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$
*! ) + $
! $
!" # !
$ $ ,!
$ !
$ -! . $ $
$ ! /
!
! + $ !
$ % 0! $
$ ! 1
!
& ' ( 2! $ "
" '# #!
!
1
)
$ $ !
3! 1 Conservation of Mass
"
% rate of mass rate of mass rate of mass
!#! = (2-6)
accumulation in out
4!
$ ! Conservation of Component i
5! 1
$ " # rate of component i rate of component i
$ " # =
accumulation in
! $
!
6! $ rate of component i rate of component i
$ ! + (2-7)
out produced
Conservation of Energy 1
8
% $
$ 7 . %
!1 8
!
rate of energy rate of energy in rate of energy out %
=
accumulation by convection by convection $ !
7 ' ! ,95
the surroundings by the surroundings U int = the internal energy of = denotes the difference
the system between outlet and inlet
conditions of the flowing
H = enthalpy per unit mass streams; therefore
% 8
w = mass flow rate - ( ) wH = rate of enthalpy of the inlet
U tot = U int + U KE + U PE (2-9) Q = rate of heat transfer to the system stream(s) - the enthalpy
of the outlet stream(s)
dU int
dt
(
= wH + Q ) (2-11)
where H is the enthalpy per mole and w is the molar flow rate.
2
The unsteady-state overall balance is:
Equation 2-13 can be simplified by expanding the accumulation term
d (V )
= w1 + w2 w (2-2) using the chain rule for differentiation of a product:
dt
where w1, w2, and w are mass flow rates. d (Vx ) dx dV
= V + x (2-14)
dt dt dt
The unsteady-state component balance is:
Substitution of (2-14) into (2-13) gives:
d (V x )
= w1 x1 + w2 x2 wx (2-3)
dt dx dV
V + x = w1 x1 + w2 x2 wx (2-15)
dt dt
The corresponding steady-state model is:
Substitution of the mass balance in (2-12) for in (2-15) gives:
0 = w1 + w2 w (2-4)
dx
0 = w1 x1 + w2 x2 wx (2-5) V + x ( w1 + w2 w) = w1x1 + w2 x2 wx (2-16)
dt
dV 1
= ( w1 + w2 w ) (2-17)
dt
" # $ @
dx w1 w
= ( x1 x ) + 2 ( x2 x ) (2-18)
dt V V
' ,!*8 %
*;2<<% ( *;,<<% (
=*;<!0 =*;<!42
>;6<<% ( - >;6<<% ( -
?;, -
*;2<< 0<<% ( *;,<<% (
=*;<!0 =*;<!42
>;6<<% ( - >;6<<% ( -
d (V x ) ?;, -
= w1 x1 + w2 x2 wx (2-3)
dt
) <= * *+ , ,
+ " # "#
= * * , ,
3
' ,!*8 %
*;,<<% (
=*;<!0 =,;<!42
>;6<<% ( - >;6<<% ( -
d (V x ) ?;, -
= w1x1 + w2 x2 wx (2-3)
dt
? ? + = * * + , ,
? +
" # "#
$ + = * * , ,
- + = <!2*4
' ,!*8 %
*;2<<% ( *;,<<% (
=*;<!0 =*;<!42
>;6<<% ( - >;6<<% ( -
?;, -
*;2<< *;,<<% (
=*;<!0 <!3 =*;<!42
>;6<<% ( - >;6<<% ( -
?;, -
? +
+ = * * , ,
?;, -
? +
+ = * * , ,
- + = <!3,2
4
Model Development
9' :
Assumptions:
Energy balance
1. Perfect mixing; thus, the exit temperature T is also the D
=
B
=
(?BC) = (?BC) = C
B C+A
B
temperature of the tank contents.
2. The liquid holdup V is constant because the inlet and outlet
flow rates are equal. Constant , V and specific heat, C
3. The density and heat capacity C of the liquid are assumed to ?
( )= ( )
( )+ A
be constant. Thus, their temperature dependence is neglected.
4. Heat losses are negligible.
Constant V, then wi = w
?
( )= ( )+ A
? 9' : ? 9' :
Energy balance Continuity balance Constant , specific heat, C but variable V
(?BC) = C
B C+A
B
(? ) = ? + ( )
= ( ) ( )+A
Constant , specific heat, C but variable V ? + + = + +A
(?BC) = C
B C+A
B
? = ( )+ A
?
(BC) + BC ?
= C C+A
B B
= ( )+ A
? ?
? + ( ) = ( ) ( )+A
$
" # $
" #? $ $
" # $ ( )= ( )+ A
dV 1 ?
= ( w1 + w2 w ) (2-17)
dt " #? $
dx w1 w = ( )+ A
= ( x1 x ) + 2 ( x2 x ) (2-18) ? ?
dt V V
5
Stirred-Tank Heating Process
(electrically heated)
? 9' :
Energy balance over the system
D
=
(?BC) = C
B C+A
B
= + ( )
= ( )+ ( )
A
Energy balance over the heating element
D
=A A
=A ( )
? 9' : ? 9' :
,
*
Rearrange (2.47) = ( )+ ( ) Substitute dTe/dt = + ,
= ( ) =A ( )
= = ( )
= +
Express Te * ,
*
+ =A + = ( )
= ( ) ,
= +
,
+ + + + = + +A
Differentiate Te with reference to time, t ,
,
*
= + ,
' ,!0
? 9' :
m/w=10min
Divide the equation with WC meCe/wC=0.5min
,
A
,
+ + + + = + + A
meCe/heAe=0.5min
A 1/wC=0.05oCmin/kCal
If thermal capacitance MeCe of the heating element is small
6
' ,!0 ' ,!0
m/w=10min Steady state temperature
meCe/wC=0.5min = ( )+ ( ) <= ( )+ ( )
meCe/heAe=0.5min ( )
=A ( ) <=A
A 1/wC=0.05oCmin/kCal
Ti=100oC
Substitute
A
Qin=5000kCal/min ( )=A
( )+ A
Energy balance over system <=
= ( )+ ( )
<=
*
*<< ( ) + 2<<<
Energy balance over heating element <!<2
=A ( )
Combine both balances
,
+ + + + = + +
A Rearrange = -2<
,
' ,!0 ) B ) %
Apply eq. 2.49 and substitute values
,
A
,
+ + + + = + +
,
"<!2#"*<# ,
+ (<!2 + <!2 + *< ) + = < !2 + *<< + "20<<#"<!<2#
,
2 ,
+ ** + = -4<
' $
= ( ) ( )
7
Biological Reactions
Degrees of Freedom for the Stirred-Tank Model
3 parameters: V , ,C
Biological reactions that involve micro-organisms and enzyme
4 variables: T , Ti , w, Q catalysts are pervasive and provide the basis for production of a wide
variety of pharmaceuticals and healthcare and food products
1 equation: Eq. 2-36 ? = ( )+A
Important industrial processes that involve bioreactions include
Thus the degrees of freedom are NF = 4 1 = 3. The process fermentation and wastewater treatment.
variables are classified as: Chemical engineers are heavily involved with biochemical and
biomedical processes.
1 output variable: T
Are typically performed in a batch or fed-batch reactor (semi-batch)
3 input variables: Ti, w, Q
For temperature control purposes, it is reasonable to classify the
three inputs as:
2 disturbance variables: Ti, w
1 manipulated variable: Q
where the product yield coefficient YP/X is defined as: Individual Component Balances
d ( XV )
mass of product formed Cells: = V rg (2-98)
YP / X = (2-96) dt
mass of new cells formed
d ( PV )
Product: = Vrp (2-99)
dt
8. The feed stream is sterile and thus contains no cells.
Substrate: d( SV ) 1 1
= F Sf V rg V rP (2-100)
dt YX / S YP / S
Overall Mass Balance
Mass:
d (V )
= F (2-101)
dt
8
. & + $
Ability to model process dynamics of simple unit operations
Ability to solve 1st and 2nd order ODE dynamic model