
2 Mc
1
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Displacement along-y (mm)

Figure 5.1 maximum story displacement in Y-direction for all five model

Percentage reduction in maximum story displacement values in X and Y

direction

MODEL X direction Y direction

Mx 37.09 4.72

My 1.07 19.68
 Mxy 46.23 25.43

Mc 70.43 35.43

TABLE 5.1 Percentage reduction in maximum story displacement values in X and

Y direction

The maximum displacement of top story of all model with shear wall is decrease as
compare to the without shear wall model. The maximum reduction in displacement
value in X direction is for model Mc (corner shear wall) with 70.43%. The
maximum reduction in displacement value in Y direction is for model Mc 35.43%.

For this case study 24m length of shear wall have been considered in model Mc.
More length have been provided in X direction.

5.3 Maximum story drift

12
11
10
9
8
Mws
story level

7
6 Mx
5 My
4
Mxy
3
2 Mc
1
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 2.5 2.75
drift along-x (mm)

Figure 5.3 story drift along-x (mm)

Story drift can be defined as the lateral displacement of one level relative to the
level above or below it: as per clause no 7.11.1 of IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002, the story
drift in any story due to specified design lateral force with partial load factor of 1.0,
shall not exceed 0.004 times the story height. Maximum drift permitted 0.004
times story height. It means that 0.004x3000=12mm.

12
11
10
9
8
Mws
story level

7
6 Mx
5 My
4
Mxy
3
2 Mc
1
0
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25
drift long-y (mm)

Figure 5.4 story drift along-y (mm)

By comparing the drift values obtained for all models, it could be seen in figure 5.3
and 5.4 shows that model with shear wall provided at corner the inter story drift
has considerably been reduced 69.56% in X direction and 50% in Y direction when
compare to the Mws model

Percentage variation in maximum story drift values in X and Y directions in

comparison with Mws model

Model X direction Y direction

Mx 39.13 0.2

My -4.34 39.89

Mxy 47.82 45

Mc 69.56 50

TABLE 5.1 Percentage reduction in maximum story drift values in X and Y

direction
 CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION
A significant amount of decrease in story displacement has been observed in
all model with shear wall. Maximum 70.43% of reduction lateral
displacement is obtained in model Mc (corner shear wall) along x-direction
and 35.43% along y-direction. Lateral stiffness is centrally located at corner
along both direction through out height of the building.
A significant amount of decrease in maximum story drift has been observed
in case of model Mx, Mxy and Mc with 39.13%,47.82% and 69.56% along
x-direction and in case, along y-direction My, Mxy and Mc with 39.89%,
45% and 50%.
To resist the lateral loads in irregular structure shear wall is suitable.
By provided shear wall in building we can reduce the size of column in as
compared to without shear wall.
It is observed that maximum story displacement and maximum story drift is
controlled as much level by providing shear wall in building.

SCOPE
Since the study was performed for only one type of RC shear wall, the
further study should be made for different types of shear wall
Damping ratio of 5% for the model was performed. Further studies should
carried out for damping ratios 10%, 15% and so on.