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INTRODUCTION
Electricity, also called electrical energy, was the prominent used energy
power that every community uses every single activity. Nevertheless, the present
technologies run on the wave of electrical power. However, this form of energy
humans tend to search and develop new sources of energy, resulting in new
Oriental and Siquijor, called as region of Central Visayas, as seen on figure 1.1,
was a group of islands with long shorelines and deep seas. It was defined as one
energy. This is one of the reasons why the government was finding new sources.
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Figure 1.1 TOPOGRAPHICAL MAP OF REGION VII
Tidal current (stream) devices are designed to extract energy from the
bulk motion of water in tidal currents. The devices, examples of which are shown
in Figure 1.2 may broadly be classied into three general types: horizontal axis
Development has largely converged on the horizontal axis turbine, with many
devices currently under development and testing. The European Marine Energy
Centre (EMEC) was established in the Orkney Islands to provide facilities for
testing tidal current devices and oers support facilities for installation and
The choice of turbine to harness best the tidal resource will depend on a
number of dierent considerations, and may vary according to the site and
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turbine will need to be economical to construct, install, and maintain, as well as
tidal devices will be installed in strong tidal currents, installation will be expensive
The supporting structure and foundations will also play an important role in the
choice of turbine, as support structure drag has a signicant eect on the power
available to the turbine (Muchala and Willden, 2014). The motivation behind
the cross-section of the ow occupied by the turbine whilst minimizing the need
for support structure, and hence the associated structural drag (McAdam et al.,
2009).
power ex traction, tidal current turbines have attracted signicant research and
impact than a tidal barrage, as well as being cheaper and the possibility of
lower capital outlay required for tidal current devices means that there is lower
Figure 1.2: (a) Marine Current Turbines Sea Gen horizontal axis turbine. Image
from Fraenkel (2007). (b) THAWT Darrieus-type turbine. Image from McAdam et
al. (2009). (c) Oscillating hydrofoil type device. Image from DTI (2005).
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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
up to the threats posed by climate change and dwindling fossil duel reserves.
Climate Change Programme set out its proposals for meeting its target of a 12.5
per cent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, under the Kyoto Protocol and
of reducing CO2 emissions by 60% by 2050. The Government has set a target of
In 2003, approximately 2.7 per cent of the total amount of electricity in the
which requires all licensed electricity suppliers in England and Wales to supply a
specified and growing proportion of their electricity from renewable sources, and
question arguably now became; which of these technologies would provide the
Over-Dependence
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From the experience of Denmark and Germany who began building large
numbers of on-shore wind turbine farms from the 1970s onwards, a lesson of
the future in which a saturation point will be reached. This point has still not
Of course, installing wind farms out from the UK coastline is a viable alternative
and indeed can yield slightly higher output from increased wind speed out to sea.
However, the same underlying problems of intermittency still apply with off-shore
wind farms.
Whilst there may yet be many sites in Scotland which are physically suited
to the development of wind farms, the far wider problem of public opposition
continues to be the deciding factor. The proposed Edinbane wind farm on Skye is
a prime example of this, where developers AMEC had the proposal agreed by
local council only to have the whole program put in jeopardy by the objections of
would like to be given a free reign, a concession must be made that ultimately in
a democratic society it is very often public opinion which prevails and not the net
Power Quality
projects; that of the quality of power they produce, in terms of the impact on base
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load thermal power stations which will have to increase or decrease their output
then should either very low or very high winds occur simultaneously at the
majority of its wind farms, output could fall drastically thus requiring the base load
This intermittency of the wind resource can lead to uncertainty of supply. This
uncertainty is not good for efficiency of a thermal power station which may have
to act in a back-up capacity; since having to continuously vary power output does
not make for ideal operating conditions and can increase CO2 emissions during
operation.
Capacity Factor
the energy that would have been produced had the device been running
0.35. These can be compared with factors of more than 0.50 for fossil-fuel power
plants and over 0.60 for some of the new gas turbines.
the capacity factor in order to reduce costs. However it can also be argued that
lowering the capacity factor is conducive to better base load matching, especially
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1.2 The Significance of Marine Energy
There are clear advantages to any form of renewable energy which does
energy. There is also a vast marine energy resource available in ocean waters
Additionally, Philippines also possess the expertise from the offshore and
oil industries which could be harnessed, with many transferable skills that could
It is widely considered that of all the marine renewable energy industries, tidal
With the density of water significantly greater than that of air (approx. 1000:1),
even relatively small current velocities can produce a large power output.
estimating the power capacity of any particular site, as many other factors, not
least channel blockage and conflicts with fishing and merchant vessels, will
greatly reduce the theoretical maximum power capacity to a more realistic and
conservative value. The gross and misleading initial estimates of the power
factor when considering its merits against other marine renewable industries.
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Wind power will continue to be the leader in the renewable energy markets due
to its firm and established track record since the late 70s.
source since it is a renewable and clean energy source (Trillanes, 2010). In the
development of a governing body that will help initiate the use of Ocean Energy
proposed bill:
The bill seeks to establish the Ocean Energy Development Authority that
would help initiate and promote the use and development of Ocean Energy in
the country. It is envisioned that with the use of Ocean Energy the country will
considered safe and the fact that the Philippines is surrounded by the vast
ocean, the use of ocean energy can be applied in the Philippines. Ocean energy
is derived from the various component energies coming from waves, tides and
the sun that can help solve the energy crisis in Visayas.
The ocean possibly contains stored energies in the form of heat, currents,
waves and tides because the ocean is enormous and powerful. It might meet for
many times the total worldwide power demand (Pelc & Fujita, 2002). Many forms
of renewable electric energy that can be generated from the ocean are the so-
called ocean and marine energy. Mechanical energy and thermal energy are the
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two principal types of ocean energy. Mechanical force is created by the rotation
of both the earth and the moons gravitational pull. Waves are produced from the
created wind on the ocean surface by the earths rotation. Coastal tides and
currents are formed by the gravitational pull of the moon. The thermal energy
from the ocean comes primarily from the sun that heats the ocean surface, with
the lower part of the ocean being cold (Etemadi, Emdadi, AsefAfshar & Emamin,
2011).
Ocean thermal energy, wave energy, and tidal energy are the renewable
electric energy that can be harnessed from the ocean. As estimated by the World
renewable electric energy harnessed from the ocean that can power almost 5
With these factors, this study entitled Tidal Stream Generator: Energy to
Islands of Region 7 was created to analyze and establish the benefits of this
energy source.
To determine the reasons why the researcher imposes the topic, here are
deemed significant for it benefits the following sectors and group of persons:
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To the Government, this study aims to provide a consistent yet
renewable source of energy. Research efforts in the field of technology are going
cheaper and viable alternative for individuals and business to generate power.
over the world, Fossil Fuels are the most frequently used source of electrical
energy. These fossil fuels are non-renewable and limited. Moreover, this emits
carbon emissions when used. By the use of converting tidal energy to electrical
environment and noise pollution since among the list of non-renewable and
be lessen.
energy. With these, being physically fit will become beneficial not just to an
individual but to everyone. It will provide alternative source of clean energy while
being healthy.
To the University, this study will help to simply apply the vision of the
University which can lay new foundations for transforming Polytechnic University
attention for the development of the students, and to transform them to become
To the future researchers, this study will surely help and serve as
reference for the future studies by providing them honest and adequate
information.
To the student, this study will serve as their building blocks for
developing better and creative ideas about the research. Learning many times
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more about their field and about what to expect from their career than what they
have learned in lectures and educational laboratories will also help them.
LOCATION
bounded in the north by the Visayan Sea; in the east by the Camotes Sea and
Camiguin Channel; in the south by the Mindanao Sea; and in the west by Negros
provinces: Bohol, Cebu, Negros Oriental, and Siquijor. The region's premier
urban and major business, industrial and services center is Metro Cebu (Cebu
City) located in the island province of Cebu. Other major urban centers
are Tagbilaran City in Bohol, Dumaguete City in Negros Oriental and Siquijor in
Siquijor Province.
islands, has approximately 31,498 sq. kms. of coastal waters. This is 211 percent
bigger than the total land area of the region. For this reason, the region should
The total length of the region's coastline is 1,988 kms. This reflects great
Of the total area of coastal water, 68 percent are within municipal waters which
are under the jurisdiction of the local governments. The remaining 32 percent is
part of the national waters administered by the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic
Resources (BFAR).
The region's total reef area is also estimated at 1,560 sq. km. of which 41
percent is located in the Danajon Bank within the coastal waters of Cebu, Bohol,
and Leyte. In terms of the quality of these reefs, however, a survey of 186 reefs
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in the region in 1995 under the Coastal Resource Management Project (CRMP)
revealed that only 11 percent of the reefs had good quality coral cover (51-75
percent hard coral cover). Forty-six (46) percent had 26-50 percent hard coral
This study only tackles the theoretical aspects of the study. It also explains
and defines the perspective design of the structure as well as the location and
dimensions needed.
With this, computational analysis was used to determine the factors that
On the other hand, this study limits its aspects on theoretical only,
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
START
DATA GATHERING
DEVELOPMENT OF
THE DESIGN
SEARCH AND
CONSTRUCT
THEORETICAL
ASPECTS OF THE
STUDY
COMPUTATIONS AND
ANALYSIS
INTERPRETATION OF
THE RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
END
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CHAPTER II
METHODS OF RESEARCH
research analysis. With this, several factors were considered including the
velocity and density of the sea water and position of the moon and the sun.
For the depth analysis of the study, several studies were used to clarify
RESEARCH EQUIPMENT
and variable constants. It also used concept design by using CAD application.
DESIGN CONCEPTS
GENERATOR
PRODUCES
ELECTRICAL CURRENT
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B. IDEAL CONCEPT DESIGN
This study based its concepts and design to the idea of tidalstream
With this idea, the researcher redesigned this concept that can be applicable to
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CONCEPT DESIGN
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FIGURE 2.5 EXPLODED VIEW OF THE TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
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WORKING PRINCIPLES
and environmental impacts over an extended period of time. Power output can
vary considerably between these classes of turbines. However, since the tidal
Axial turbines have a rotor that is parallel to the incoming water stream.
They use rotors similar to those seen on wind turbines but have modifications
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These devices use the lift of water to generate power. This requires
leads to a net force in the direction perpendicular to the water flow and thus turns
the device. Rotors of this type must be carefully oriented (the orientation is
referred to as the rotor pitch), to maintain their ability to harness the power of the
tide as it changes.
Cross-flow turbines
Cross flow turbines have a rotor that is perpendicular to the water flow but
parallel to the water surface, see Figure 2.Unlike axial turbines, these devices
typically use the drag of water to generate power. In drag-based turbines, the
force of the water pushes against a surface, like wind on an open sail. This works
because the drag of the open face of the turbine blade is greater than the drag
on its closed face. Drag based devices are inherently less efficient than their lift
based counterparts because they operate with respect to the relative flow speed
of the water. This means that as a turbine rotates faster the relative flow speed of
the water will decrease and thus transfer less of its energy.
With vertical axis turbines the rotational axis of the rotor is vertical to the
water surface and also perpendicular to the incoming water flow. Both lift and
Oscillating generators
generators make use of sections which are pushed sideways by the flowing
current to create a hydraulic pump. This pump transfers its energy to a motor,
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CHAPTER III
DESIGN COMPUTATION
STANDARD DIMENSIONS
3
For the computation of power, the equation P = should be used.
2
Where:
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is the density of the seawater (1023.6 kg/m3, with atm. Pressure and 25 degree
Then,
3
P= 2
(.8)(1023.6 3 )( (20 )2 (4.5 )3
4
P= 2
P = 11,721,351.31 W
P =11.7 MW
14
12
10
8 PRODUCED ENERGY BY
GENERATOR
6 DAILY CONSUMPTION
0
2015 2016 2017 2018
NEDA
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TIMELINE AND COSTING OF DESIGN
/Turbine %
/Turbine /Farm* %
TOTAL %
* Considering that a farm consists of 12 to 24 turbines, depending on the series connection on shoreline.
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CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION
Region VII, which generally approach the scarcity of energy sources; was
theoretical capacity of 11.7 MW can provide enough energy for the region and
Considering the costs and location finding, certain problems may occur
material costs would be a problem, but in the long run of the equipment; this
RECOMMENDATIONS
2. Improve the location and develop the shoreline coast for better results.
3. Considering the laws of nature, find the effect of the celestial beings to the
4. Using apparatus, find the real-time efficiency and power conducted by the
generator.
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REFERENCES:
Serhadgloglu, S. The available power from tidal stream turbines in the Pentland
Serhadgloglu, S. Tidal stream power in the Pentland Firth - long term variability,
multiple constituents and capacity factor. Proc IMechE A: J Power and Energy,
38(107116), 2012.
Press, 1997.
Bai, G., Li, J., Fan, P., and Li, G. Numerical investigations of the eects of
Bai, L., Spencer, R. R. G., and Dudziak, G. Investigation of the inuence of array
3-dimensional CFD model. In Proc 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conf,
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Baker, C. Tidal Power. Energy Policy, 19(8):792797, 1991.
bidirectional and open-centre ducted tidal turbines. In Proc 9th European Wave
Beri, H. and Yao, Y. Double multiple streamtube model and numerical analysis of
vertical axis wind turbine. Energy and Power Eng, 3(3):262270, 2011.
Whelan, J. I., Thomson, M., Graham, J. M. R., and Peiro, J. Modelling of free-
surface proximity and wave induced velocities around a horizontal axis tidal
stream turbine. In Proc 7th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conf, Porto,
Portugal, 2007.
Yates, N., Walkington, I., Burrows, R., and Wolf, J. The energy gains realisable
through pumping for tidal range energy schemes. Renewable Energy, 58:7984,
2013.
Zhai, Z., Zhang, Z., Zhang, W., and Chen, Q. Evaluation of various turbulence
Zu, T., Gan, J., and Erofeeva, S. Y. Numerical study of the tide and tidal
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APPENDICES
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CURICULUM VITAE:
OBJE CTIVES
ON-THE-JOB TRAINING
JOB DESCRIPTION:
JOB DESCRIPTION:
RESEARCH CONDUCTED:
EDUCATION
ALFONSO CAMPUS
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PRIMARY (June 2002 - March 2008) MANGAS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
SEMINARS ATTENDED
EXTRA-CURRICULAR ACTIVITIES:
MEMBER
o PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS-CAVITE (PSME-Cavite)
o JUNIOR PHILIPPINE SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS-PUP AC (JPSME-AC)
OFFICER
o CENTRAL STUDENT COUNCIL- PUP AC (CSC-AC)
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PERSONAL INFORMATION:
Nickname: Mark
Age: 21
Birthday: September 23, 1995
Gender: Male
Nationality: Filipino
Religion: Roman Catholic
Language Spoken: English, Filipino
Civil Status: Single
CHARACTER REFERENCES:
LAMBERT D. DE GUIA
ADMINISTRATIVE HEAD, PUP-AC
Maragondon, Cavite
SERGIO CAMACHO
BRGY. CAPTAIN,
Mangas I, Alfonso, Cavite
DENISE A. ABRIL
DIRECTOR, PUP-AC
Maragondon, Cavite
JOCELYN MATA-BALICAT
PPIC, FRAVINZ ENTERPRISES,
SILANG, CAVITE
0919-442-7605
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