To understand the necessity of quantum computers, In the first place Im

talking about transistors

How does a transistor work?
- Transistors are the basic electronic component.
- It works like a switch, so it controls the flow of electric current
- It can be off, so you could call that the zero state or it could be on, the
one state
- And this is how all of our information is now stored and processed, in
zeros and ones.
- Just like a switch, a transistor has an electrical contact at each end.
- Ant these are called the source and the drain.
- But instead of a mechanical switch, there is a third electrical contact
called the gate,
- Which is insulated from the semiconductor by an oxide layer.
- In the middle of the transistor, there is a zone called the depletion
layer which prevent the flow of electric current.
- In this state, the transistor is off, its like an open switch, and its in the
zero state.
- To turn it on, you have to apply a small positive voltage to the gate.
- It allow that electrons can move through and form a conducting
channel.
- So the transistor is now on, its in the one state.

The Moores law.

- The remarkable aspects of transistors are that:
- They are switches that dont have any moving parts.
- They can be turned on and off very quickly just with a voltage.
- And most importantly it can be made tiny.
- Transistors today are only about 22nm wide and they keep getting
smaller,
- In fact, it exists a prediction called The Moores Law.
- Moores Law states that every two years the number of transistors on
a chip should double.
 - but there is a limit, as those terminals get closer and closer together,
- Quantum effects become more significant and electrons can actually
tunnel from one side to the other.
- So we may not be able to make a barrier high enough to stop them
from flowing.
- For this reason, this will be a problem for the future of transistors.

What is a qubit?
- To solve this problem, researcher have proposed to replace transistors
with other component called quantum bits or qubits.
- Computers based in qubits are named as quantum computers
- There are a number of physical objects that can be used as a qubit (a
single photon, a nucleus or an electron), because researcher plant to
take advantage of a subatomic property called spin.
- The spin define the state of the qubit.
- For example, if you have two classical bits, you have four possible
states.
- And in each instant it only exists one of these.
- But if you have two qubits, the four states exists at the same time,
using the quantum property of superposition. So in fact, you would
have four classical bits.
- In general, if you have N qubits, you have two to the N bits.

Quantum computers in the present.

- Nowadays, there are computers with about forty or fifty qubits.
- They are expensive and big, just like classical computers in its early
days,
- But they are able to solve problems that any conventional computer can
solve.
- For this reason, only companies like Google or Ibm have one of these.
- They will have a big amount of applications in the future.
- They will be used in fields like Informatics security, artificial intelligence
or Medicine.