Thermodynamics University of Benghazi

Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering

First Law of Thermodynamics

Q
system W

surroundings

If a closed system undergoes a process from state 1 to

state 2, then

E1 2 = KE1 2 PE1 2 U1 2 Q1 2 W1 2

The increase in the KE + increase in PE + increase in

internal energy = heat transferred into the system work
done by the system

For most situations change in KE and PE is negligible so

U 1 2 Q1 2 W1 2

U (U 2 U 1 ) Q W

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 Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering

Developing a thermodynamic model involves defining the

system and defining the process characteristics such as:

Adiabatic: Q0
Constant volume: PdV 0
Constant pressure: PdV PV
Isothermal: T const U 0

First Law on a per unit mass basis

Take first Law and divide through by the system mass

U Q W

M M M

u q w

where u = U/M, q = Q/M, w = W/M are referred to as

specific quantities

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 Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering

Consider the system changes in time t

Q
time t
U+U
U KE+
KE W PE+PE
PE
time t+t

Applying First Law to the system:

E (t + t) - E(t) = Q W

[(U + U U P P P
Q W
dividing through by t

E U KE PE Q W

t t t t t t

U dU
In the limit as t tends to 0, e.g., lim
t 0 t dt

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 Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering

dE dU d ( KE ) d ( PE )
Q W
dt dt dt dt

where
dE
time rate of changeof energy contained within the system
dt

Q net rate of energy transfer into the system by heat transfer

W net rate of energy transfer out of the system by work

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 Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering

Closed System Operating in a Cycle

In a cycle the system starts and ends at the same state

after executing a number of processes, e.g,

1 2 Qin 3 4
P2,V2 P3,V3 P4,V4
P1,V1

Qout

P
Qin
4
2

Qout
1

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 Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering

Applying First Law for the entire cycle ( KE = PE = 0)

E cycle Qcycle Wcycle

Wcycle Qcycle

Qcycle Q1 2 Q2 3 Q3 4 + Q4 1 Qin Qout

V2 V4

Wcycle W1 2 + W2 3 + W3 4 + W4 1 = PdV PdV

V1 V3

P P 3

2 4

+W
-W 1

V V

V4 V1

Wcycle = PdV - PdV

V3 V2

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 Thermodynamics University of Benghazi
Lecturer: Mr. Mohamed Elgabaili Faculty of Engineering

V4 V1

since PdV PdV

V3 V2

Wcycle > 0 net work produced

When the net work for a cycle is positive it is referred to

as a Power Cycle

For a power cycle

Wcycle Qcycle Qin Qout

since Wcycle 0 Qin Qout

When the net work for the cycle is negative it is referred

to as a Refrigeration or Heat Pump Cycle

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